Subsidiary Farms Research Articles

Инвентаризация антропогенных источников загрязнения Воронежского водохранилища

In the water body monitoring and quality management system the identification of negative impact sources is of high importance. The most striking example of anthropogenic changes of nature is pollution, that is introduction into the environment of substances and energy, alien for it, or peculiar to it, but in the concentration exceeding background indicators. Inventory of anthropogenic polluters of water ecosystems was carried out on the example of the Voronezh reservoir which is influenced potent impact of the city agglomeration surrounding it. The article presents the results of the carried out inventory. As the main sources of anthropogenic pollution of the water area of a reservoir leading to transformation of quality of waters were allocated: activity of the production enterprises, farming, transport and activity of the population of the city and suburbs. The pollutants allocated in a surrounding medium from these sources get to a reservoir with household drains; production sewage; atmospheric precipitation; a thawed and rain drain from the territory (including from the production platforms, farmlands, personal subsidiary farms); livestock production drains; underground waters; washing waters of water lifting stations; the water mass of the Voronezh River and the small city water currents coming negative impact of all listed above sources. The researches of chemical composition of snow cover of various functional zones of the city of Voronezh which are earlier conducted by the author showed that thawed snow contain the significant amount of the pollutants leading to adverse changes in a surrounding medium. Paths of migration of pollutants demonstrate ekologo-geochemical coherence of the water area of a reservoir and the adjacent territory. Following the results of a research the chip of sources of anthropogenic pollution, as well as the routes of pollutant movement in various environments and input to a reservoir has been developed. The practical significance of the developed scheme input to the possibility of its use for adoption of efficient administrative decisions by authorities in the field of regional water management policy.

Some legal issues for subsidiary farming

Some legal issues for subsidiary farming

The role of small farms in ensuring food security in Russia

Food security is the most important area of national security. The market economy has led to the formation of new categories of agricultural producers. Country farms and personal subsidiary farms belong to the group of small farms. Modern approaches to determining the state of food security are discussed in the article. Indicators for assessing the role of small farms in food security are given. The method of calculating indicators is based on the provisions of the Food Security Doctrine and modern scientific concepts. Food independence analysis conducted. Indicators of independence from external supplies are defined for 2000-2017. The level of satisfaction of needs due to production in small farms is calculated. The growing role of peasant farms is determined in the food self-sufficiency of Russia. The direction of development of small farms investigated. Government support measures identified. The organizational and economic conditions for the development of small farms are presented.

Current state and directions of development of agricultural institutional structure in Ukraine.

The article deals with the state and trends of changes in the structure of production of main types of agricultural products by category of farms. The transformation of institutional conditions of development of economic agroformations and personal subsidiary farms of the population is investigated. The article deals with the dynamics of changes in the structural-institutional organization of agricultural production. The perspective directions of structural shifts in agribusiness of Ukraine are determined.

Method of Integral Assessment of Soil Quality in Rural-Urban Areas Based on the Fuzzy Logic

This article proposes a method of integral assessment of soil quality in rural-urban areas based on the fuzzy logic, both from the standpoint of the possibility of living in a given territory, and from the point of view of the possibility of keeping subsidiary farming. There are determined the linguistic variables describing the main soils components of rural-urban areas and terms describing the meaning of these variables. There are constructed the membership function that determine the ratio of the measured soil quality parameters to the terms and the rules of fuzzy inference. The authors developed an algorithm that describes this method.

Дом или квартира: о попытках модернизации сельских архитектурных практик в 1930-х гг. (по материалам Юга России)

The article reveals the essence of the Bolshevik ideas on significant changes in the architectural appearance of a collective farm village, due to the conduct of complete collectivization in Russia. The author analyzes the circumstances that forced the Bolsheviks to abandon the radical projects of housing restructuring and agree with the preservation of individual house-building and personal subsidiary (personal) farming. The article shows the consolidation of the agricultural artel' (agricultural cooperative) as the main form of collective farm construction, the orientation toward the traditional family, the negative attitude of the peasantry towards the communes as factors that ensured the fixation of the parameters of the individual collective farm in the 1936 Constitution of the USSR.

Развитие сельского хозяйства даурского автономного хошуна Морин-Дава в 1980–1990 гг.

