Subsistence Level Research Articles

When the ‘Asset’ Is Livelihood: Making Heritage with the Maritime Practitioners of Bagamoyo, Tanzania

This paper examines the dilemmas, obligations and opportunities faced by heritage professionals in elaborating cultural ‘assets’ among the breadwinning practices of contemporary, artisanal communities. It takes as its case study the authors’ Bahari Yetu, Urithi Wetu (‘Our Ocean, Our Heritage’) project and its engagement with maritime practitioners in and around the town of Bagamoyo, Tanzania. The article identifies Bagamoyo’s contemporary maritime scene as meriting heritage recognition on a global level, yet sitting entirely outside the country’s legal and political conception of heritage. Moreover, it acknowledges that ‘heritage’ as founded on the livelihood-earning activities of the community’s practitioners, such as boatbuilders, fishers and mariners. These often operate at subsistence level, yet are subject to transformative economic, social and environmental forces, as well as government agencies with no heritage remit. Drawing upon and reporting their co-creative engagements and activities with the Bagamoyo community, the authors argue for a non-reifying and people-centred approach to ‘living’ heritage situations such as that of maritime Bagamoyo, in which the tools of heritage engagement are deployed to amplify the concerns of the practitioner community to a wider audience.

Theoretical and practical aspects of consumer basket formation in modern Ukraine

The paper considers topical and debatable issues of consumer basket formation in modern Ukraine. The content of the concept of consumer basket and subsistence level of Ukrainians is analyzed, their interdependence is outlined. It was highlighted that terminological, systematic methods, classification method, as well as general scientific research methodology were important for solving research problems. It was found that the subsistence level is the basic state indicator of the social standard, on the basis of which the state determines social guarantees of income, as well as health care, education and housing and communal services. The attention is drawn to the fact that the causes of poverty in Ukraine are economic, because the consumer basket and the subsistence level are not related to the prices of goods and services, but primarily to the payment of utilities. It is emphasized that when compiling the consumer basket, not individual types and brands of products and goods are taken into account, but simplified (averaged) products of groups. It was stated that the set of the consumer basket is detached from the real prices in stores and the needs of the population. It is concluded that the consumer basket is a guarantee of state development in both social and economic dimensions. The higher the standard of living of the country's population, the better the economy works and the country develops. It is emphasized that when assembling a consumer basket, not individual types and brands of products and goods are taken into account, but simplified (averaged) goods of groups. It is stated that the modern set of the consumer basket is divorced from the real prices in stores and the needs of the population. It is concluded that the consumer basket is a guarantee of the development of the state in both social and economic dimensions. The higher the standard of living of the country's population, the better the economy works and the country develops.

Horrible trade-offs in a pandemic: Poverty, fiscal space, policy, and welfare

We analyze how poverty and a country’s fiscal space impact policy and welfare in times of a pandemic. We introduce a subsistence level of consumption into a tractable heterogeneous agent framework, and use this framework to characterize optimal joint policies of a lockdown and transfer payments. In our model, a more stringent lockdown helps fighting the pandemic, but it also deepens the recession, which implies that poorer parts of society find it harder to subsist. This reduces their compliance with the lockdown, and may cause deprivation of the very poor, giving rise to an excruciating trade-off between saving lives from the pandemic and from deprivation. Transfer payments help mitigate this trade-off. We show that, ceteris paribus, the optimal lockdown is stricter in richer countries and the aggregate death burden and welfare losses smaller. We then consider a government borrowing constraint and show that limited fiscal space lowers the optimal lockdown and welfare, and increases the aggregate death burden during the pandemic. This is particularly true in societies where a larger fraction of the population is in poverty. We discuss evidence from the literature and provide reduced-form regressions that support the relevance of our main mechanisms. We finally discuss distributional consequences and the political economy of fighting a pandemic.

