Subsidiary Plots Research Articles

The Ratio of Management Forms in the Agrarian Economy

The relevance of the article topic is due to the need to study the features of the existing structure of the rural economy, the ratio of forms of management of the agrarian business in the context of modern external and internal challenges of the socio-economic environment. The purpose of the article is to develop recommendations for improving the efficiency of rural entrepreneurship based on an analysis of the current situation and identifying the features of the development of forms of management of subjects of agricultural business. The article highlights the results of the analysis of the peculiarities of the development of certain forms of management of agricultural production. It has been established that in modern conditions of the implementation of the program for sustainable development of rural areas and import substitution of food products, the diversity of the rural economy is an objective necessity. Each of the forms of management has its own characteristics of functioning and, under certain conditions, is capable of ensuring the efficiency of activities. Half of agricultural products are produced by small forms of farming, which have a strong impact on volume indicators and are characterized by instability of growth depending on demand and price fluctuations in the market. It is proposed to provide the necessary conditions for combining successful economic activities of different organizational and legal forms of management in rural areas: personal subsidiary plots and peasant (farmer) households, cooperative formations, large forms of organization of agricultural business.

Agrarian potential of personal subsidiary plots

The article discusses the methodology for assessing the personal subsidiary plots production potential. Comparison of the private household plots efficiency is an important problem that requires early solution. It is the most promising direction for optimizing state support and stimulating production. The study purpose is to determine the territories of the Samara region that most effectively use the personal subsidiary plots resources for the agricultural production. The production potential value was the highest in the private household plots of the Samara region southern zone. On average, 1122.2 thousand rubles per hectare fall to personal subsidiary farms in one district of this zone. The production potential value is 36% lower in the Central (719.4 thousand rubles/ha) and by 56% - in the Northern zone (493.0 thousand rubles/ha). The households of the Central natural-economic Zone most effectively use the production potential. The zonal average utilization rate value is 1.14. The available resources are used in the best way by the personal subsidiary plots of the Bezenchuksky district (Kp = 1.67), the worst - by the Sergievsky district (0.62). The considered methodology allows solving important problems - to assess the possibilities and the production real state in the private household plots sector.

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES OF CALVES REARING IN DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING

For the first time, the rationale of using polystim in the technology of calf rearing in private subsidiary plots, on small and medium farms has been scientifically substantiated and experimentally proved to activate the protective and adaptive functions of the body to the keeping conditions and to more fully realize the biological potential of resistance and productivity. Thus, live weight, average daily gain and growth rate of young cattle of the experimental group were higher by the end of the observation period (180 days) than in the control group: in the conditions of personal subsidiary plots by 6.6 kg, 33.3 g and 0.28, on small farms - by 5.2 kg, 20.0 g and 0.08, and with the technology of keeping on a medium farm - by 4.8 kg, 13.3 g and 0.23 (P<0.05 ) respectively. The dynamics of exterior measurements of animals of all groups were similar to the nature of changes in their live weight and their average daily gain. At the same time, the incidence of respiratory organs diseases and the gastrointestinal tract in newborn calves was reduced to 25-40%, the duration of the disease was reduced by 2.45; 1.31 and 1.93 days (P<0.05-0.001).

Трансформация оленеводства Арктики в условиях рыночной экономики (на примере Ямала)

The authors investigate the economic transformation of reindeer farming in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District. The region is unique for having the largest number of domesticated reindeer and nomadic indigenous peoples in the world. The conceptual basis of the research is the idea of reindeer farming as a unique biosocial system, including the triad “man-reindeer-pasture”. The study analyzes the historical, social and economic transformations of reindeer farming in the region, where at least 60% of the private livestock of domesticated reindeer in the Arctic zone of Russia have always grazed. An increase in the number of reindeer was observed in private farms even during the years of economic crisis, reforms and industrial development of the territory. Private reindeer farmers belong to former sovkhozs (post-state farms), communities and unassociated “private” owners. Only half of the reindeer farming communities are registered in the state register and receive subsidies for the sale of products. Post-state farms have government subsidies that are significantly higher than reindeer farming communities, which increases the cost of their production two to three times. “Private traders” do not receive subsidies to increase the number of reindeer and the products they sell. The liberalization of the economy lifted restrictions on private reindeer farms, and their quantitative growth exceeded the norms permissible for pastures. At the same time, private reindeer farms produce almost 70% of marketable products, primarily meat, dags and antlers. Only 36% of personal subsidiary plots are included in legal entities, which makes it difficult to organize the regulated use of pastureland in the region. The administration of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, together with scientific and public organizations, has developed a conceptual plan for the reorganization of private reindeer farms into peasant (farmer) enterprises. A register of producers is being created to allocate state and municipal subsidies. It is planned to speed up the cooperation of private farms in order to improve their manageability. There is a process of reducing the number of post-state farms in order to focus reindeer farming mainly on preserving the traditional way of life and reproducing the ethno-culture of the Arctic indigenous peoples.