The article studies the development of agriculture of the Morin-Dawa Daur Autonomous Region during the period of socio-economic reforms in China. The author analyzes the development of the mechanized agricultural group Kayadurben and studies the mechanization of agriculture, the development of cattle breeding and subsidiary farming of the Daur people.

SUCCESSFUL RURAL FARMSTEADS: HEIRS OF TRADITIONS AND INNOVATORS

The article deals with the problems of the life activity of a group of families, which are characterized by socio-structural features that differ from the main mass of members of rural communities. These are families that are oriented toward self-sufficiency of their well-being with resources at the expense of a larger personal subsidiary farm. Using traditionally peasant resources (domestic animals, the fertility of personal plots of land, crafts), they began to create a standard of living quite comparable to what provided labor in other ways. Although they are differentiated in terms of economic size, but in general, their standard of living is generally higher than that of fellow villagers employed only in agricultural organizations or living on funds obtained as a result of pendulous labor migration. The author, based on the method of sociology, included observation, considers this group, named “successful masters of rural farmsteads”, from the point of specifying the goals and meanings of activity, the results achieved, and comparing it with successful representatives of the farming system. Although there is a big difference between the way of life of families of successful rural farmsteads and the farmer, but there are also common features inherent in modern agrarians, connecting the innovations of agrarian science and the peasant nature management culture. They are united by their attitude to challenges and threats of a natural and social nature. The combination of the traditions of the peasant in the work activity, which include not only different methods of work, but also the diversity of options for taking into account the specific nature, with innovations introduced by agrarian science, is an essential characteristic of the style of life of successful farms of rural farmsteads. Some families are dominated by either peasant or new industrial methods of work. Families, among whose members there are machine operators of a wide profile and the necessary equipment, often specialize in servicing villagers (and even organizations based in another village) for the prosperity of various cargoes. The main difference between successful owners of farmsteads and families with small-sized private household plots is the target of autonomous existence based on the resources of the family - physical, professional, spiritual and moral. Maintaining the family of the family economy becomes an indispensable attribute of life-support, regardless of whether the family members have a work place in the agricultural organization or not.

Subsidiary Household Farming in Russian Regions in the Late 20th–Early 21st Centuries

In the post-Soviet period, subsidiary household farming transformed from an “auxiliary” complementary type of activity as understood in Soviet terms into an important form of occupation and source of income for, primarily, residents of rural areas and small towns. However, the dramatic increase in the subsidiary household farms contribution to food production in the 1990s halted at the beginning of the 21st century and subsequently reversed to downturn. The absolute sizes of subsidiary household farming declined more rapidly in Non-Chernozem regions with an aged population as the large Soviet-style agricultural enterprises that fed it were liquidated. Animal husbandry production by subsidiary household farms grew increasingly concentrated in the southern regions of European Russia and Western Siberia. Based on official statistics, the article analyzes the leading factors that governed the regional peculiarities of subsidiary household farming transformation in the post-Soviet period. Its major types are identified, including involvement the dynamics of animal husbandry production, which is the most intensive part of subsidiary household farming.

The current development trends of the economic institutions of the Russian agro-food complex

On the basis of the indicators of the land use and the agricultural production the dynamics of the development of agricultural organizations, peasant (farm) households, private subsidiary farms haz been analyzed. The trends of the concentration of land and the substitution of private subsidiary farms by agricultural organizations in the agricultural production have been shown. The changes in the Russian legislation on rural development have been analyzed.

АДАПТАЦИЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ К "НОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ РЕАЛЬНОСТИ"

