Subsidiary Farms Research Articles

Justification of the parameters of the tillerblock seeder for sowing sorghum seeds in the Republic of Angola

Small forms of management of the Republic of Angola are in great need of support and development, since according to the World Bank, 80% of Angola’s agricultural production, which involves 46% of the population, are small subsidiary farms with an area of 2 hectares without mechanization, infrastructure, high-quality seed and other means of production. The mass introduction of motorcycle cultivators with a capacity of 3-5 to 12 hp with a set of machines and tools for them will significantly accelerate the transition from manual labor to mechanized. It is obvious that the modernization and optimization of these tools is a continuous process, where each user, to one degree or another, individually adjusts the tools acquired from the factory manufacturer to their soil conditions, seed material and power of the tractor. One of the components of the agricultural production process is sowing. In this paper, a precision seeding drill of a motor-block format and its working bodies a coulter group fo r s oil conditions of the Republic of Angola, are considered. A review of the theoretical prerequisites for substantiating the design parameters of a tillerblock seed drill for sowin g sorghum seeds was carried out, and the optimal parameters of the coulter operation process were determined depending on the speed of the unit (V km/h), the angle of attack of the coulter stand (α, deg), the angle of soil crumbling (β, deg). Scientific research was carried out according to the strategy of modernization of agriculture in Angola.

Personal subsidiary plots of Damsinsky rural district of Akmola region: analysis of agricultural production

The goal is to show the importance and consider the current state of agricultural production in personal subsidiary plots of the Damsinsky rural district of Akmola region. Methods – system-structural and system-functional approaches to the study of agricultural production in the households of the district, which requires the use of various methods of scientific analysis: comparative, statistical, mathematical and economic, etc. Results – the authors studied and assessed the structure of the natural and physical capital of this rural region. Also, for a complete assessment of the current state of the main performance indicators, an analysis of the income structure of these farms for the current year is given. The authors determined the degree of uniformity (not uniformity) of the distribution of agricultural land and livestock. Conclusions – the study showed that the majority of private subsidiary farms in the Damsinsky rural district of the Akmola region are either engaged in agricultural production to a small extent or produce agricultural products only for their own consumption and belong to the category of "nonmarketable" household plots. The low level of development of their marketability is determined by such factors as high cost of fodder, lack of independent fodder harvesting, lack of pasture lands around settlements and the high level of their degradation today.

Agricultural prisons and colonies in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the twentieth Century: on the question of the expediency of creation and the problems of implementation

In a rapidly changing world order, one of the strategic goals facing Russia at the moment is to ensure food security, which is an integral part of national security. In the Russian Federation, enterprises of various forms of ownership are currently involved in agriculture. Among them, a special place is occupied by specialized agricultural enterprises and subsidiary farms under the jurisdiction of the Federal Penitentiary Service, one of the main tasks of which is to ensure food security of the penal system. Unfortunately, the production capacities of these enterprises and their efficiency are currently insufficient, which is explained by a number of objective reasons. Meanwhile, the possibilities of the penitentiary system in the production of agricultural products, the restoration of agricultural land, the restoration of forests are quite large, which is now being talked about more and more often. The idea of using persons serving a prison sentence in the process of agricultural production is not new. At the turn of the XIX – XX centuries, these ideas were actively discussed both at international prison congresses and among Russian penitentiaries. Taking into account the relevance of the topic, this paper examines the main ideas of domestic penitentiaries on the creation of agricultural colonies and prisons in the Russian Empire, the advantages and disadvantages of correctional institutions of a new type in front of the prevailing imprisonment at that time. The conducted research allowed the authors to conclude that the main ideas developed at the beginning of the twentieth century by domestic lawyers on the creation of agricultural colonies and prisons remain relevant for Russia in the XXI century. The results of studies of the early twentieth century on the topic under consideration, after their thorough refinement, can be taken into account by modern lawyers when adjusting the concept of the development of the domestic penal system.

