Subsidence Analysis Research Articles

Land subsidence analysis using InSAR along the RiLan high-speed railway in Heze, China

The Heze section of the Rizhao-Lankao High-Speed Railway (RLHR-HZ) officially began operations in June 2021. Previous studies have shown that the RLHR-HZ crosses two subsidence zones. In this study, we analysed ground displacement along the RLHR-HZ using Sentinel-1A SAR data collected from June 2021 to June 2023, employing both Permanent Scatterer and Distributed Scatterer techniques. The results indicate a reduction in the displacement rate; however, subsidence continues along the RLHR-HZ, with displacement rates ranging from −16 mm/yr to −5 mm/yr. This reduction is likely due to the cessation of mining activities and the replenishment of groundwater.

Research PIV-based model on subsidence caused by coal mining

The subsidence caused by coal mining could cause the destruction of roads and houses, and even the failure of infrastructures. Understanding of the mechanism of coal mining subsidence may provide early protecting to infrastructures on coming failure, but dynamic analysis of subsidence due to coal mining is currently needed. In this study we apply particle image velocimetry (PIV) method to reveal strata movement and subsidence according to the prototype and indoor physical model similarity experiment of Henan. Our result shows magnitude of the subsidence of overlying strata during the coal mining at different excavation thickness, that more coal mining thickness may produce more subsidence, and that shallower coal may cause more significant subsidence. Our result suggests that further PIV test combined with field monitoring data may be an effective measure to study subsidence mechanism and pattern helping to predict disaster caused by subsidence.

Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Subsidence in Eastern Jharia, India

Abstract. Jharia, one of the oldest and most significant mining areas, is facing the issue of subsidence for different reasons, such as coal fires, underground mining, and soil sensitivity towards seasonal change. This paper concentrates on the subsidence analysis of the Eastern region of the Jharia Coalfield from January 2018 to January 2021. Sentinal-1 SLC SAR imagery is used for multi-image sparse point processing and generating time series. Data processing is done using SARPROZ software. Further, the PS points inside the study area are filtered, and a classification map is drawn using ArcGIS software. The yearly percentage change of different classified zones is examined. The percentage change is significant for subsiding and uplifting zones but minimal for stable zones. Different critically and highly subsiding areas are identified by overlaying the classification zones on the topographic map. The seasonal variation of cumulative displacement is also examined, and patterns are analyzed. Different regions have different sensitivity towards seasonal variation. Overall, this paper provides insightful deformation results over Eastern Jharia for 2018–2021.

Mid-Term Outcomes Following Trapeziectomy With Suture Suspensionplasty for Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint Osteoarthritis

In the treatment of symptomatic thumb carpometacarpal joint arthritis, numerous techniques have been used to maintain the trapezial space following trapeziectomy. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the suture suspensionplasty technique. The hypothesis was that suture suspensionplasty would have similar clinical and radiographic outcomes compared with other techniques aimed at maintaining the trapezial space following trapeziectomy. Data were collected on 42 patients following trapeziectomy with suture suspensionplasty for symptomatic Eaton stage II-IV carpometacarpal osteoarthritis at an average follow-up of 2.1 years. Outcomes included the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire, visual analog scale for pain, radiographic analysis of subsidence, and physical examination of lateral pinch strength and thumb opposition. Radiographs demonstrated that 42% of the trapezial space was maintained at 2.1 years following trapeziectomy with suture suspensionplasty. Median postoperative QuickDASH scores were 3.4 (first quartile, 0; third quartile, 15.9), which is consistent with or better than normative values in the population. Median postoperative visual analog scale scores were 0 (first quartile, 0; third quartile, 0) with good postoperative thumb opposition and pinch strength. Patients who underwent trapeziectomy with suture suspensionplasty had similar functional and radiographic outcomes at an average of 2.1 years after surgery compared with other techniques used for treatment of symptomatic thumb carpometacarpal joint arthritis. Therapeutic IV.