<p align="justify">Статья посвящена анализу адаптационного поведения населения, складывающегося в период 2015-2017 гг., получивший название новой реальности. Исследованы представления населения о перспективах экономического развития; уровень развития ресурсов, которые могут быть использованы при формировании адаптационных стратегий; собственно адаптационные стратегии и результаты их реализации. Информационной базой послужило мониторинговое исследование Социальное самочувствие населения, проводимое ИНСАП РАНХиГС в виде восьми волн репрезентативных опросов населения ежегодно с выборкой 1600 респондентов в каждой волне. Показано, что население воспринимает сложившуюся экономическую ситуацию без алармизма, но не видит и перспектив ее улучшения. Для большинства адаптация выражается не в активных действиях по восстановлению или улучшению собственного материального статуса, а в привыкании к новым условиям за счет снижения стандартов потребления. Высоким ресурсным потенциалом, позволяющим выстраивать разнообразные адаптационные стратегии, обладает лишь пятая часть населения; у вдвое большей его части ресурсный потенциал низок. Для представителей группы с низким ресурсным потенциалом основной стратегией адаптации стало, помимо сокращения расходов, использование личного подсобного хозяйства. Активные формы адаптации, связанные с реализацией различных ресурсов, характеризуют поведение трети населения. </font>

Социальное партнерство города и села на примере организаций нефтегазового комплекса Саратовской области в 1970–1980 гг.

The article analyzes the Soviet experience in the creation of subsidiary farms in the organizations of the oil and gas complex of the Saratov region. Regional leaders of the industry, guided by state decisions, contributed to the creation of a favorable social environment, particularly by providing their employees with food. The problem was solved by organizing farms. In addition, large industrial enterprises of the oil and gas industry provided significant corporate assistance to collective and state farms of the region.

Динамика социально-экономического положения массовых слоёв населения России: 2003–2018 гг.

The article shows that the drop in nominal incomes of the population in the last two years has come to a stop, although their real growth is seen only in a relatively narrow segment of the population, mainly representatives of households without dependents. This situation is reflected in the public consciousness. Self-assessments of their material situation by Russians, having improved markedly after the end of the economic crisis, remain unchanged in the last two years, and the number of those who consider their material situation to be poor or deteriorating is still significantly greater than the number of those who consider it good or improving. At the same time, although the standard of living of the majority of Russians decreased compared to the pre-crisis period, this decrease has not been catastrophic, which largely mitigates negative perception of their situation by the population. The article also demonstrates that the living standards of Russians in the so-called Putin era have changed qualitatively: real incomes have increased dramatically, the ownership of durable goods in households has largely expanded (including the appearance of cars and different gadgets), and the material environment, with which Russians constantly deal with in their daily lives, has become much more diverse and complex. These changes were accompanied by improvements in the living conditions of Russians and, at the same time, the transformation of credit load into a norm of living. At the same time, process of un-peasantness of the Russian village has taken place, which had not only positive effect (in particular, reduced workload in the subsidiary farms), but also negative (for example, a decrease in the safety margin for rural residents) consequences. These changes are so large that they will lead to an essential transformation of the entire Russian society.

ВЕДЕННЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА: ТЕОРІЯ І СУДОВА ПРАКТИКА

The article, based on a comprehensive analysis of regulations, doctrinal approaches and case law, substantiates the understanding of the term "agriculture" in terms of purpose (use) of land. Direct analysis of regulations revealed that agricultural land is land provided for agricultural production, agricultural research and training activities, location of relevant production infrastructure, including infrastructure of wholesale markets for agricultural products, or intended for these purposes. In turn, the purpose of the land is the permissible limits of land use by citizens and legal entities (acquirers of such a right) established by law and specified by the relevant body (which transfers such land into ownership or use). The basis for determining the purpose of the land is its belonging to the appropriate category. The main criterion, for example, to distinguish agricultural production (agricultural activity) from other activities is the use of agricultural land as the main (basic) means of production. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the term "agriculture" can be understood in its broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, the term "agriculture" is the use of land for commercial agricultural production, farming, personal farming, subsidiary agriculture, individual and collective gardening, haymaking and cattle grazing, for research and training purposes, provision of services in agriculture, placement of infrastructure of wholesale markets for agricultural products, as well as other activities on agricultural land, depending on the activities provided by law and the constituent documents of the economic entity. In a narrow sense – this is the purpose of agricultural land. The understanding of the term "agriculture" as the purpose of agricultural land is used by the court in resolving disputes.

