Subsidiary Plots Research Articles

Cluster analysis based on multidimensional means based by results of All-Russian Agricultural Census of 2016 using Python

The article describes the stages and results of the multidimensional classification of personal subsidiary plots (PSP) according to the All-Russian Agricultural Census of 2016 (VSHP-2016). This classification was carried out on the basis of four prepared sets of initial data, two of which are synthetic indicators in the form of multidimensional means, and implemented using the Python programming language, including the skit-learn library for clustering and the matplotlib library for graphical visualization of the resulting split of households into homogeneous groups. The original data is normalized using the L2 Normalization method, also known as Spatial Sign Preprocessing. Cluster analysis is carried out using the k-means method based on the Lloyd algorithm, the number of clusters is determined using the Silhouette Coefficient. The results are visualized through bar charts, 2D and 3D scatter plots.

State and prospects of agritourism in the Turkestan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The agritourism industry is one of the youngest in Kazakhstan, which determines the promising directions for the development of domestic tourism sector. Currently, European countries consider tourism industry to be a priority project for the development of rural areas. The goal - is a comprehensive analysis of the prerequisites and factors for socioeconomic growth in the Turkestan region and its attractiveness to rural tourism. Methods – observation and collection of information, analysis and synthesis, a systematic approach. Results – the article is devoted to the study of ecotourism problems in the region. The main tendencies of its organization are outlined. It has been established that this vector is developing progressively, based on existing world traditions and has Kazakhstani specifics associated with its features. The potential of tourism service sector and its role in modernization of the economy of this administrative-territorial unit is revealed. A SWOT-analysis of the state of tourism industry, classification of areas according to agritourism significance is presented. The effectiveness and expediency of expanding the sphere of ecological tourism are shown. Conclusions – for the first time, agritourism services have become widespread in Akmola, North Kazakhstan regions. It is noted that poss ibilities of the region allow to increase the flow of tourists, increase their interest in agritourism facilities, develop organic farming, contribute to the growth of the number of small businesses, production of environmentally friendly products of personal subsidiary plots and farms in rural areas, creation of additional jobs, decrease in the outflow of local population to cities, preservation and popularization of local architectural monuments, elements of art and customs of the people, strengthening the position of tourism business, paying special attention to tourism activities. The leisure industry has a large reserve of natural and human resources. However, as the authors state, farmers need information and advisory support from travel companies, including electronic means.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОГО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The study was carried out in order to study the level of development of the regional agricultural sector of the economy, identify current problems that hinder the sustainable development of agricultural business entities and substantiate proposals for ensuring its further development. The agrarian sector of the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan is designed to solve the problems of providing the population with food at affordable prices in the face of severe restrictions and sanctions from unfriendly countries. 450 large and medium-sized agricultural organizations, 3006 peasant farms (peasant farms), 2.5 ... 3 thousand individual entrepreneurs and more than 472.4 thousand personal subsidiary plots of the population are involved in this task. 4.3% of the agricultural products of the Russian Federation and 15.0% of the agricultural products of the Volga Federal District are produced on the territory of the republic. Over the past five years, the pace of development of agricultural business entities has been slowing down faster than the economy of the republic as a whole (the decrease in the average annual rate of economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan is 2.9%, the agricultural sector - 3.1%), which may lead in the future to a decrease in the share of agriculture in the gross regional product of the republic from 10 ... 11% to 6 ... 7%. to intensify work on the creation of drought-resistant varieties of agricultural crops, moisture-saving technologies and land reclamation measures. One of the most important tasks is the dissemination of information and digital technologies at all stages of the implementation of technological processes for the production of agricultural products. In animal husbandry, it is required to carry out a gradual replacement of unproductive animals with highly productive breeding stock, to accelerate their breeding. In 2021, agricultural producers participated in 19 digitalization projects in crop production and 145 farms used digital systems in cattle breeding, which contributed to an increase in milk production by 62 thousand tons and additional revenue in the amount of 1.6 billion rubles.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОГО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The study was carried out in order to study the level of development of the regional agricultural sector of the economy, identify current problems that hinder the sustainable development of agricultural business entities and substantiate proposals for ensuring its further development. The agrarian sector of the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan is designed to solve the problems of providing the population with food at affordable prices in the face of severe restrictions and sanctions from unfriendly countries. 450 large and medium-sized agricultural organizations, 3006 peasant farms (peasant farms), 2.5 ... 3 thousand individual entrepreneurs and more than 472.4 thousand personal subsidiary plots of the population are involved in this task. 4.3% of the agricultural products of the Russian Federation and 15.0% of the agricultural products of the Volga Federal District are produced on the territory of the republic. Over the past five years, the pace of development of agricultural business entities has been slowing down faster than the economy of the republic as a whole (the decrease in the average annual rate of economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan is 2.9%, the agricultural sector - 3.1%), which may lead in the future to a decrease in the share of agriculture in the gross regional product of the republic from 10 ... 11% to 6 ... 7%. to intensify work on the creation of drought-resistant varieties of agricultural crops, moisture-saving technologies and land reclamation measures. One of the most important tasks is the dissemination of information and digital technologies at all stages of the implementation of technological processes for the production of agricultural products. In animal husbandry, it is required to carry out a gradual replacement of unproductive animals with highly productive breeding stock, to accelerate their breeding. In 2021, agricultural producers participated in 19 digitalization projects in crop production and 145 farms used digital systems in cattle breeding, which contributed to an increase in milk production by 62 thousand tons and additional revenue in the amount of 1.6 billion rubles.

AGROECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE REVIVAL OF AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES IN THE TERRITORY CONTAMINATED WITH RADIONUCLIDES (A CASE OF THE CHERNOBYL DISASTER)

The experimental results of many years of research on the agroecological aspects of the revival of agricultural industries in the territory contaminated with radionuclides as a result of the Chernobyl disaster are presented, analyzed and summarized. It is shown that in the remote period of development of the radiation situation, the most critical branch of agricultural production is dairy farming, and the product is milk produced in personal subsidiary plots of the population. Therefore, along with the economic feasibility and expediency of the formation of a highly productive branch of agricultural production, it is necessary to provide the measures for minimization the individual effective equivalent dose of exposure to the population by ensuring the production of products that are guaranteed to be safe in terms of radiation. The main ways to achieve this are the preparation and using of animal rations, the content of radionuclides in which, according to predictive calculations, cannot lead to exceeding the permissible levels of Cs in milk, as well as the saturation of fodder crop rotations with plants that have a potentially low ability to accumulate radionuclides.

Preservation of straw with fodder melons and gourds in the conditions of Uzbekistan

The results of the preservation of hay and silage with pumpkin and watermelon are presented, which can be used to feed livestock of all types and ages in the autumn-winter period when harvesting hay and silage for effective use in farms and personal subsidiary plots. Recommended for use as a succulent feed, especially in arid regions. It is recommended to be used in personal, subsidiary, peasant and farm enterprises during the autumn-winter feeding of livestock, as well as in educational processes in the field of animal husbandry. As a result of canning straw with edible watermelons and zucchini, significant changes in their chemical composition were also observed. There was no significant difference in dry matter content in all variants.

Use of peat in Russian agriculture: Current condition and prospects

Russia possesses huge resources of peat – a natural raw material for the production of organic fertilizers, the use of which ensures an increase in the biological and energy capacity of agrocenoses, and the reproduction of soil fertility. Renewal and stimulation of agricultural peat utilization, as well as increase in grain output should hasten and facilitate the food and environment security of Russia. The article analyzes briefly the current peat industry and offers a substantiation of the main directions of peat use in the agro-industrial complex on an ecological and economic basis. The implementation of the proposals will go under increasing environmental, economic, technological, informational and competitive advertising requirements. The general conceptions are meant for the multi-structure agriculture and competent peat management not only at large agricultural companies, but also at farm households and private subsidiary plots, taking into account a wide range of levels of their organizational and financial capabilities in the emerging dynamic market conditions. Particular attention is paid to resource conservation, environmental and technological aspects of peat utilization, as well as to the choice of ways of using available peat resources in the productional bioanthropogenic cycle of substances in agriculture with the participation of the chemical industry in grain production. The ranges of using peat and peat soils in agriculture are broad and integrated. Peat effectively ensures circulation of nutrients, maintains high soil fertility, and plays an important role in the environmental protection. At the same time, in the years of intensive agricultural production and widespread use of mineral fertilizers, and then in the subsequent years of a general decline in the development of agriculture in Russia, the valuable experience gained in the use of peat was largely lost. The purpose of this study is to review agricultural peat utilization, develop methods for the rational use of peat resources and to promote advancement of Russian agriculture.