Analysis of Urbanization-Induced Land Subsidence in the City of Recife (Brazil) Using Persistent Scatterer SAR Interferometry

The article addresses anthropogenic and geological conditions related to the development of soil subsidence in the western zone of Recife (Brazil). Over the past 50 years, human activity has intensified in areas previously affected by soft soils (clay, silt, and sandstone) resulting in subsidence due to additional loads (landfills and constructions). The duration of the settlement process can be significantly influenced by the specific characteristics of the soil composition and geological conditions of the location. This work presents, for the first time, accurate InSAR time series maps that describe the spatial pattern and temporal evolution of the settlement, as well as the correlation with the geological profile, and validation with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PS-InSAR) was employed in the analysis of Single Look Complex (SLC) images generated by 100 ascending COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) and 65 PAZ (32 ascending, and 33 descending) from the X-band, along with 135 descending Sentinel-1 (S1) acquisitions from the C-band. These data were acquired over the period from 2011 to 2023. The occurrence of subsidence was identified in several locations within the western region, with the most significant displacement rates observed in the northern, central, and southern areas. In the northern region, the displacement rates were estimated to be approximately −20 mm/year, with the Várzea and Caxangá neighborhoods exhibiting the highest rates. In the central region, the displacement rates were estimated to be approximately −15 mm/year, with the Engenho do Meio, Cordeiro, Torrões, and San Martin neighborhoods exhibiting the highest rates. Finally, in the southern region, the displacement rates were estimated to be up to −25 mm/year, with the Caçote, Ibura, and Ipsep neighborhoods exhibiting the highest rates. Additionally, east–west movements were observed, with velocities reaching up to −7 mm/year toward the west. These movements are related to the lowering of the land. The study highlights that anthropogenic effects in the western zone of Recife contribute to the region’s vulnerability to soil subsidence.

Mapping and analysis of land subsidence in Awka south L.G.A using sentinel 1 data

This study mapped and analysed land subsidence in Awka South, Anambra State, Nigeria with the view of determining the trend and rate of ground displacements within the study area. Its objectives are to model and analyze time-dependent ground displacements of Awka between 2019 and 2020; ascertain the trend, of the ground displacements between 2019 and 2020; determine the vulnerability of land subsidence in Awka South between 2019 and 2020 and to develop an inventory map to show land subsidence susceptibility areas in Awka South. The methodology involved TopSAR Split to split each sub swath with selected bursts into a separate product, application of Orbit File to acquire the satellite orbit file, back Geocoding to co-registers the four S-1 SLC split products (January and December of 2019 and that of 2020) of the same sub-swath using the orbits of the two products, enhanced spectral diversity to implement the network enhanced spectral diversity (NESD) method for TOPS coregistration, interferogram to compute (complex) interferogram, deburst to limited the results to the burst covering the study area, phase removal to estimate and subtract topographic phase from the interferogram, multilook and Goldstein Phase Filtering and Unwrap Phase to reduce speckle noise the residues in the phase unwrapping step respectively then displacement and range doppler terrain corrections to convert interferometric phase to displacement map. The results showed that subsidence in Awka South was ranging between a minimum of 2.33m to a maximum of 9.76m in 2019 and a minimum of 3.99m to a maximum of 11.22m in 2020. The results also indicated that Awka South had a trend of change of 6.95 % at the annual rate of change of 3.47m/y. The results indicated an expanding/increasing Subsidence in Awka South. The results obtained from the Land Subsidence vulnerability revealed high-risk zone occupied 33% of the entire area, spanning 5634.78 hectares, while Moderate risk zone occupied 16.18% spanning 2763.47 hectares while low risk zone occupied 50.82% spanning of 8678.22 hectares. The maps provided in this study is recommended as a spatial data addition for a decision support system on land subsidence issues.