Актуализация классификации, типологизации и методологии оценки эффективности функционирования ЛПХ

The article provides an updated classification and typology of personal subsidiary plots, from the standpoint of functioning efficiency. The authors have developed an economic and psychological characteristics and given, based on their own research, an assessment of the effectiveness of types of personal subsidiary plots. The system of criteria and indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the functioning of personal subsidiary farms, taking into account the characteristics of the organizational structure, within the framework of the available research method, has been determined, consists of the following indicators: the share of private household plots in the total volume of agricultural production by all categories of farms; costs of household plots for the production of livestock products; costs of household plots for the production of crop products; profitability. The authors identified the directions for increasing their efficiency based on solving existing problems: the development of cooperative relations between private household plots and the existing forms of cooperative cooperation represented by consumer societies and agricultural consumer cooperatives; stimulating the use of small-scale mechanization devices in private household plots; digitalization of production, economics and management of private household plots and their associations; development of institutional conditions for the functioning of economic and organizational forms of organizing personal subsidiary plots: gardening, peasant (farm) economy, individual entrepreneurship, etc.

Family Farmsteads in Siberian Villages: Problems of Transformation

The article studies the transformation processes of personal subsidiary household plots held by the rural population of Russia during the time that followed the beginning of market reforms. Based on the critical interpretation of the data provided by the two All-Russian agricultural censuses, changes in the scale of activity, in the volume of production, and in the specialization of personal subsidiary household plots in different regions of Siberia are identified over the period 2006–2016. In order to study individual local cases, material from in-depth interviews obtained from heads and specialists of rural administrations, as well as from members of family farms in Tomsk, Tyumen, and Novosibirsk oblasts, is used. The author compares the results obtained by a quantitative analysis of the statistical data and conclusions following from a qualitative sociological study of local cases, not only from the standpoint of identifying the long-term trends but also possible information distortions of an institutional nature. As the basic hypothesis of the study, we assume the absence of a common trend for all regions characterizing the processes of the transformation of personal subsidiary household plots and the significant influence of the agrarian policy pursued by the state and local authorities, as well as the specific local factors. The conclusions drawn by the author generally confirm this hypothesis. In the quarter of a century since the start of market reforms, the sector of rural subsidiary household farming has undergone significant changes. On the one hand, its volumes have noticeably decreased, and it has lost its former leading position in the production structure. On the other hand, it has become more diverse and is represented by a spectrum from a small family garden to a mini-farm using hired labor. At the same time, in certain cases, state support can lead to a deterioration in the economic situation of family farms. Qualitative conclusions of the study can be useful for substantiating measures aimed at sustainable development of rural areas.

Comparative analysis of urban and rural environmental quality: the opinions of residents of the region

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the opinions of the rural and urban settlements’ population of the Stavropol Territory on the qualitative characteristics of the living environment. The quality of life in the village, which to a small extent depends on the state of the environment (transport accessibility of infrastructure and social facilities, road and pavement, lighting, etc.), plays a significant role in the choice of permanent residence. Currently, the rural population has high demands on the living environment. Rural settlements have territorial-landscape, climatic features, the historically established traditional spatial organization of rural settlements and the social lifestyle of the villager. Therefore, the urban model of improvement in rural areas cannot be used. It is important to study the opinions of local residents to understand the directions of transformation and improve the quality of the environment of rural settlements. Directions for the development of the environment of a settlement significantly depend on the characteristics of traditional socio-cultural practices of the population. This study allows us to more accurately formulate the desired contours of the model of the environment of settlements. On the example of a comparative analysis of the problems of transport accessibility of social infrastructure by residents in different types of settlements, we have shown the actual discrepancy in their significance. To plan directions for the development of rural transport infrastructure, it is necessary to solve the issues of hard cover for light-duty vehicles that are designed to carry small cargoes necessary for personal subsidiary plots.