Priority risk factors for population health in large industrial cities

Introduction. In large cities an assessment of the impact of environmental risk factors in addition to the levels of air pollution on the morbidity of the population and the medical and demographic situation should take into account the influence of the socio-economic living conditions of the population, both availability and quality of medical care. The purpose of the work is to conduct a comparative analysis, assess the informativeness of indicators of air quality, socio-economic living conditions of the population, the availability of medical care, and identify the priority of these factors in large industrial cities of different regions of Russia. Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of indicators of the ecological situation, socio-economic conditions of living and the availability of medical care to the population in large industrial cities for the period 2008-2018 was carried out according to official statistics. Results. The criterion for choosing cities for the analysis was the population size. Large industrial cities of four Federal districts were selected as objects of research: Central (Central Federal District), Volga (Volga Federal District), Ural (Ural Federal District) and Siberian (Siberian Federal District). The main source of anthropogenic load in the Central Federal District in 50.0% of cities included in the analysis is motor transport, in 25.0% - stationary, in 25.0% the contributions of sources are comparable; in the Volga Federal District in 100.0% of cities - mobile sources; in the Ural Federal District, 50% of cities have stationary sources and 50% have mobile sources. In the Siberian Federal District, in 62.5% of the cities included in the analysis, stationary sources make the main contribution to the anthropogenic load. In cities with a population of 0.5-1 million people, the ratio of monetary income to the subsistence level and the number of doctors per 10,000 population is higher than in cities with population of 250-500 thousand. Limitations. Limited access to quantitative data and time periods. Conclusions. The indicator of anthropogenic load per inhabitant is an informative indicator of the direct impact of atmospheric air pollution on the health of the population in large cities. The ratio of the average per capita income to the subsistence minimum most objectively characterizes the level of material well-being of the population in regions with different levels of economic development. The number of doctors per 10,000 people is an indicator of the inequality of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of the level of medical provision and the availability of medical care.

Job retention schemes in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic – different shapes and sizes and the role of collective bargaining

During the COVID-19 pandemic all the EU Member States established some kind of job retention scheme to cushion the employment effects of the economic crisis. While all job retention schemes share this general objective, they differ considerably as regards their institutional design and underlying functional logic. The aim of this article is to analyse the relevant institutional diversity across Europe, with a particular focus on the role of collective bargaining and employee representation structures in the design and implementation of job retention schemes. Based on an analysis of key institutional features of such schemes implemented during the pandemic, the second aim of the article is to identify a set of minimum standards for ‘good job retention schemes’ that ensure efficient and socially adequate use. These criteria include the following elements: ensuring inclusiveness; ensuring a minimum allowance to prevent workers from ending up below the subsistence level when on such a scheme; measures preventing misuse and deadweight losses; and making job retention schemes support conditional on the involvement of trade unions and employee representation structures.

Identification of Regional Disparities in the Level of Agriculture and Allied Development in North Karnataka: A Spatial Analysis

After independence India has achieved remarkable progress in the levels of socio-economic development. However, the attainment of this progress has spread highly uneven from region to region, society to society, sector to sector etc. This disparity not only rooted in developing countries but also in the most advanced countries of the world. Since, some regions are developed economically, but backward socially, whereas some other are developed socially and backward economically, therefore becomes essential to study the level of socio-economic development over different regions so as to ensure the removal of regional imbalances effectively. in the developed economics all the inhabitants have an assured minimum level of subsistence, and the problem of in front of lagging regions of such economics is just to catch up the leading one, but in the developing countries the basic problem is that how to provide minimum level of subsistence to their teeming millions (Chand,M.&Puri, V.K,1990). In the present study the regional disparities in the level of agriculture and allied development in north Karnataka has been carried out with the aiming that to study the Spatial Pattern of Agriculture and Allied Development and identify the backward blocks of the North Karnataka and an attempt is also made to find out the correlation between different factors which lead to regional disparity. The study is based on secondary data collected from Census handbook, (2001 and 2011), Dr. D M Nanjundappa Committee Report, and Economic Survey of Karnataka etc. The comprehensive composite index has applied to find the region into four groups viz, areas of developed, Backward, more backward and most Backward. Out of 60 taluks thirty taluks have been identified as developed with CI. >0.99, thirteen taluks named as Backward taluks with CI Value between 0.89 and 0.99. There were merely six taluks noticed under areas of more Backwards with CI value from 0.79 to 0.88 and twenty-six taluks have been observed under areas of Most Backward with CI value < 0.79.