Институциональная динамика аграрного сектора как фактор трансформации сельских сообществ: социально-философский анализ

The paper shows dynamics of the institutions of the agrarian sector in the post-Soviet period and provides the characteristics of the economic and social consequences of these changes for the development of rural communities. It was revealed that in the agrarian institutions two different components are present, the archaic and the modern, which structure the life of the rural society. The archaic component is represented by the institution of private subsidiary farms, is associated with the minimization of all life support processes and ensures the survival of the village in times of crisis. The modern component, represented by agricultural organizations and farming, is associated with the development of innovative agricultural production, and not with the support of rural communities. The development of innovative forms of management leads to a weakening of the social and economic potential of personal subsidiary plots and the unsustainable dynamics of the rural society.

Денежные доходы и расходы полных (нуклеарных) семей колхозников Свердловской области (по данным бюджетных обследований 1960 года)

The article is devoted to the subject insufficiently developed in the national historiography, in particular in regard to its regional dimension. The purpose of the article was a study of incomes and expenses of farmers’ intact (nuclear) families of Sverdlovsk region in 1960. The study is conducted on materials of State archive of Sverdlovsk region and archive of the Territorial body of Federal state statistics service for Sverdlovsk region with the assistance of Internet sources as well as scientific and publicistic literature. The new materials discovered by the author in these archives are introduced into scientific usage. It is noted that nuclear families, as the most typical and widespread, were chosen by statistical bodies for the above-mentioned regular annual surveys of family budgets. It is argued that although family data were the basis (“core”) for statistical surveys, they themselves rarely became the object of research by sociologists and historians. It is stated that there was a rather serious differentiation of cash incomes and expenses of the surveyed full families of collective farmers. It is stated that the characteristic feature of nuclear families was their relatively young age in comparison with other types of families of collective farmers. The significant role of the personal subsidiary farm in the economy of the surveyed families is proved. It is declared that the most part of expenses of incomplete families of collective farmers were expenses on food and industrial goods. It is concluded that even taking into account the significant incomes from personal subsidiary farm, the total income of nuclear families was slightly lower than the income of families of urban workers.

TENDENCIES, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE BALANCED AND COMPETITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RUSSIA

The article displays basic problems and it studies prospects of the development ofthe agrarian entrepreneurship in contemporary Russia. Under the conditions of theforeign economic sanctions, respective Russian counter sanctions and the Russiandirection of a large scale import substitution it is necessary to start the activity in the fieldof the creation of the conditions for the modernization of agrarian technologies ofproduction, in the creation of highly qualified information and analytical services, in thetraining the personnel for the farming, in the increase of the arable surface for workingentrepreneurs doing business in the agricultural sphere. Such measures like the increaseand qualitative improvement of public grasslands and hayfields for cattle from privatesubsidiary farms, development of agricultural cooperation in gathering, storage,processing, formation of lots of goods and the selling of the production of farms andprivate subsidiary farms, development of the infrastructure and logistic provision of ruralareas will allow creating conditions for a competitive and balanced development of theagricultural business.

Trends of land system in Ukraine

The organization of land use in different countries is characterized by a variety of land system types, those proved their effectiveness in certain countries, but not are necessarily as effective in others. The objective factors that led to the emergence of various models of the land system, include socio-economic, historical, ethnic, cultural, natural and other features of different countries and peoples that inhabit them. During 1991-2016 years,Ukraineestablished basics of a new land order and the respective land relations and the system of market-oriented land use, especially in agriculture. It is characterized by: a new legal and regulatory framework, different types of ownership of land and other natural resources, a multi-structure and paid land use, providing public with land parcels, initiated the establishment of a market-oriented system of state land cadastre, including registration of land parcels and rights to them. So, modern land transformations in Ukraine, which laid the basics of a new land order, requires the development of new approaches to land use management at different hierarchical levels of general land planning throughout the country. It caused by many reasons. Primarily: setting the state boundaries and bounds of administrative units; development of different types of land ownership; increased numbers of new landowning and land tenure of citizens, enterprises, institutions and associations up to more than 23 million; need for separation of state and municipal property for land; establishment of payment for land use; specification of legal and functional status of land and of various restrictions, encumbrances and easements to each individual land parcel. It is hard to overemphasize the importance of work on land-use planning at different hierarchical levels and general land management in modern conditions. Particularly acute need of land planning in urban and agricultural land use sectors of the country. Thus, the strategic development of land reforms and bringing them to a new level - the volume and long-term task that requires scientific substantiation of a rational state land policy. The study justified that the land order - a land system, i.e. a set of measures for the territorial organization of land and other natural resources of the country, land relations, that is determined by system of ownership and use of land, as well as by the principles of organization of territory. In the process of land reform the land system have been changed several times: from the system of administrative-territorial division and respective to it forms of land use and methods of land use (collective and state farms) as of year 1990, to the system of the administrative-territorial division with the respective forms of land ownership (state, collective, private) and the forms and methods of land use (collective and state farms, collective farms, peasant (farmer) farms, subsidiary farms, collective gardens, agricultural research institutions, subsidiary agriculture enterprices, etc.) as of 1991 - 2001. As of the 2002 - 2016 , the land order in Ukraine was defined: by the natural-resource-based division and natural-economic-based division (zoning); by the administrative-territorial division; by the forms of land ownership (state, municipal, property of foreign countries, co-ownership, private ownership of individuals and of legal entities); by the forms and methods of land use (for example, in agriculture there were the non-state agricultural enterprises such as collective, cooperative, corporate (agricultural holdings), companies, private-rental farms, subsidiary farms, private (family and individual), state and municipal scientific research and others). Today, due to the decentralization of power, the new model for land order is developed, which will be presented in subsequent studies. Keywords . Land system, administrative-territorial structure, forms of land ownership, land use