Agriculture of Novosibirsk Oblast in the 1980s and Early 1990s: Development and Reform Problems

The research reveals the peculiarities of agricultural development in the Novosibirsk region at the late Soviet stage in order to find out concrete and reliable ideas about the causes, progress and consequences of agrarian reform of the early 1990s. We analyzed the changes in the organizational, economic and sectoral structure of the industry, the problems of the functioning of the collective farm and state farm system and the implementation of measures in the region to resolve them, factors that contributed to the growth and decline of agricultural production are analyzed. The content, directions and some economic consequences of the implementation of the agrarian reform of 1990 in the Novosibirsk region. In the 1980s the agro-industrial complex of the region developed due to the specialization and concentration of production, inter-farm cooperation of collective and state farms, their integration with industrial and trade organizations. The production of pork, poultry, eggs grew, and the gross grain harvest increased. The factors in the development of agriculture were the use of intensive technologies and favorable weather conditions. For agriculture in the Novosibirsk Region, the eleventh five-year plan (1981-1985) began with two consecutive lean years. The years of the twelfth five-year plan (1986-1990) were generally more productive. Agriculture did not meet the growing demand of the population for food. The material and technical resources of the industry have been largely wasted. Collective and state farm workers did not see any sense in increasing production productivity and sought to move to cities that attracted them with a higher standard of living. Attempts to improve the situation by democratizing management system in collective and state farms and by means of incentives for personal subsidiary plots did not produced desired results. The development of contractor relations in collective and state farms, rural settlements and the production base of farms looked like a more promising direction in the evolution of the agrarian sector of the economy. In 1990, due to the low growth rates of agricultural production, the government launched an agrarian reform, which opened the way for further development of the socio-economic infrastructure of the village, multi-structure and market. However, radical reformers insisted on forced transition to market relations and cut of state aid to producers. The implementation of these policies has led to negative consequences.

Analysis of labor resources of personal subsidiary plots on the base of household accounting data

The aim of the study is to develop and test a methodology for analyzing the labor resources of personal subsidiary plots (PSP) on the base of household accounting data. The subject of the research is the system of statistical indicators used for PSP data observation. The methods of statistical factorial analytical grouping, combination and multidimensional grouping, cluster analysis were used. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the theoretical development and approbation of a methodology for analyzing the labor resources of personal subsidiary plots on the base of primary data from household books of a rural settlement. The study revealed the presence of a strong differentiation of personal subsidiary plots, which indicates the need to develop their typology also for the study of labor resources. The proposed methodology of typology makes it possible to single out personal subsidiary plots that are not engaged in agriculture, farms producing for their own consumption and households with high level of marketability, which have the ability to transform into individual entrepreneurs and peasant farms. The results of the study can be used in the development of a more flexible agricultural policy at the regional and municipal levels to increase employment in the rural areas, preserve the rural lifestyle, taking into account various types of personal subsidiary plots.

Comparative hygienic study of the content of certain pesticides in agricultural products of farms and private farms

The article presents the results of a comparative hygienic study of the content of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in agricultural products of farms and private farms in the Saratov region. A study of the content of chlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in nine ecologically disadvantaged regions of the region was conducted. Quantitative analysis of the determination of pesticides in local food products was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. The content of organochlorine pesticides in food samples grown in ecologically disadvantaged areas and sent to the retail chain for sale, as well as for domestic use as local food, did not have statistically meaningful distinctions in regard to their contamination. In the studied samples of food products grown in farmers’ fields and produced on the land of private farms was found a significant difference in content of organophosphorus pesticides and herbicides. Thus, the content of the organophosphorus insecticide — chlorpyrifos used by farms for aviation chemical protection of plants from the spread of pests in vegetable products reached the maximum acceptable levels and, on the contrary, the concentration of chlorpyrifos in agricultural products of personal subsidiary farms was no more than 50 % of the permissible level. On the contrary, the widespread use of malathion has found application in the processing of agricultural products only on the lands of personal subsidiary plots. The level of its content in vegetable products ranged from 10–20 % to the maximum allowable and depended on the areas of cultivation of agricultural products. In arid areas, with a significant number of insect pests, the insecticide content in vegetable products was maximum. The studied herbicides were detected only in vegetable products grown on the fields of farms. At the same time, the glyphosate content in vegetable products significantly varied in different studied ecologically unfavorable territories. Its highest content in concentrations of the maximum permissible level was detected in agricultural products of the arid Zavolzhsky districts and, on the contrary, in the right bank and areas with a wide land reclamation system, the herbicide concentration ranged from 30 to 50 % of the permissible level. All the concentrations of chlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and herbicides in the local products established in the study, produced both on the lands of personal subsidiary plots and on farm fields, did not exceed the permissible values.