STUDY OF FARMERS HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY: CASE STUDY IN KEBASEN DISTRICT, BANYUMAS REGENCY

The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted on various economic sectors, one of which is the agricultural sector. This important role of the agricultural sector often ignores the socio-economic conditions of the farmer's household. This research aims to analyze the degree of food security of farmer households during of the Covid-19 pandemic. The method used is the descriptive quantitative method using income and expenditure variables of farmers' households in the last month. The results showed that calculation of the structure of the household income of farmers is dominated by the structure of income from farming by 82.63 %, while the rest comes from non-farming by 17.37 %. Then for the expenditure structure of farmer households, non-food expenditures are greater than food expenditures, which is 59 % compared to food expenditures of 41 %. This gives an understanding that farmers' income is quite high and tends to spend their income to meet needs outside of food (non-food). By using indicators of food security, namely the level of food subsistence and the share of food expenditure, then farmer households in Kebasen District, Banyumas Regency are classified as high or food Unresistant during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Impact of Unemployment on Economic Growth in Nigeria from 1990–2020

This study investigated the impact of unemployment on economic growth in Nigeria from 1990 to 2020. Population rate, unemployment rate and labour force were used as independent variables while Gross domestic product (GDP) as dependent variable. Annual time series data on our targeted variables were obtained from secondary sources including the Central Bank of Nigeria annual statistical bulletin, World Bank development indicators (various years). The Eview9 Statistical Software was employed to analyze the data empirically. The Unit root test shows that Gross domestic product, unemployment rate and labour force variables to be evaluated are all stationary after first deference I(1) while population rate was stationary at level I(0). The data were analyzed using the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL). From the results of the ARDL estimates it was revealed that among others, unemployment rate impact negatively on GDP but significant only in the long run. Population rate also impacts on gross domestic product but only significant in the short run. Labour force impact positively on Gross domestic product and statistically significant in the short run. The study recommends amongst others that government should create jobs mostly for the real sector, that is agriculture and manufacturing sectors –The Nigerian agricultural sector employs about seventy percent of the population mostly at subsistence level. If the Nigerian government supports this sector by making loans available and affordable for those in the agricultural sector, it would boost agricultural output, increase gross domestic product and decrease unemployment rate in Nigeria.

Evaluation of Extension Device on Kubota Power Tiller for its Operational Maneuverability on Steep Terrain in Bhutan

Bhutanese agriculture has been at the subsistence level and the adoption of mechanization started only in late 1986 with the establishment of the Agriculture Machinery Centre. One of the most popular farm machines is the power tiller, the use of which is fast replacing the old tradition of land preparation using oxen. However, the adoption of farm machinery for land preparation is limited to the narrow plain areas along the border with India. Most of the country is mountainous where the use of power tillers has become unsafe and less efficient due to high gradients. Further, farmers have been stretching the use of the power tillers for ploughing on the mountain slopes even though it is less labour-efficient and involves risk-taking. In many cases, power tillers are used on land with gradients exceeding 15 degrees with additional labour to prevent the machine from toppling. The experiment was carried out to determine the critical safe angle of the sideways tilt while ploughing, and also to determine the critical angle that is practically possible to increase by using an extension device that was designed and fabricated to increase the wheel tread. This research compares the three treatments, i.e., rubber wheel with normal axle, rubber wheel with the extension device, and paddy wheel for required machine stability. It was observed that the rubber wheel with the normal axle was only feasible up to 9.93 degrees slope, the paddy wheel and rubber wheel with extension device were feasible up to 20 degrees slope. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference between the rubber wheel with normal axle and the rubber wheel with the extension device in terms of stability and no significant difference was observed between the extension device and the paddy wheel. This was achieved by decreasing the centre of gravity in a high slope gradient land and this could help farmers bring more agricultural land with high gradient into meaningful cultivation, thereby, enhancing food production.