Hunting activity among the Yakuts at the present stage

This article discusses some issues of hunting activity among the Yakuts on the basis of ethnographic and field materials collected in the territories of the Srednekolymsky, Olekminsky, Vilyuysky, Verkhnevilyuysky and Nyurbinsky districts of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Field materials were collected through included observation, in-depth interviewing, audio, photo and video fixation. In this study, the authors were deeply interested in rural residents who are close and involved in hunting activities from an early age. The paper attempts to record the transformation of hunting activity and to present the current state of hunting among the Yakuts in the studied areas. This paper is the first attempt to comprehensively study and record the transformation in hunting activity. The study examines the ritual and ceremonial component, the tools used and methods of catching prey. The main conclusions of the work are that hunting for many is an active form of recreation, leisure, i.e. it is no longer a subsidiary farm, since it does not bring economic benefits. The findings also include the emergence of new hunting methods using modern technologies. However, it is necessary to note the preservation of some ritual or ceremonial elements of hunting, in some form the sacredness of the activity is also preserved.

Forecasting operating parameters of personal households

Personal subsidiary plots in the Russian agrarian economy conditions play a significant role. In the Samara region, they provide for the production of about half of livestock products, potatoes, vegetables, fruits and berries, which is especially important for fulfilling the parameters of the new Concept of Food Security of the Russian Federation, adopted in January 2020. The aim of the work is to study personal subsidiary farms in the Samara region as one of the most important sources of food in the region and determine the parameters for predicting their development in the short term in order to formulate a state policy to support the formation of food security in the region. As part of the study, econometric models were built for forecasting the production of the main types of agricultural products in private household plots using the example of the livestock industry. Factors influencing the number of cattle and pigs in all typical settlements were identified. State support measures are proposed to increase the number of these groups of animals in the sector of personal subsidiary plots. The number of cattle is influenced by the agricultural employment of the owners of private household plots, the available livestock of other types of farm animals, and the size of the land plot. The number of pigs is mainly influenced by work in an agricultural enterprise.

Small-sized feed dispenser with optimal parameters for small farms

Relevance. The development of large-scale agricultural production is focused on powerful large-sized machinery using. Over the past decades, a lot of small profitable farms have been created in Russia – farms and personal subsidiary farms, where owner is a direct products’ manufacturer, using small and narrow-sized equipment, for example compact mixers and feed dispenser mixers – MK-3G(5G) mini. This new generation “smart” mini-equipment for small cattle fattening’s farms supports the animal breeding technologies adopted in production, and also has such useful properties as accuracy, maneuverability, compactness, successfully replaces various manual and semi-automatic labor items.Methods. The study was conducted on farms whose fattening livestock is a multiple of 50 heads of cattle: 100, 150, 200, 250. In accordance with the rations of intensive fattening of young animals of 12–14 months age for meat purposes, its daily ration contained 25–30 kg of feed, which included high-quality hay, silage, haylage, dry grain, root-tubers. Feed was fed to animals kept on pastures under sheds, 6–8 times a day, which is every 2–2,5 hours during the light day, with a break at night for rest and sleep.Results. A small feed dispenser Nifty Livestock Feed Dispenser E3592, made in various forms of a bunker: trailer, semi-trailer-body or optional trailer-station, allows by one person to ensure the distribution of feed for 250 or more heads of cattle due to the volume of the capacity of a round bunker for 1480 kg, which with a slight increase in the volume of the bunker is consistent with the volume of daily and single portions of various types of feed for a farmer’s herd on fattening in the Russian Federation, and with bunker volume increased by 15,5% – for feed mixtures in full.

ТИПОЛОГИЯ ЛИЧНЫХ ПОДСОБНЫХ ХОЗЯЙСТВ ПО ДАННЫМ ВСЕРОССИЙСКОЙ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ПЕРЕПИСИ 2016 Г.

The paper presents the results of the study, the aim of which is to develop a typology of subsidiary farms to study by type of labor force. The subject of the study is a system of statistical indicators; the object is a set of subsidiary farms in three regions with different agro-climatic conditions. The informational basis of the work was the impersonal data of the 2016All-Russian Agricultural Census on subsidiary farms engaged in agricultural production. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the development of the typology of subsidiary farms using multidimensional statistical method of cluster analysis, its validation, and description of types using a system of indicators of size, intensification and specialization of agricultural production. Three groups of subsidiary farms with reliable differences among themselves were identified in all three regions. The differences in the availability of labor resources according to the highlighted types were proven, but the available system of indicators does not allow for an in-depth analysis, as the census data do not contain information even on labor inputs. The study showed that the third cluster in all three regions studied is represented mainly by farms that are essentially no longer subsidiary farms, which indicates the need to revise the approach to the presentation of statistical data on agriculture in terms of the categories of farms. Agricultural products of the first and second types of subsidiary farms do not enter the market, have no market value, when conducting agricultural censuses in order to reduce costs and expand the program it is worth returning to the study of the introduction of census, as done in the European Union, USA and other countries with developed economies.

НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЕ ЛИЧНЫХ ПОДСОБНЫХ ХОЗЯЙСТВ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ ЭКОНОМИКИ

In recent years, special attention has been paid to the development of agriculture for various forms of management. In particular, in 2022, the Government of the Russian Federation amended the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets, which allows, in the prescribed manner, to receive state support for citizens who maintain a personal subsidiary plot (PSP) registered as self-employed. In this regard, it is relevant to consider the development of private household plots on the territory of the Russian Federation and identify the features of their interaction with the state at the legislative level. In this article, the author considers the concept of personal subsidiary farming as an economic component, which is the prevailing way of life on the territory of our country. Citizens leading personal subsidiary plots carry out their activities on land plots owned by them by right of ownership, possession or lease, in their free time from their main work (carried out in the order of secondary employment), they have the opportunity to receive additional income in the countryside, implementing their own production in order to meet their material and other needs. Despite the fact that at the legislative level, personal subsidiary farms are a form of non-entrepreneurial activity for the production and processing of agricultural products, under certain conditions, individual subsidiary farms expand their activities and reach the entrepreneurial level, while not paying taxes and do not make other contributions to budgetary funds violating the norms of the federal law "On personal subsidiary plots". The author proposes measures to create a favorable tax climate at the legislative level, which will allow creating partnerships between citizens leading personal subsidiary farms and the state, and will also improve the standard of living of the rural population.

Направления и результативность государственной поддержки аграрной экономики

The system of state support of the agrarian economy (the amount of budget allocations from the federal budget, directions, measures and effectiveness), which contributed to the increase in the production of agricultural products and allowed to reach the threshold value of indicators of food independence for many food products with the exception of milk, potatoes, vegetables and fruits, is considered. It is noted that the production of agricultural products is carried out using imported material and technical resources, the share of which is slowly decreasing. The proposals for improving budget support for industries producing import-substituting products and means of production for agriculture, small forms of management, especially personal subsidiary farms, the development of the storage base of agricultural products in the places of its production are substantiated.

РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА И ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ ПЛОДОВО-ЯГОДНОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ДАГЕСТАН

The article discusses the development of intensive horticulture, the functioning of the existing forms of management in the sub-sector and enterprises of the fruit processing industry of the Republic of Dagestan at the present stage. Regional statistical materials for the period 2015–2021 were used as initial data. The purpose of the article is to reveal the possibilities of restoration and effective functioning of the fruit subcomplex through organizational transformations in the region. The relevance of this research lies in the development of a modern model of the functioning of agricultural and fruit processing enterprises. It is shown that the solution of this problem affects a wide range of urgent tasks of economic agrarian science, including issues of technical and technological renewal, innovative development, cooperation and agro-industrial integration, state support. The results of the study show that the structure of fruit and berry production in the region has not changed, personal subsidiary farms of the population still occupy the leading position (88%). During the above–mentioned analyzed period, there is a tendency to increase the share of agricultural enterprises from 4.4 to 8% and peasant (farm) farms – from 1.1 to 4%. The sociological survey showed a positive attitude of agricultural producers to the process of cooperation in the republic, but at the same time their unwillingness to unite in any direction was revealed. The article proposes an economic and organizational approach to the creation of a corporation in the region, which includes agricultural producers, a fruit processing complex, trade, commodity infrastructure, agricultural service, financial, scientific units. The implementation of the proposed model of the corporation, it seems, will increase the competitiveness of all participants, and will also contribute to solving key socio-economic problems of rural areas of the republic. The materials of this study will be useful for drawing up programs for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the region.