InSAR Analysis of Post-Liquefaction Consolidation Subsidence after 2012 Emilia Earthquake Sequence (Italy)

InSAR Analysis of Post-Liquefaction Consolidation Subsidence after 2012 Emilia Earthquake Sequence (Italy)

Time-Series Analysis of Mining-Induced Subsidence in the Arid Region of Mongolia Based on SBAS-InSAR

Mongolia’s substantial mineral resources have played a pivotal role in its economic progress, with mining activities significantly contributing to this development. However, these continuous mining operations, particularly at the Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold mine, have induced land subsidence that threatens both production activities and poses risks of geological and other natural disasters. This study employs the Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-InSAR) technique to monitor and analyze time-series surface subsidence using 120 Sentinel-1A datasets from 2018 to 2022. The findings reveal that the SBAS-InSAR method successfully captures the subsidence and its spatial distribution at Oyu Tolgoi, with the maximum cumulative subsidence reaching −742.01 mm and the highest annual average subsidence rate at −158.11 mm/year. Key drivers identified for the subsidence include variations in groundwater levels, active mining operations, and changes in surface stress. This research underscores the ongoing subsidence issue at the Oyu Tolgoi mining area, providing crucial insights that could aid in enhancing mining safety and environmental conservation in the region.

Dynamic subsidence in the Colorado basin, offshore Argentina, South Atlantic

The Colorado basin in the SW Atlantic is one of the key exploratory frontier basins along the Argentine shelf. The stratigraphy shows a typical rift basin, divided into two major seismic successions, a Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous synrift followed by an Upper Cretaceous to Cenozoic postrift. They represent, respectively, the breakup of Gondwana and passive margin evolution. While the synrift basin formation was associated with the development of structural grabens, the preservation of thick (thousands of meters) postrift sequences are still debated because they cannot be accounted for only by thermal subsidence. In this work, we conducted a multimethodological subsidence analysis across the Colorado basin, including part of the continental slope. We performed a 1D backstripping analysis on 10 hydrocarbon exploration wells and 32 pseudo-wells, covering the whole basin area and a uniform stretching model, which were supported using dynamic topography data from the study region. From the backstripping analyses, considering the six major postrift sedimentary successions described in the literature, we could recognize three subsidence stages. An initial rapid subsidence stage during the post-rift (125–83 Ma), which is restricted to the main depocenters, followed by a stage of generalized and low subsidence focused on the main axis of the basin (83–33 Ma), with an increase in the last 33 my (33–0 Ma). The stretching models exhibit a typical asymptotic curve, depicting significant subsidence at the onset of the postrift stage, gradually diminishing to minimal values within a few tens of millions of years. Upon comparing the backstripping curves with the stretching subsidence models, particularly during the final flat segments, a residual negative value emerges over time (locally exceeding −500 m), indicating considerable residual subsidence during the Cenozoic postrift evolution along the Colorado Basin. This could be interpreted as dynamic subsidence. This residual sinking in the Argentina shelf matches with dynamic topography numerical models in the study region as well as the occurrence of accumulated slabs in the mantle detected by seismic tomography studies. We propose that the accumulation of slabs along this segment of the South American subduction zone might be the drivers of dynamic subsidence, which assisted to the preservation of a large thickness of post-rift strata along the SW Atlantic margin.

Chronostratigraphy and tectono‐sedimentary history of the Eastern South Pyrenean foreland basin (Ripoll Syncline, North‐East Spain)