Problems of legislative payment regulation for the administrative services provision

The provision of administrative services is the responsibility of the state. Its proper execution promotes ensuring the realization of the rights and freedoms of citizens, the fulfilment of the powers of state bodies. However, not all administrative services can be provided free of charge. Some of them are paid. The issue of the grounds and conditions of payment for administrative services provided by the state is the subject of scientific research of this article. The authors review the draft law «On Administrative Fees», as well as the provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On Administrative Services» and conclude that it is inexpedient to increase the array of regulations. The authors propose to determine the range of persons who may be exempt from paying the administrative fee, point to the need to improve digital infrastructure and material security of the population; substantiate the expediency of determining the amount of payment for the cost of administrative services not in a fixed amount, but based on the size of variable indicators (minimum wage or subsistence level). The authors consider it expedient to determine the basis for determining the administrative fee, its components, conditions, and cases of collecting the increased administrative fee, periodicity, and grounds for changing its size within certain provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On Administrative Services» and not to adopt new regulations. After all, this Law is the basic document. Within its limits, it is appropriate to provide for the procedure for distribution and use of funds received by the subjects of provision, as payment for services rendered. Such a policy of financial interest will keep the quality of administrative services at the appropriate level and ensure their provision in the short term, which will strengthen the financial stability of the territory.

On the matthew effect on individual investments in skills in arts, sports and science

This paper describes the process of capital accumulation subject to the following characteristics: (i) convex returns to (human) capital and (ii) the need to self-finance investments. Our setup is applicable to some peculiarities in the arts, sports and science, inter alia, coined the Matthew effect in Merton (1968) and explains, e.g., why prominent researchers get disproportional credit for their work. The potential young artist’s (athlete’s or scientist’s) optimal strategies include quitting, or continuing and even expanding one’s human capital in the respective profession. Both outcomes are separated by a threshold level in human capital. In addition, we find that it can be optimal to stay in business although consumption falls and stays at the subsistence level forever (we call this outcome a Sisyphus point). This possibility is also interesting from a theoretical point-of-view, as the optimal control problem may turn abnormal, i.e., the objective does not enter the Hamiltonian.

Assessing the Impacts of Gender Inequality in Agricultural Production: In the Case of Mokonissa Woyge Kebele, Damot Gale Woreda, Wolaita Zone

The study was conducted to assess gender inequality in agricultural production in Mokonissa Woyge kebele, Damot Gale, Boditti. The major objective of this study was to assessing the impact of gender inequality in agricultural production. In order to deal with the best specific objectives of the study and review of related literature, the study was conducted through using the research methodology which include both qualitative and quantitative and different research methods through using sampling technique from probability sampling technique the researcher used simple random sampling technique. The number of samples from community is 30. The necessary in to information was collected by both open ended and close ended questionnaires. The result was indicated that in the study area women without husband are forced to take the role of dual responsibilities both as mother and householder, in which they manage and administer household but most families are administered by male householders. The relevant data was collected by using appropriate questionnaire and after interpretation and analysis the conclusion and recommendation was drawn. The widow’s involvement in agriculture is higher when it compared with others. Agriculture is the means of livelihood in the community. Crop production and livestock rearing each of these components involve a number of activities to attain in final out put such an area where agriculture is in its subsistence level, human labor is most cultural determinant of production. A woman has partially participation in agricultural production and they have more harmful impacts on compared to men. Because women's have resource poor in Mokonissa Woyge kebele compared with other women's living in urban area, and all in all the study area there is agricultural activities found but the there is no more the participation of women' describes the impact of gender inequality in agricultural production.