Тенденции и перспективы развития молочного скотоводства в малых формах хозяйствования

The agrarian policy of the state has not allowed to stabilize the production of milk in small forms of farming, but they still remain its main producers. They account for 59.3%. A sharp decline in milk production is observed in the households of the population and its growth in farms and small enterprises belonging to small agricultural businesses and enjoying budget support. It is proposed that personal subsidiary farms that produce marketable products and supply them to the market also provide financial support. The reserves of increasing milk production in small forms of management have been identified: improving the use of the genetic potential of cows, strengthening the feed base, optimizing feed rations, the use of modern technologies, the development of integration and cooperation.

Grant support for the development of peasant farms: the experience of the Trans-Baikal Territory and key problems

The article considers the current state of small and medium-sized businesses in rural areas of the Trans-Baikal Territory. In the region, the largest share of agricultural products produced falls on the personal subsidiary farms, while there is a destruction of large-scale commodity production, evidenced by a decrease in the number of agricultural enterprises and organizations. Presently, the Government of the Trans-Baikal Territory is interested in transforming personal subsidiary farms into the status of peasant farms, since they are able to ensure more efficient functioning of small forms of farms. Special attention is paid to the state support of small farms in the region. In the course of the study, the problems of the effectiveness of the use of state support for small forms of management were identified. The priority direction of state support is grant subsidization of peasant farms, while the distribution of grants in the context of municipal districts of the region is uneven. In general, the mechanism of grant support for peasant farms is effective only for areas of the region where animal husbandry traditionally constitutes the basis of agriculture. There are also problems associated with excessive requirements for obtaining grants and insufficient consulting assistance from potential grantees.

Развитие системы критериев моделирования эффективности форм хозяйствования в АПК

The agro-industrial complex of Russia has a complex structure of forms of management. The implemented principle of its multiplicity until recently included personal subsidiary farms, peasant (farmer) farms, sole proprietors and agricultural organizations as part of the forms of management of the agricultural sector of the economy. The situation has changed significantly since 2020. The backbone organizations of the agro-industrial complex were identified, including not only large agricultural organizations, but also the corresponding agricultural holdings. Since 2021, state support for private households has been provided. This required the allocation of a segment of institutionalized agricultural producers as self-employed from a variety of personal subsidiary farms. The discussion also continues about the need to divide personal subsidiary farms into commodity and non-commodity ones. All the above problems, institutional changes, as well as modern complex foreign economic conditions of the functioning of the economic entities of the domestic agro-industrial complex have determined the need to improve the methodology for modeling the effectiveness of business forms. The article discusses the legislative and regulatory norms that establish the criteria for classifying business entities in the agrarian sector to a certain category. These criteria did not form a unified system that allows evaluating various forms of management in a single methodological field. To solve this problem, the authors propose a system of criteria and their normative values (upper limit) for modeling and evaluating the effectiveness of business forms in the agro-industrial complex, with the calculation of the efficiency index based on them, which is a mathematical model of the effectiveness of the business form.

Personal subsidiary farming modern problems and solutions

Personal subsidiary farming modern problems and solutions

Ethnic features of farming, or who has more livestock?

Researchers are studying the personal subsidiary farming to find ways out of the prolonged crisis of the rural areas. The one is as optimal “survival” strategy, especially for the indigenous ethnic groups of Russia, traditionally living in rural areas. However, this strategy isn’t suitable for all because of the difference in ethnic and cultural features and another condition (large/small countryside). This article attempts to assess the economic behavior through the prism of ethnic factor. It compares the features of livestock breeding among main ethnic groups of Khakassia (Russians and Khakass people). The role of the household varies for different groups: it’s a forced way of existence for some; it’s an additional source for others, while others don’t consider it as a source of income. Administrative and territorial features also affect the peculiarities of livestock breeding. The number of farmsteads and the composition of farm animals vary. The household as the main type of employment has the high potential for the indigenous population. There is such possibility for ethnic majority of the region in small countryside.

Personal subsidiary farming in the light of legislative initiatives

Personal subsidiary farming in the light of legislative initiatives

Dynamics of agribusiness product-institutional shifts

In the work with the help of classical regression analysis, changes in the structure of farm types were investigated depending on the indices of agricultural production and its belonging themselves to a particular category. As a dependent variable, the annual percentage differences in the typical structure of farms were used, and as independent – the index of agricultural production over the past period and the interaction of this index with the types of farms. According to the received model, the most significant factors were identified, including the categories of agricultural organizations and households, as well as the interaction of the production index with the household’s category. This fact confirms the scientific opinion that personal subsidiary farms continue to play a significant role in the country’s agrarian production, and it is necessary to consider in the formation and implementation of agro-industrial development strategies of different levels.