AbstractThis paper contributes to an understanding of the tectono‐sedimentary evolution of the South Pyrenean foreland system by reviewing the chronostratigraphic framework of the basin infill in its eastern sector. Six sections are analysed and cross‐correlated to build a 6.5 km thick composite magnetostratigraphy that represents the complete record of the Cadí Nappe in the Ripoll Syncline. New and previous magnetostratigraphic sections are integrated with available biostratigraphy to provide a new age calibration of the sedimentary succession of the Cadí Nappe, encompassing from Palaeocene to Middle Lutetian age. The proposed correlation with the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale aims at best reconcile magnetostratigraphic data with the regional biochronology built on the marine Shallow Benthic Zonation (SBZ biozones), the continental mammalian biochronology (MP levels) and the newly collected charophyte data. A subsidence analysis was performed on the calibrated composite succession, resulting in two well‐defined intervals bounded by a hiatus. A Palaeocene to Early Eocene interval with low (11–21 cm/kyr) total subsidence rates, and an Early to Middle Eocene interval, characterised by high (70–75 cm/kyr) total subsidence rates. The detailed trends in both subsidence and sedimentation mark the development and evolution of the foreland depozones, from distal foreland depozones to foredeep and wedge‐top depozones, relative to the emplacement of the Pedraforca Nappe and Cadí Thrust Nappe. The most pronounced sedimentary shift in the Cadí Nappe occurred at 49 Ma, with the rapid drowning of the carbonate platforms and its transition into talus and deep basinal environments. Carbonate platforms collapsed and resedimented on the talus of the elongated trough, newly formed parallel to the orogenic front. This marked the onset of tectonic subsidence triggered by the submarine emplacement of the Lower Pedraforca Nappe. The emersion of the orogenic wedge drove the entry of siliciclastics, lagged by 1 Myr, into the Ripoll Trough. The foredeep filled rapidly (5.5 km thickness in less than 7 Myr) compared to other South Pyrenean regions, favoured by its semi‐enclosed palaeogeography. The emplacement of the Vallfogona Thrust as early as the Middle Lutetian (43 Ma) brought the Cadi Nappe into a wedge‐top setting. However, the Ripoll growth syncline continued acting as a temporary sink for alluvial sedimentation while a foredeep developed further south in the autochthonous Ebro Basin. The flexural response of the Iberian plate to the tectonic thickening of the Axial Zone counterbalanced for a period the local uplift of the Cadi Nappe, providing accommodation space for the top sediments filling the Ripoll Syncline.

Temporal Analysis of Land Subsidence and Groundwater Depletion Using the DInSAR and Kriging Methods: A Case Study and Insights

Temporal Analysis of Land Subsidence and Groundwater Depletion Using the DInSAR and Kriging Methods: A Case Study and Insights

Subsidence Analysis for Old Abandoned Board and Pillar Coal Mines Using ANSYS and Monte Carlo Simulation

Subsidence Analysis for Old Abandoned Board and Pillar Coal Mines Using ANSYS and Monte Carlo Simulation

Uncovering the impacts of depleting aquifers: A remote sensing analysis of land subsidence in Iran.

Intensive groundwater pumping, previously unrecognized in its full extent, is blamed for aquifer degradation and widespread land subsidence in Iran. We use a 100-meter resolution satellite survey from 2014 to 2020 to assess the recent implications of groundwater usage across the country. Results indicate that approximately 56,000 km2 (3.5%) of the country's area is subject to land subsidence, primarily linked to irrigation; 3000 km2 of this area experiences subsidence rates greater than 10 cm/year. The central plateau catchment hosts two-thirds of the country's depleting aquifers, with locations sinking at rates higher than 35 cm/year. The results suggest an annual groundwater depletion of 1.7 billion cubic meters (BCM) from confined and semiconfined aquifers, with the long-term inelastic compaction for most aquifers being approximately one order of magnitude larger than their seasonal elastic response. This underscores the permanent loss of aquifers that jeopardizes the sustainability of water resources across Iran.

Research on the analysis and management measures of land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation in Tianjin, China

Since the 20th century, there has been an increasing reliance on groundwater due to the rapid development of agriculture and industry. This has resulted in the exploitation of groundwater in large quantities, leading to global land subsidence problems. Tianjin is one of the cities where this problem first emerged, but few studies and surveys have been conducted. As a result, the lack of management of groundwater extraction has caused the issue of land subsidence to become more prominent in recent years. By investigating and collating global research on land subsidence problems caused by groundwater extraction, it is concluded that mathematical and numerical methods, global information systems, remote sensing, and other technologies can be utilized to monitor and predict groundwater levels. Regional management measures can then be developed based on simulation results. However, the application of such technology in Tianjin is insufficient, and there is a need to strengthen the connection between management measures and research data analysis results.