THE STATE OF THE PENSION INSURANCE ACCOUNTING PROVISION ENVIRONMENT

The subject of the article is theoretical and applied principles of accounting support of pension provision in Ukraine. The purpose of the publication is the formation of theoretical and methodological and applied aspects of accounting and tax support of pensions in Ukraine. In the course of the research such methods were used as: systematization and generalization, retrospective analysis of the state of pension provision. The main aspects of providing pension insurance in Ukraine are considered. The issue of essential characteristics and structure of the pension system in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Compulsory State Pension Insurance" was updated. The main problems of the current state of pension provision have been identified, namely: imbalance of the Pension Fund budget revenues with its expenditures, which leads to a constant deficit of funds in it; a sharp increase, as a result of the 2011 pension reform, retirement age and length of service; rapid growth of the ratio between citizens of working and working age; a fairly high percentage of payment of cash contributions to the pension fund; low level of pension benefits, sometimes less than the subsistence level; underdeveloped system of private pension provision and ignorance of Ukrainian citizens with the pension system. The main aspects of pension reform in Ukraine are presented and the main principles that will help to improve the situation are highlighted. These include, in particular, such as: recalculation of pensions using modern indicators of the salary base; strengthening the requirements for insurance experience. The research of scientific works revealed the types of private pension funds, the expediency and efficiency of their activities, systematized the benefits of creating enterprises to ensure future costs and payments. The article examines the peculiarities of creating preferential pensions at the enterprise, outlines the main aspects of accounting for pensions, taxation of contributions to private pension funds, summarizes the impact of costs incurred in creating the provision of pension benefits for income tax.

An investigation into the socio-economic conditions of agricultural labourers in Thiruvalai Panchayat, Tamil Nadu, India

Agricultural progress is commonly considered as a prerequisite of economic development. While modern times associate economic growth with industrialization, it is widely acknowledged that a strong agricultural foundation is essential for industrialization to thrive. In developing economies, giving priority to agriculture is crucial to hasten economic advancement. Initially, agricultural operations were carried out by hired labourers. The Labour Enquiry Committee (1950-51) defined agricultural labourers as individuals who work for more than half of the total number of days in a year for wages. In the Indian society, agricultural labourers belong to the lowest rung of the socio-economic ladder, facing significant disadvantages such as low wages, poor working conditions, and irregular employment. Their earnings barely allow for a subsistence level of living, leading to hand-to-mouth existence. This paper aims to investigate the socio-economic conditions of agricultural labourers in the Thiruvali Panchayat, Sirkali Taluk, Mayiladuthurai District of Tamil Nadu. The study indicates that wages are remarkably low, and steps should be taken to ensure these workers earn a regular and fair income. It suggests implementing equal pay for equal work in both agriculture and non-agriculture sectors. Additionally, the implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) could assist agricultural labourers during the off-season, necessitating an increase in wages and the number of days of employment.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ФАКТОРОВ И ГЕНДЕРНЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ НА РЕПРОДУКТИВНОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ

In modern conditions, socio-economic factors have a significant impact on the formation of the reproductive behavior of the population. Attitudes and value orientations towards family creation and childbearing determine the demographic situation in the country. The purpose of the study was to study the influence of socio-economic factors and gender characteristics on the reproductive behavior of the adult population. Materials and methods. A questionnaire was developed, consisting of 31 questions of open and closed type and two questions with a rating scale on a 10-point and 11-point scale (Appendix 1), the questions in which were distributed into 4 main blocks and included general, socio-economic, motivational - value and proposals for the preservation of reproductive health at various social levels. Data analysis was carried out using Excel 2016 and Statistica 13 programs using parametric (descriptive statistics: calculation of the mean - M, standard deviation - SD, standard error - SE) and non-parametric methods (Mann-Whitney U-test - to identify significant differences between gender groups at Uemp ≤ Ucr, with a level of statistical significance p≤0.01-0.05). The results of the study. The majority of respondents have good living conditions (72.04%), and 9.76% of respondents have 4 to 6 people living in the total area. About a third (29.51%) have an income per family member that does not exceed the subsistence level. Those currently living in a communal apartment (8.33%) and having poor or very poor sanitary and hygienic conditions in their place of residence (33.33%) do not plan to have children even with an increase in income and improved living conditions. Conclusion. Socio-economic factors influence the reproductive plans of both men and women. And, first of all, this is material support (26.82% and 24.82%), housing conditions (15.64% and 19.67%) and uncertainty about the future (11.73% and 18.03%). The study did not reveal any significant gender differences in reproductive behavior.