Personal subsidiary plots of Damsinsky rural district of Akmola region: analysis of agricultural production

The goal is to show the importance and consider the current state of agricultural production in personal subsidiary plots of the Damsinsky rural district of Akmola region. Methods – system-structural and system-functional approaches to the study of agricultural production in the households of the district, which requires the use of various methods of scientific analysis: comparative, statistical, mathematical and economic, etc. Results – the authors studied and assessed the structure of the natural and physical capital of this rural region. Also, for a complete assessment of the current state of the main performance indicators, an analysis of the income structure of these farms for the current year is given. The authors determined the degree of uniformity (not uniformity) of the distribution of agricultural land and livestock. Conclusions – the study showed that the majority of private subsidiary farms in the Damsinsky rural district of the Akmola region are either engaged in agricultural production to a small extent or produce agricultural products only for their own consumption and belong to the category of "nonmarketable" household plots. The low level of development of their marketability is determined by such factors as high cost of fodder, lack of independent fodder harvesting, lack of pasture lands around settlements and the high level of their degradation today.

Personal subsidiary plots as a tool for sustainable development and overcoming the crisis in the agriculture

Personal subsidiary plots still occupy a significant place in the production of agricultural products. Having appeared in the 1930s as an auxiliary tool for agrarian policy in the conduct of collectivization, over the next years they have shown their resilience in the face of crisis phenomena in the economy. The purpose of the study is to determine the factors influencing the development of private household plots, taking into account the political and economic characteristics of the country’s agricultural management. Within the framework of this study, the following tasks were solved: - a detailed analysis of the political and economic situation in the country was carried out; - analyzed the data of the household books of the settlement for the period 1935-2019; - statistical processing of the research results was carried out; - the regularities of the development of private household plots in the study period were revealed. As a result of the study, it was revealed that when signs of a crisis in the economy appear, rural residents to a greater extent transfer their business activities to personal subsidiary plots, using them as a tool of survival. When the crisis ends, business activity moves back to large agricultural or industrial production.

Forecasting operating parameters of personal households

Personal subsidiary plots in the Russian agrarian economy conditions play a significant role. In the Samara region, they provide for the production of about half of livestock products, potatoes, vegetables, fruits and berries, which is especially important for fulfilling the parameters of the new Concept of Food Security of the Russian Federation, adopted in January 2020. The aim of the work is to study personal subsidiary farms in the Samara region as one of the most important sources of food in the region and determine the parameters for predicting their development in the short term in order to formulate a state policy to support the formation of food security in the region. As part of the study, econometric models were built for forecasting the production of the main types of agricultural products in private household plots using the example of the livestock industry. Factors influencing the number of cattle and pigs in all typical settlements were identified. State support measures are proposed to increase the number of these groups of animals in the sector of personal subsidiary plots. The number of cattle is influenced by the agricultural employment of the owners of private household plots, the available livestock of other types of farm animals, and the size of the land plot. The number of pigs is mainly influenced by work in an agricultural enterprise.

Distribution of golden potato nematode in the soils of the Omsk region

The distribution of the golden potato nematode in the soils of the Omsk region has been recorded since 2003. The potential danger of expanding the area of colonization by this phytohelminth is associated with a loss of potato yield from 30 to 90%. Of the 32 districts of the Omsk region, 21 districts were found to be populated with the golden potato nematode. Potato production in the Omsk region is mainly carried out by private individuals. In many districts of the Omsk region, the share of personal subsidiary plots in the produced potatoes reached 95%. The studies were carried out in 2017 - 2020 and it was found that cysts with viable larvae of the golden potato nematode were detected in the samples of the studied soil samples, the degree of infection was high and ranged from 50 to 90 cysts. Under these conditions, the priority direction of reducing the number of phytohelminths is the use of environmentally friendly methods of control, such as the fungal microbiological preparation Nematofagin Mikopro. In the areas with the use of a biological product, the degree of infection was average and ranged from 45 to 13 viable cysts.

Economic and legal framework formation specifics of the Rostov region agrotourism sector

The article considers the peculiarities of the formation of the economic and legal foundations of the agrotourism sector and its role in the economic development of rural areas of the Rostov region. Agrotourism was an integral part of the household economy, it largely determined the employment of the local population and formed a certain share of the profits of personal subsidiary plots. The economic effect of the development of agritourism is expressed in different aspects. In order to reduce the negative consequences of unemployment, migration, and the decline in the living standards of the population of rural areas, it is necessary to develop and implement programs of financial, organizational, legal and informational support for agritourism at the state level.

The changes in legislation relating to dacha amnesty

This article analyzes the changes in legislative acts concerning a simplified procedure for registration of ownership of individual residential houses, garden houses, residential buildings, as well as outbuildings erected on land plots provided to citizens for gardening, for individual housing construction or for personal subsidiary plots.

НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЕ ЛИЧНЫХ ПОДСОБНЫХ ХОЗЯЙСТВ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ ЭКОНОМИКИ

In recent years, special attention has been paid to the development of agriculture for various forms of management. In particular, in 2022, the Government of the Russian Federation amended the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets, which allows, in the prescribed manner, to receive state support for citizens who maintain a personal subsidiary plot (PSP) registered as self-employed. In this regard, it is relevant to consider the development of private household plots on the territory of the Russian Federation and identify the features of their interaction with the state at the legislative level. In this article, the author considers the concept of personal subsidiary farming as an economic component, which is the prevailing way of life on the territory of our country. Citizens leading personal subsidiary plots carry out their activities on land plots owned by them by right of ownership, possession or lease, in their free time from their main work (carried out in the order of secondary employment), they have the opportunity to receive additional income in the countryside, implementing their own production in order to meet their material and other needs. Despite the fact that at the legislative level, personal subsidiary farms are a form of non-entrepreneurial activity for the production and processing of agricultural products, under certain conditions, individual subsidiary farms expand their activities and reach the entrepreneurial level, while not paying taxes and do not make other contributions to budgetary funds violating the norms of the federal law "On personal subsidiary plots". The author proposes measures to create a favorable tax climate at the legislative level, which will allow creating partnerships between citizens leading personal subsidiary farms and the state, and will also improve the standard of living of the rural population.

Сравнительный анализ рынка земли макрорегиона Сибирь

The authors of the article analyzed the markets for land parcels in the Siberian Federal District (SFD) and studied the problems of developing land markets in the regions of Siberia. The article presents statistics on prices for land plots, which indicate significant gaps between price intervals in the established regional and urban land markets in the Siberian macro-region. The authors analyzed the offers of land plots in the regions and came to the conclusion that the market for agricultural land is low-active and underdeveloped. In some areas, there were single cases of supply during the year. According to the analyzed price information, the cost of suburban land in the studied regions in Siberia is about three times lower than in regional centers, and the cost of agricultural land is 15-20 times lower than land for housing development. Land use is inefficient because the forming of the institution of land ownership has not been completed, tools for applying the regulatory framework have not been developed, and also because there are no economic instruments that regulate land markets. The study shows that in some Siberian regions there is a significant difference between the offer of land plots in the center of the region and in remote territories. Despite the intensification of livestock and crop production, with a high demand for land for housing construction and personal subsidiary plots, agricultural land is cheap and non-demanded. The market analysis carried out by the authors revealed the dependence of supply and demand, as well as prices for plots, not only on the type of permitted use and location, but also on the area. The authors indicated the need to develop and apply a comprehensive land policy, including economic instruments of regulation, which can ensure the full inclusion of land property in the market and lead to an increase in the value of land as an economic and financial asset.

Риски возникновения опасных инфекционных болезней животных на юго-востоке Российской Федерации

The article analyzes the epizootic situation in the Republic of Buryatia, considers veterinary problems associated with the special geographical status of the region, which is located in the southeast of the Russian Federation. The republic borders on Mongolia, the Trans-Baikal Territory, which has common borders with China. The intensification of international trade, tourism, interstate movement of various goods, animals, the deterioration of the epizootic situation in the world, the lack of anti-epizootic measures in the new economic conditions increase the risk of outbreaks of dangerous diseases. The occurrence of anthrax was caused by insufficient accounting and lack of passportization of old burial sites, cattle burial grounds, grazing of unvaccinated cattle on unfavorable pastures, activation of soil anthrax outbreaks. Taking into account these and other risks of possible outbreaks of anthrax, epizootic well-being is maintained in the republic through preventive vaccination of susceptible animals. The territorial proximity of adjacent territories epizootically unfavorable for rabies (Mongolia, the Trans-Baikal Territory), favorable environmental conditions for foxes (steppes and mountain slopes, the valley of the Selenga, Dzhida and their tributaries), the presence of a large number of susceptible animals, were the main components of the development of the epizootic process of rabies among foxes, whose attacks have caused cases of rabies among farm animals, in particular cattle. Infectious nodular dermatitis of cattle had serious consequences for the agricultural sector of the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Republic of Buryatia, where livestock is mainly concentrated in personal subsidiary plots and is of great help in the economic and social life of the villagers. In this regard, it is necessary to expand monitoring of the disease in the Far Eastern and Siberian Federal Districts and adjacent regions. The southeastern territories of the Russian Federation are defined as areas of risk for FMD. Carrying out specific prevention of foot-and-mouth disease makes it possible to contain the factors of the epizootic risk of foot-and-mouth disease in transboundary territories and in general in the Republic of Buryatia.