Identification and Mitigation of Subsidence in Karstic Areas with Sustainable Geotechnical Structures: A Case Study in Gallur (Spain)

In various areas of the Ebro valley in Spain, including the region discussed here, the risk of sinkholes is becoming particularly severe, particularly impacting urban areas and roadways where land subsidence from karstic processes is common. However, knowledge of the area, its geological–geotechnical configuration, and the carrying out of specific research studies are allowing solutions to be tested in an attempt to resolve these situations. A case in point is the examination of settlement issues along a stretch of the access road leading to the city of Gallur from the east (known as Camino Real) in the Zaragoza province, Spain. Numerous surface manifestations of recent subsidence and/or collapse activities have been observed, manifesting as craters and ground undercuts, some several meters in diameter. The prevalence of highly karstifiable materials in the area, evident from the existence of subsidence pockets and collapse dolines, poses significant safety concerns, particularly for traffic and town access, prompting the closure of Camino Real for several years. Local and provincial authorities have embarked on studies to try to recognise this type of situation. Reports aimed at defining karstification processes, conducting geomechanical analyses of subsidence and cavity collapses, and proposing technical measures to mitigate risks have been prepared. Finally, a consolidation solution was proposed based on injections at column-depth of mortar with special characteristics, combined with the replacement and reinforcement of the most superficial soil by means of high-tensile-strength geotextile meshes.

Multi-Scale Analysis of Surface Building Density and Land Subsidence Using a Combination of Wavelet Transform and Spatial Autocorrelation in the Plains of Beijing

Land subsidence is a major issue in the Beijing Plain in China, caused by the construction of new buildings and infrastructure combined with groundwater extraction. This study employs a multi-level two-dimensional wavelet decomposition to decompose land subsidence into high- and low-frequency components, and Moran’s I index to analyze the spatial distribution of land subsidence and its main influencing factors. By comparing the spatial distributions of the high- and low-frequency components, we estimate the correlation between land subsidence and influencing factors at different scales. Utilizing a combination of wavelet decomposition and Moran’s I analysis, our study establishes a clear spatial correlation between continuously varying factors such as groundwater and clay layer thickness, and the low-frequency components of land subsidence, allowing for a focused analysis of the relationship between surface building density and the high-frequency components of land subsidence. Quantitatively, the study identifies a significant correlation at specific granularities, particularly at 480 m and 960 m, underscoring the nuanced interaction between urban development and land subsidence patterns. These insights into the spatial distribution of land subsidence and its contributing factors can inform the development of effective strategies to address this issue.

Multitemporal analysis of land subsidence induced by open-pit mining activity using improved combined scatterer interferometry with deep learning algorithm optimization

Mine operational safety is an important aspect of maintaining the operational continuity of a mining area. In this study, we used the InSAR time series to analyze land surface changes using the ICOPS (improved combined scatterers with optimized point scatters) method. This ICOPS method combines persistent scatterers (PS) with distributed scatterers (DS) to increase surface deformation analysis’s spatial coverage and quality. One of the improvements of this study is the use of machine learning in postprocessing, based on convolutional neural networks, to increase the reliability of results. This study used data from the Sentinel-1 SAR C-band satellite during the 2016–2022 observation period at the Musan mine, North Korea. In the InSAR surface deformation time analysis, the maximum average rate of land subsidence was approximately > 15.00 cm per year, with total surface deformation of 170 cm and 70 cm for the eastern dumping area and the western dumping area, respectively. Analyzing the mechanism of land surface changes also involved evaluating the geological conditions in the Musan mining area. Our research findings show that combining machine learning and statistical methods has great potential to enhance the understanding of mine surface deformation.

Combined Land Subsidence Analysis in Jakarta Based on Ps-InSAR and MICMAC Methods