Deprivation of Children in the Indian Modern Society

The traditional Indian society is hierarchically organised. Each stratum of this hierarchy is defined by the caste of people that constitute it. The caste system is fraught with economic implications and cultural diversities. It is evident from some sociological and anthropological studies (Mandelbaum, 1990; Dube, 1994) that in India there are wide gaps and variations along sociocultural experiences in different social segments. High order of disparities is apparent in economic, social, physical and affiliation conditions. Individuals of various social segments of the population grow with varied experiences due to their varied environments. In facts, Indian socio-economic setup provides a psychedelic array of hues with vast differences in experiential backgrounds. A large segment of rural and urban people in India still lives at the barest subsistence level, suffering from under and mal nutrition, socio-cultural inequality and other serious handicaps such as lack of elementary medical, sanitary and educational facilities.

Особенности динамики показателей уровня жизни населения в Новосибирской области

The article presents a comparative analysis of the dynamics of indicators of living standards of the population in the Novosibirsk region, the Siberian Federal District and the Russian Federation as a whole. The aim of the study is to determine how the indicators of the standard of living of the population of the Novosibirsk region relate to similar indicators for the Russian Federation and the Siberian Federal District and to identify the presence of general and special trends, patterns in changes during the period under review. Data from the Federal State Statistics Service, including data from its territorial bodies and data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation were used as an information base. At the initial stage of the study, the authors calculated the share of the population with monetary incomes below the subsistence level for the Siberian Federal District, since Rosstat does not consider this indicator for the level of federal districts, and a number of nominal indicators adjusted for real prices. The growth rate of all the indicators under consideration for the study period was then calculated. The work used a dynamics analysis and an approach based on a combination of statistical, systemic and comparative analysis methods. Based on the study, we can say that most indicators of the standard of living of the population for the Novosibirsk region correspond to the trends observed in the Russian Federation and the Siberian Federal District. In the case of some indicators, such as the level of employment, the incidence per 1000 people, etc., it can be stated that the growth rate is multi-directional compared to the Russian Federation and the Siberian Federal district. In general, the authors did not see any patterns in the dynamics of changes in indicators for NSOs. The study covers 2011-2018, with few exceptions.

CURRENT STATE AND FEATURES OF FORMATION OF SOCIAL STANDARDS IN UKRAINE

The article considers the essence of economic category «food safety», identifies and characterizes its components, assesses the state of food safety in Ukraine and identifies the main factors influencing its state. The norms of Ukrainian consumer basket in the food part and the actual consumption of food products are considered and it is established that they do not correspond to the scientifically substantiated recommendations of complete nutrition of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The analysis of the average annual consumption of basic foodstuffs shows that during 2000-2020 Ukrainians began to consume more food products, so in general they began to eat better, but their diet is suboptimal. It was found that when determining the product part of the domestic consumer basket, a method used was the one that was developed more than 30 years ago and does not take into account existing new and modern product groups, and, accordingly, needs to be improved taking into account world best practices. It is established that the cost of the consumer basket is determined by the subsistence level, it is also the basis for determining the amount of pensions and the minimum wage. The level of poverty in Ukraine has been studied and it has been determined that low incomes of citizens do not allow them to eat properly, which has a corresponding effect on the, structure of food consumed. As a consequence, the share of food expenditures in the total expenditures of Ukrainian households is quite significant, which confirms Engel’s law, according to which, with increasing income, the share of expenditures on basic necessities decreases and vice versa. It is proved that the main reason for the irrational structure of consumer spending is the high level of poverty among the citizens of Ukraine. Doing the research, the conclusion was made, that it is necessary to put funds for utilities, rehabilitation etc. in the domestic consumer basket. In this case, it will be able to provide not only the minimum needs of the citizens of Ukraine, but also contribute to dignified level of life.