Analysis of the results of economic activity of private subsidiary plots engaged in livestock breeding in the Republic of Tuva

Analysis of the results of economic activity of private subsidiary plots engaged in livestock breeding in the Republic of Tuva

CONTROL OF PERFORMANCE OF CADASTRAL WORKS IN RESPECT OF PREVIOUSLY RECORDED LAND PLOTS

The article proposes to introduce additional control over the performance of cadastral works in relation to previously recorded land plots (PRLP), which will be carried out by the registration authority. The proposed measure is based on the requirements of the current land legislation in relation to the discrepancy between the actual and declared area of PRLP and the location of its borders. The proposed measure, first of all, should be of a preventive nature and serve to prevent illegal actions by participants in civil turnover in the field of land relations, and also allow to enter in the Unified State Register of Real Estate (USRRE) up-to-date and reliable information about the borders and areas of PRLP. This is especially true for PRLP located in the territories of garden and horticultural societies, as well as in the territories of settlements and provided for individual housing construction and maintaining personal subsidiary plots, which were put on the state cadastral register on the basis of existing documents of title and for which in the USRRE there is no information about the boundaries.

К ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЮ ПАРАМЕТРОВ, ВЛИЯЮЩИХ НА ГИБКИЙ РАБОЧИЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ БОТВОИЗМЕЛЬЧИТЕЛЯ

Potato in the Russian Federation takes the second place after grain in its economic importance. In the public sector, potatoes are cultivated on farms, personal and subsidiary plots. In connection with the transition to market relations, the area for planting potatoes has sharply decreased, and as a result, the production of potato harvesting equipment. Therefore, the question arose of the further creation and production of the simplest potato harvesting equipment and the improvement of their new working units. Pre-harvest removal chopping tops occupies an important place in the technology of potato cultivation. The easiest way to remove the tops is mechanical. During operation, it was noted that rotary machines have a number of disadvantages caused by the imperfection of the rotor design, its kinematic regimes, insufficient balance and reliability. In order to eliminate these shortcomings, a rotary topper with a vertical axis of rotation was designed and manufactured. To justify the design and operational parameters, theoretical studies of the process of interaction of the working element of the chopper with the tops of root crops were carried out, as a result of which the main patterns characterizing the working element were identified. In particular, a dependence was obtained that allows one to determine the shape of the line of the working element, which takes into account both the design parameters and the operating modes of the developed haulm chopper. Due to the action of gravity and air resistance during rotation, the working element cannot be a straight rod, that is, the farther the point of the working element from the center of rotation, the more it will lag behind the intended straight line. The deviation value will be in direct proportion to the transverse size of the working element and inversely to the linear density of its material. The coefficient of air resistance is determined experimentally, due to the influence on its value of both the shape and structure of the surface of the working element, as well as humidity and air temperature.

Contracting repair young animals in personal subsidiary plots of the population

In modern conditions, livestock production in the Samara region faces many difficulties. One of the main ones is the insufficient number of young stocks at large agricultural enterprises to ensure the growth of cattle. At the same time, another significant source of young growth — the household economy — is practically not in demand for these purposes. A significant number of cattle in this sector of agricultural production, high productivity allows us to consider personal subsidiary plots as a real alternative to the acquisition of young animals. The purpose of the work is to develop a contracting system for young cattle in private household plots to increase the number of livestock in agricultural enterprises. The proposed option involves the participation of government agencies, which should provide organizational and consulting support in solving integration, veterinary, financial issues. The creation of an integration system for providing agricultural organizations with young stocks of repair at the expense of the resources of private farms will give a new impetus to the development of this sector. Attraction of real state support in private farms, creation of a regional integrated structure based on the State Unitary Enterprise “Veles” will stimulate the development of this sector. The region is interested in increasing production in the dairy industry, as it provides less than 50% of its own demand for this type of agricultural product. In addition (at least in the early years of the system), the implementation of the proposed measures will allow more efficient use of budget funds, achieving a synergistic effect by reducing the actual purchase price of repair young animals by agricultural producers.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ПРИРОДНО-РЕСУРСНОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ТУРИЗМА В КАРАИДЕЛЬСКОМ РАЙОНЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН

The relevance of the problem considered in this article is due to the positive impact of rural tourism on the preservation and development of rural areas, rational use of their resource potential, improving the welfare of the local population, reducing social tension, stimulating the development of farms and personal subsidiary plots, preserving folk crafts, culture and identity. Based on the analysis of the experience of rural tourism development in European countries, it is concluded that there is a high potential of this direction in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Among the municipal districts of the republic, the authors distinguish the Karaidel district, which has unique ecological and economic characteristics. The authors have identified the most promising direction for the development of rural tourism in the area under consideration – the development of a complex of guest houses providing accommodation and catering services for guests, as well as excursions, horseback riding, etc. The attractiveness for tourists in this type of accommodation lies in the possibility of living in peasant estates, as well as acquaintance with the traditions and rituals of the indigenous population of the republic. The article proposes recommendations for improving the efficiency of using the natural resource potential of rural tourism development in the Karaidel region of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The article presents the results of a SWOT analysis of the prospects for the development of rural tourism, offers directions for the development of rural tourism in the context of market segments and measures to promote the territory. The proposed measures for the development of rural tourism in the area: creation of an ecosystem (recreation, impressions, functional food); unification into a cluster (farms, accommodation facilities, recreation centers, local residents, personal subsidiary plots); development of a unique selling proposition; using the method of geoanalytics to analyze the target audience; certification of rural tourism objects, development of a culinary atlas of national dishes. Trends towards individualization of travel, the growing influence of ecology and ethics on the consciousness of the population are favorable factors for the development of rural tourism in the Karaidel region and the Republic of Bashkortostan as a whole.

ОЦЕНКА БИОХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ЯГОД ЕЖЕВИКИ В СВЯЗИ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ В СЕЛЕКЦИИ

The work summarized the literature data on the content of chemicals in blackberries grown in various regions of Russia and foreign countries. Much attention is paid to the level of accumulation of biochemical components: soluble solids, sugars, organic acids, vitamins C (ascorbic acid) and P (phenolic compounds). In the studied regions, a high accumulation of anthocyanins (307-651 mg / 100 g) and ascorbic acid (23.4-54.0 mg / 100 g) in blackberries was noted in the Republic of Adygea. The highest sugar content (9.9%) was in blackberries grown in the middle zone of Russia. The average content of the studied components depends not only on the region of cultivation, but, first of all, on the varietal composition of the crop. The study of 25 blackberry varieties bred in the USA, England and Australia in the Krasnodar Territory allowed us to identify the most adapted of them for cultivation in the south of Russia,the most promising varieties are Thornfree, Smoothstem and Black Satin. In the Republic of Belarus, blackberries are grown on personal subsidiary plots, the most common is the American Agavam variety, which is noted for its high sugar content and the content of P-active substances. At the Maikop Experimental Station. N.I. Vavilov, as a result of studying the biochemical composition of blackberry berries, the following varieties were identified: by the content of dry matter – Oregon, Black Satin, Thornfree; sugar content – Oregon, Silvon, Black Satin, Thornfree, Young; by the content of organic acids – Derrow, Raven (1.67%), Cherokki (1.87%); by the content of ascorbic acid – Himalaya (54.6 mg / 100 g), Derrow (45.8 mg / 100 g), Raven (45.4 mg / 100 g) and Cherokki (47.8 mg / 100 g).