Penurunan muka tanah menjadi salah satu masalah di kota-kota pesisir delta di dunia, seperti Jakarta. Di kota ini, penurunan tanah sudah merata di seluruh wilayah. Berbagai faktor penyebab penurunan muka tanah dapat menimbulkan dampak secara ekologi, ekonomi, maupun sosial. Dampak yang terjadi umumnya berupa retaknya bangunan dan perluasan banjir. Oleh karena itu, kami perlu melakukan pengukuran dan pemantauan secara cepat dan berkala. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) ialah metode yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi besaran nilai penurunan muka tanah di daerah perkotaan. Metode ini mampu menghasilkan gambar SAR dari distribusi ribuan titik pantau identifikasi faktor penyebab penurunan muka tanah di Jakarta. Hasil PS-InSAR terdeteksi nilai laju penurunan muka tanah rata-rata sebesar -5,71 cm/tahun, yang dominan berada di wilayah Jakarta Utara dan Jakarta Barat. Terdapat beberapa faktor penyebab penurunan muka tanah, kami melakukan analisis faktor ini menggunakan metode MICMAC (Matrix of Cross Impact Multiplications Applied to a Classification). Metode ini membantu mengidentifikasi hubungan dan relevansi antar faktor penyebab penurunan muka tanah. Hasil metode ini menunjukkan bahwa eksploitasi air tanah berlebihan dan konsolidasi alami tanah aluvial sebagai faktor yang berpengaruh signifikan terjadinya penurunan muka tanah di wilayah Jakarta. Abstract Land subsidence is one of the problems in delta coastal cities in the world, such as Jakarta. In this city, land subsidence has been evenly distributed throughout the region. Various factors causing land subsidence can have ecological, economic, and social impacts. The impacts that occur generally include the cracking of buildings and the expansion of flooding. Therefore, we need to carry out measurements and monitoring quickly and regularly. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) is a method used to detect the magnitude of land subsidence in urban areas. This method is capable of producing SAR images from the distribution of thousands of monitoring points to identify factors causing land subsidence in Jakarta. PS-InSAR results detected an average land subsidence rate of -5.71 cm/year, which was dominant in the North Jakarta and West Jakarta areas. Several factors cause land subsidence, we analyzed these factors using the MICMAC (Matrix of Cross Impact Multiplications Applied to a Classification) method. This method helps identify the relationship and relevance between factors causing land subsidence. The results of this method produce excessive groundwater exploitation and natural consolidation of alluvial soil as factors that have a significant influence on land subsidence in the Jakarta area.

Utilizing Gaofen-3 InSAR time series to reveal land subsidence in Beijing (China)

ABSTRACT Various applications have been achieved by Gaofen-3 images, while the time series interferometric synthetic aperture radar (TS-InSAR) analysis was rare due to the issues with baseline instability. In this study, we revealed that the primary artefacts degrading the quality of Gaofen-3 interferograms are the long spatial baselines and inaccuracy of orbit information induced by the lack of consideration of satellite orbital tube manoeuvres. To address these challenges, we have proposed an enhanced interferometry processing method aimed at isolating the main artefacts from wrapped interferograms and enhancing the interferometry capabilities of Gaofen-3 images. It mainly includes tips on estimating precise baselines based on orbital information and fringe frequency in the wrapped interferogram and refining the residual phase further by a quadratic polynomial regression model. Subsequently, the TS-InSAR analysis is successfully implemented to acquire high-accuracy land subsidence in Beijing during 2020–2021 based on these refined interferograms. This case study demonstrates the achievement of the land subsidence analysis through TS-InSAR with Gaofen-3 images, highlighting that our proposed method could enhance the quality of Gaofen-3 interferograms.

Land subsidence analysis along high-speed railway based on EEMD-Prophet method

Environmental changes and ground subsidence along railway lines are serious concerns during high-speed railway operations. It is worth noting that AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARMA), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and other prediction methods may present limitations when applied to predict InSAR time series results. To address this issue, this study proposes a prediction method that decomposes the nonlinear settlement time series of feature points obtained through InSAR technology using Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD). Subsequently, multiple Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) are generated, and each IMF is individually predicted using the Prophet forecasting model. Finally, we employ an equal-weight superimposition method to combine the results, resulting in the prediction of the InSAR settlement time series. The predicted values of each component are subsequently weighted equally and combined to derive the final prediction outcome. This paper selects InSAR monitoring data along a high-speed railway in inland China and uses the proposed method and ARMA and Prophet models to carry out comparative experiments. The experimental results show that compared with the ARMA and Prophet models, the method in this paper improves the root mean square error by 58.01% and 32.3%, and increases the mean absolute error by 62.69% and 33.78%, respectively. The predicted settlement values generated by our method exhibit better agreement with the actual InSAR monitoring values.