The relationship between adolescent injuries and risk factors

Purpose of the study. The aim of our study was to examine the relationship between existing risk factors and adolescent trauma
 Materials and methods. In order to establish a link between adolescent injuries and risk factors, we conducted a sociological study among injured adolescents who received medical care at the Zaporozhye Regional Clinical Children’s Hospital and adolescents enrolled in vocational schools. (The questionnaire was approved by the Methodical Council. Minutes № 12 of 24.12.19). The questionnaire included 23 questions aimed at establishing demographic data and identifying personal, family and social risk factors. Personal risk factors included; smoking, alcohol use, drug and psychotropic drug use.
 Family risk factors include risk factors such as alcohol abuse in the family, raising their voices against each other, and cases of physical violence against adolescents. Social risk factors include: not a full family, living in a dormitory, having an income per family member less than the subsistence level.
 Statistical processing of the obtained materials was performed on a personal computer using a package of licensed applications EXCEL-2003 and STATISTICA. Levels of reliability: (p < 0,05).
 Research results and their discussion. The first group of the study (hereinafter group A) included 168 respondents aged 15 to 17 years. The second group of the study (hereinafter group B) included 283 respondents aged 15–17 years.
 In group A it was found that among the respondents prevailed boys 98 people (58,33%), girls 70 (41,67%). Residents of the city 108 people (64,29%), residents of the village 60 people (35,71%). 146 respondents (86,90%) lived with their families, and 22 (13,10%) lived in dormitories.
 They had a complete family of 118 (70,24%), not a complete family of 50 (29,7%). It was found that 20 respondents (11,90%) had an income per family member less than the subsistence level.
 In the second group (group B) among 283 respondents – 150 (53,0%) males and 133 (47%) females.
 There are 173 inhabitants of the city (61,13%), 110 inhabitants of the village (38,86%). 244 people (86,21%) lived with their families, 39 (13,10%) lived in dormitories, and 184 people (65,01%) were found to live in a complete family.
 As we can see, the groups for studying the connection between adolescent injuries and the risk factors that could lead to injuries were compared according to age (adolescents aged 15–17), in percentage terms close to gender, city of residence, marital status.
 Given that we are studying a group of adolescents who have already been injured, the method of research is case-control.
 A study examining the relationship between personal, family, and social risk factors and adolescent trauma yielded: strong reliable correlation in the cohort of respondents who drink alcohol (x2 = 6,2; p = 0,01); strong correlation with a significant correlation (p = 0,001) between such family risk factors as alcohol consumption in the family; (x2 = 65,5; p = 0,001), raising the voice against each other (x2 = 36,9; p = 0,001), physical violence (x2 = 6,7; p = 0,01).
 Conclusions. Given the results obtained, injury prevention measures should be built on a crosssectoral basis, comprehensively, while addressing issues of social, family and personal direction among adolescents and parents.

Production Economics of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in Doti District, Nepal

Ginger is one of the major spice crops that contribute substantially in rural people livelihood across the mid-hills of Nepal. Despite being a high-value crop, it is cultivated at a subsistence level and hence the farmers are less benefited than expected. So, a study was conducted to investigate the economics of ginger farming in Doti district. A total of 60 respondents were selected randomly from the purposive sampling frame of ginger growers in Jorayal rural municipality. A semi-structured questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informant Interview (KII), and field observations were used to obtain primary data. And published documents from governmental and non-governmental organizations were used as secondary sources of data. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS and MS-Excel. The findings revealed that the average area under ginger cultivation as 1.87 ropani with a productivity of 18.18 Mt/ha. The average cost of cultivation was found to be NRs 30669.65 with the B:C ratio of 1.63. The marketing margin of NRs 34.17 was observed with 59.88% of producer share in consumer price. Thus, ginger farming I Doti district was found to be profitable which needs to be commercialized