«ВСПОМИНАЛИ ТОЛЬКО О ЕДЕ…»: ПОВСЕДНЕВНЫЕ ПРАКТИКИ ЖИТЕЛЕЙ ГОРОДА КУРГАНА В УСЛОВИЯХ ГОЛОДА НАЧАЛА 1920-Х ГОДОВ

The article considers routine practices of Kurgan’s people survival during the starvation in 1921–1922. In Kurgan, starvation reached its climax in the spring of 1922, when a third of the urban population went hungry. The remaining residents of Kurgan were in comparatively better conditions due to their salaries and personal subsidiary plots. The salaries of ordinary Kurgan workers and clerks were small, but job loss was critical for people. Vegetable gardens and livestock were of a significant help for many citizens, as well as other things that they could sell and change for food. Substitute goods and carrion of animals and birds became food. Extreme conditions forced the population to change their usual lifestyle. Some people, trying to escape from the starvation, moved to more favourable regions of the country. The rest tried to survive on small wages and scarce food rations; step by step they sold their property, tried to get special cards for canteens, begged, etc. Cards for canteens immediately became the subject of machinations as something valuable. In general, the criminal situation escalated: because of starvation, petty and grand thefts, assaults and murders spread widely. Throughout the interwar period, in the memory of Kurgan people, there was a fear of starvation of 1921–1922. Frequent supply breakdowns were accompanied by worrying rumors and a desire to stock up on something. Standard distribution, hours-long queues became a part of the routine life of Soviet citizens.

Assessing the contribution of subsistence economy in income generation of rural households in Yakutia

Traditional economic activity is a significant part of non- observed economy sustaining in regions with a large share of rural population. Non-transparency of subsistence economy hampers assessment of its contribution to goods and services production, the number and income levels of self-employed. The paper summarizes a study of contribution of private subsidiary plots and other forms of traditional economic activity (hunting, fishery, gathering) in rural household incomes and self- employment in Yakutia based on a representative sociological survey of 2017-2019. The share of in-kind income in household budgets estimated by the authors averages 15.7%, partly compensating for cash income deficit and helping alleviate poverty problem in the region.

Private Farms of Rural Population of the Republic Tatarstan in Historical and Economic Context (2000–2010-ies)

Introduction. In domestic historiography for many decades personal subsidiary plots were viewed as some rudiment of a non-socialist form of farming in the country’s agricultural sector. In accordance with the political principles of party ideologists, most researchers in every possible way emphasized the futility of the personal subsidiary plots and the inevitability of their soon withering away. And at the beginning of the XXI century they re-main a kind of “islands” of small business in the countryside and the main form of earnings for the total mass of rural workers. The main objective of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the current state of personal subsidiary plots of the rural population of Tatarstan in the context of determining the main socio-economic indicators in relation to the study area; identification of the most important development parameters of this form of small business. Materials and Methods. The scientific study is based on source materials from various government departments (including the Tatarstan Statistical Office), newspaper and journal periodicals, as well as data from historical, economic and sociological literature. When writing the article, the author was guided by the principles of historicism, complexity and objectivity. The research is based on the methods of historical science: problem-chronological, comparative-historical, systemic, etc. Results. During the study, the current state and indicators of the development of personal subsidiary plots of the rural population of the Republic of Tatarstan were systematically reviewed, in particular, their participation in the structure of regional gross income. It has been established that the main branches of economic activity of peasant farmsteads are vegetable growing and productive animal husbandry. It is proved that the strengthening of the positions of large investors in the village led to the curtailment of certain branches of production of personal subsidiary plots and their transition to a consumer rate of management. Discussion and Conclusion. The intensive development of various forms of small business in the post-perestroika period, including personal subsidiary plots of the population, intensified the market diversification of the economy of the agricultural sector in general and of high-quality peasant farmsteads in particular. During the forced dismantling of the collective farm and state farm management systems and the formation of new forms of entrepreneurship, peas-ant farmsteads became not only the economic basis for the existence of the rural population, but also a form of self-preservation of many settlements.

Use of Local Natural Resources to Reduce the Chernobyl Radiocesium Trace in Agriculture

The search for ways to reduce the Chernobyl radiocesium trace in agriculture has been a relevant task in Kaluga Region for many decades. This problem particularly concerns personal subsidiary farms that did not take any centralized protective measures on rehabilitation of polluted soils. In this regard the purpose of the study was to develop measures of safe economic use of personal subsidiary garden soils and natural meadows as hayfields and pastures. The study utilizes comparative and analytical, instrumental and statistical methods. Based on the study of dynamics of natural change of specific activity of meadow plant formation, alluvial soil and cattle milk the half-reduction period for the level of bioproduct pollution within 7–8 years caused by stronger binding and physical disintegration of radiocesium is defined. Seasonal dynamics of radiocesium reduction in hay of a meadow ecosystem and milk of cows of personal subsidiary plots from April to July of the vegetative period is established. The radio reclamative ability of activated sludge and ground tripolite when receiving products in personal subsidiary plots is proved.