Archaeoichthyological Research of Settlements of the Golden Horde Period of the Saratov Volga Region

The article presents a study of fish remains from the Bagaevka settlement with the involvement of the results of identifications of fish remains from other settlements in the region of the Golden Horde city Ukek, functioning in the second half of the 13th – 14th century. The purpose of the work was a comprehensive analysis of the remains of fishes from the Bagaevka settlement, as a large Golden Horde rural settlement of Ukek region, including species, quantitative, dimensional and age composition of the fishes on the basis of the archaeoichthyological collection and interpretation of the obtained results taking into account archaeological data. The 19 species of fishes were determined from bone remains and scales, the main species of which were large-sized: Russian sturgeon, Beluga, Starred sturgeon, Catfish and Zander. The predominance of large-sized species indicates that fishing was carried out on the Volga. The identified dimensional-species composition of fishes (large species with a large body weight), as well as the discovered fishing equipment, directly indicate the presence of collective fishing of the inhabitants of the Bagaevka settlement. Cutting and processing of all incoming fish was carried out on the territory of the settlement. Fishing in this settlement, as well as throughout the Saratov Volga region, has already acquired the features of a specialized subsidiary farming.

Rural population health risks caused by nitrate contamination of locally grown vegetables

Objectives to assess the levels of health risks in the rural population associated with the consumption of local vegetables contaminated with nitrates.
 Material and methods. We established the concentration of nitrates in local vegetables, grown on farms and private subsidiary plots of agricultural areas of the region using a retrospective analysis of the statistics from the Office of Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (Rospotrebnadzor) in the Saratov region and our own research results. The health risks in the rural population from exposure to nitrates in local vegetables were assessed according to the Risk Assessment Guidelines (R 2.1.10. 1920-04).
 Results. It was revealed that local vegetable products are widely used in the diet of the rural population of the agricultural areas of the Saratov region, amounting to 203.422.5 kg/year per adult resident. Significant differences were revealed in the nitrate contamination of vegetables grown by farmers and on private subsidiary plots of agricultural areas of the Saratov region.
 Discussion. The high nitrate load detected in vegetable products of farms was determined by a significant amount of fertilizers applied to the soil in the form of ammonium nitrate. On the contrary, the use of special biomass from plants of the legume family by workers of personal subsidiary farms for feeding the growing vegetables, made it possible to obtain vegetable products with a significantly lower quantitative content of nitrates.
 Conclusion. The assessment of the hazard coefficients of nitrates in vegetable products of the studied areas testified to the possible effect of the nitrate component on the health of the local population. The individual carcinogenic risk caused by nitrate contamination of local vegetables was assessed as low; the population carcinogenic risk value associated with the presence of nitrates in vegetables had the possibility to contribute from 0.01 to 1.3 additional cases of malignant neoplasms to the general level of oncological morbidity in the population of the surveyed territories.

СПЕЦИАЛИЗАЦИЯ В СЕЛЬСКОМ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕ

The article summarizes the approaches to the definition of specialization in agriculture. The factors and conditions for the optimal location of agricultural production in the region are shown. Unlike the pre-reform period, when the main link in the specialization of agricultural production were collective and state farms, to a lesser extent - subsidiary farms of industrial enterprises, today territorial specialization at the level of municipal production volumes and create the necessary infrastructure for this. Specialization should be viewed as a process of structural changes in production, when resources are redistributed between the production of various types of products, new proportions are formed, in agriculture - primarily in land use. In this case, it is proposed to determine the specialization of municipal districts based on their contribution to the production of specific types of products in the region and average annual growth rates. Based on the ratio of these indicators, the following types of municipalities were identified in the areas of specialization - growth points (with a high share in the volume of production and high growth rates) and stagnating territories (when a high share in the volume is combined with low growth rates). Compiled maps of the specialization of agricultural production in the municipal districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan for today and for the future, for the period up to 2030. Determination of the specialization of agricultural production in municipal districts for the future, allows you to create the necessary infrastructure in them, taking into account the changed conditions, to make fuller use of the existing potential.