Подсобные хозяйства предприятий и организаций Свердловской области: кризис 1945—1953 гг.

The article is devoted to the subject insufficiently developed in the national historiography, especially in regard to its regional dimension. The study is conducted on materials of the Centre of documentation of public organizations of Sverdlovsk region with the assistance of the scientific and publicistic literature. The relevance of the topic is determined by its high importance for the social sciences, especially history. Scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the new materials discovered by the author in mentioned archive are introduced into scientific usage. The purpose of the article was to identify the crisis period in development of subsidiary farms of enterprises and organizations in Sverdlovsk region. It is noted that these farms were a unique phenomenon in the world economy. It is alleged that their appearance was caused by the low level of material security of the population of the Soviet Union, especially by food shortages. It is stated that during the war years subsidiary farms were created at the majority of enterprises in the country. It is emphasized that during the war the role of personal subsidiary farms of the population was even more important. It is stated that considered period was actually the period of the extinction of activities of subsidiary farms of enterprises and organizations of “the first call.” It is proved that industrial enterprises sought to get rid of burdening farms. It is declared that the post-war crisis of subsidiary farms of enterprises and organizations coincided with the crisis of agriculture in general, and primarily the collective farms. The conclusion is that subsidiary farms of enterprises and organizations played a role in alleviating the food situation in the years of the Great Patriotic war, but their role should not be exaggerated.

TRADE ACTIVITY OF CONSUMER COOPERATION OF CHUVASHIA IN THE CONDITIONS OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE CHUVASH VILLAGE IN THE 1990-2000TH

In article trade activity of consumer cooperation – one of the main directions of her work is investigated. The new directions of trade activity of consumer cooperation of Chuvashia, (emergence of drugstores and veterinary stations, realization of construction materials), appeared in the 1990-2000th are analysed. It is shown as the transformational processes happening in the village exert impact on consumer cooperation activity. The attention to strengthening of social orientation in work of cooperative shops of Chuvashia is paid (sale of goods on credit, on credit, opening of departments of service of preferential category of the population at a discount). It is noted that the transformational processes happening in the Chuvash village at the end of XX - the beginning of the 21st centuries, exert strong impact and on trade activity of consumer cooperation. Cooperative shops, supporting villagers, begin to perform functions unusual for them: are engaged in realization to personal subsidiary farms of citizens of young growth of a bird, seed potatoes, onion sets, etc., to prepare agricultural products, technical and medicinal raw materials, to render various household services, to organize libraries and tea tables, to equip the nearby territory, organizing nurseries and sports grounds. Chuvashpotrebsoyuz supports unprofitable shops in the remote rural settlements, trading in them in goods at the same prices, as in regional centers. Reduction of number of experts of agriculture, first of all veterinarians, has pushed cooperators to opening of veterinary drugstores and points. Except purchase of medicines in them it is possible to get advice of specialists in questions of treatment and keeping of pets.