Economic and environmental approach to agricultural and rural development

This article discusses the choice of a model for development of agriculture and, accordingly, rural areas, taking into account the economic and environmental approach. The main producers of agricultural products and users of land resources are not only large and small agricultural organizations, but also personal subsidiary plots. The efficiency of use of land resources by households is much higher than in other agricultural organizations. Personal subsidiary plots in production of agricultural products use resource-saving technologies. Today, personal subsidiary plots remain without due attention from the state, business and the scientific community. They are also deprived of economic, financial, informational, technological, and human resources. As a practical implementation of theoretical conclusions, the article offers the implementation of the Bioekopolis project. In the territory of the Kanashsky district of the Chuvash Republic on the basis of Atalanu LLC from 2016 to 2021. experimental work was carried out to create individual elements of a small-scale rural settlement based on the principles of bioecopolis. The results of scientific and experimental design work, the experience of operating a residential building and outbuildings, the established operating mode of innovation gave the basis for development of an innovative project and the opportunity for its subsequent replication.

Занятость сельского населения Республики Хакасия в формальном секторе экономики

In the current conditions, the most preferable for the rural population of Russia is official employment on an ongoing basis, since it provides stable earnings. The focus of this article is an analysis of how employment within the framework of formal labor relations contributes to the material well-being of the rural population. The article is built on a survey of the rural population of the Republic of Khakassia 2018 (N = 486). The main conclusions of the study: in countryside with a population of over 500 people, formal employment positively affects the material situation of the rural population, and in countryside with a population of up to 500 people, a higher level of prosperity is ensured due to additional sources of income. Along with this increase in the standard of living of the rural population of the region, the combination of employment in the main work with the conduct of personal subsidiary plots, and in large and small countryside, contributes to this

Assessing the factors of the overeducation in the rural labor market

The article analyzes the determinants of the overeducation in the Russian rural labor market compared to the urban labor market. As a database the article uses the 2018 Federal State Statistics Service Labor Force Survey microdata. The hypothesis of the research is that the main determinants in the rural labor market are employment in personal subsidiary plots, marital status, housekeeping and childcare. The authors perform analysis by each level of vocational education: higher and secondary vocational (separately for medium-level specialists and skilled workers). The determinants of overeducation are investigated using a binary regression model. The authors reveal that a higher level of overeducation is associated with employment in personal subsidiary plots for the purpose of selling products. Other significant determinants of overeducation in the rural labor market include gender; marital status; age; the number of household members; education field. Higher risks of overeducation are observed for persons with foreign citizenship; single men; as well as those living in larger households. The authors reveal significant differences in the determinants of overeducation among specialists and skilled workers. At the same time, no significant differences are found in the determinants of overeducation among high- and middle-level specialists. The results contribute to the investigation of the problems of imbalance in the labor market in Russia.

Rural population health risks caused by nitrate contamination of locally grown vegetables

Objectives to assess the levels of health risks in the rural population associated with the consumption of local vegetables contaminated with nitrates.
 Material and methods. We established the concentration of nitrates in local vegetables, grown on farms and private subsidiary plots of agricultural areas of the region using a retrospective analysis of the statistics from the Office of Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (Rospotrebnadzor) in the Saratov region and our own research results. The health risks in the rural population from exposure to nitrates in local vegetables were assessed according to the Risk Assessment Guidelines (R 2.1.10. 1920-04).
 Results. It was revealed that local vegetable products are widely used in the diet of the rural population of the agricultural areas of the Saratov region, amounting to 203.422.5 kg/year per adult resident. Significant differences were revealed in the nitrate contamination of vegetables grown by farmers and on private subsidiary plots of agricultural areas of the Saratov region.
 Discussion. The high nitrate load detected in vegetable products of farms was determined by a significant amount of fertilizers applied to the soil in the form of ammonium nitrate. On the contrary, the use of special biomass from plants of the legume family by workers of personal subsidiary farms for feeding the growing vegetables, made it possible to obtain vegetable products with a significantly lower quantitative content of nitrates.
 Conclusion. The assessment of the hazard coefficients of nitrates in vegetable products of the studied areas testified to the possible effect of the nitrate component on the health of the local population. The individual carcinogenic risk caused by nitrate contamination of local vegetables was assessed as low; the population carcinogenic risk value associated with the presence of nitrates in vegetables had the possibility to contribute from 0.01 to 1.3 additional cases of malignant neoplasms to the general level of oncological morbidity in the population of the surveyed territories.