Subsequent Performance Research Articles

Acute Effect of Dynamic and Gluteal Resistance Exercise Warm-up Protocols on Jump Landing Mechanics in College-Aged Females.

Rauseo, ML, Feairheller, DL, LaRoche, DP, and Cook, SB. Acute effect of dynamic and gluteal resistance exercise warm-up protocols on lower-extremity jump landing mechanics in college-aged females. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 259-265, 2024-Inadequate neuromuscular control of the femur by the gluteal musculature is associated with noncontact and overuse injuries to the knee. Acute bouts of resistance exercises targeting the gluteal musculature can be prescribed as part of a warm-up protocol with the goal of improving subsequent neuromuscular control and performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect that a warm-up protocol including moderate-intensity gluteal resistance exercises (GRE) has on single leg jump landing biomechanics. Seventeen healthy, college-aged, recreationally active females (mean ± SD ; age = 21.4 ± 1.9 years; height = 166.9 ± 5.7 cm; body mass = 62.5 ± 7.4 kg) performed 3 single leg hop trials per leg after completing no warm-up (CON), a dynamic warm-up (DWU), and a dynamic warm-up with gluteal resistance exercises (DWU + GRE) across 3 laboratory visits. Lower extremity kinetic and kinematic variables were assessed during single leg hops from the point of initial foot contact to deepest knee flexion. Biomechanical differences between dominant and nondominant limb landings were also assessed. Dominant limb hip internal rotation angle after DWU + GRE (2.03 ± 9.92°) was significantly greater ( p ≤ 0.05) compared with CON (-3.36 ± 7.74°). Peak knee adduction moment (56.8%), peak knee flexion angle (5.7%), and peak knee external rotation angle (17.0%) were significantly greater ( p ≤ 0.017) in the dominant limb, compared with the nondominant limb, across warm-up protocols. The combined DWU + GRE warm-up protocol did not have a substantial impact on landing biomechanics. Clinicians prescribing GRE before activity should not expect significant changes in movement patterns after a single bout.

How and when does the career future time perspective motivate service performance?

Despite the importance of the career future time perspective (CFTP) in shaping employee work behavior and performance, we know little about how and when CFTP influences employee performance. Based on the person-situation interactionist model, the present study proposes a comprehensive model wherein CFTP interacts with important contextual factors (i.e. work meaningfulness and perceived task interdependence) to influence strengths use for tasks and relationships, which subsequently impacts service performance—a particularly crucial output for the success of service organizations. We empirically examine this model using multi-wave and multi-source data collected from 246 hotel employee-supervisor dyads. We found that CFTP had a positive impact on strengths use for tasks and relationships, both of which were associated with increased in- and extra-role service performance. Furthermore, CFTP had a stronger relationship with strengths use for tasks and further service performance when work meaningfulness was high. CFTP was also closely associated with strengths use for relationships and subsequent service performance, regardless of the level of perceived task interdependence. We contribute to the literature by uncovering the mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions in the relationship between CFTP and service performance.

Técnicas para el análisis de poblaciones de la molécula de fibrinógeno

The purpose of this article is to analyze the integrity of fibrinogen purified by electrophoresis in a group of healthy people to obtain a reference standard considered normal to make comparisons possible with the results from people with coronary heart disease. An explanatory identification research was carried out with an experimental design based on the application of laboratory techniques for the analysis of various types of populations of the fibrinogen molecule in healthy people. The purification of the molecule was achieved by the method of Kazal (1963) with the subsequent performance of electrophoresis in acrylamide gel SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by the technique of Laewmli (1970), obtaining the visualization of the main characteristic chains of the normal fibrinogen molecule (α, β, and γ). It is concluded that SDS-PAGE acrylamide gel electrophoresis allows the visualization of the main characteristic chains of the normal fibrinogen molecule (α, β, and) for later comparison with pathological patterns.

Treatment of Grade 1 Hamstring Injury with Glucopuncture: A Clinical Case

Hamstring strain injuries are common among athletes and often require intensive rehabilitation to prepare athletes for a timely return to sport performance. Return to sport is typically achieved within weeks of the hamstring injury. But subsequent athlete performance may be impaired. Both rehabilitation and preventive measures are crucial but not standardized yet. On top of the standard rehabilitation program, it would be interesting to add safe treatment modalities which could speed up recovery from such an injury. In this article we present a young athlete with a large grade 1 hamstring injury which was treated with regional sugar water injections into the muscular lesion. Although they can be biased, both treating physician as well as patient found that injury recovery went smoothly and quickly. The goal of this paper is to share this experience with other sports doctors and to invite the medical community to design randomized trials to confirm the clinical experience with this easy and safe technique. Unfortunately, the injectate is inexpensive and cannot be patented, making the product uninteresting for medical companies.

Institutional Factors Affecting University Startup Types and Their Performances in Korean Universities: A Panel Data Analysis

This study adopts a resource-based framework to investigate the factors driving the prevalence of three types of startups in universities by faculty, students, and university organizations, and their subsequent performance indicator, such as employee count. Specifically, we formulate twelve hypotheses that link institutional resources and university infrastructure to each type of university startups and their performance. By analyzing data from 130 South Korean four-year universities spanning the years 2017 to 2021, we examine variations across six distinct university resource categories.
 Our findings reveal that the factors influencing different types of university startups are distinct. Research funds and universities’ personnel policies have a significant impact on professor startups, whereas startup education programs and faculty startup performance are significant student startups. In addition, both the level of financial resources and the existence of a technology-holding company exert a broad influence on all three types of university startups, albeit with a distinction in the nature funds. Research funds are correlated with faculty and student startups, whereas commercialization funds are associated with universities’ organizational startups. Nevertheless, the presence of a technology-holding company has a significant impact on all three types of university startups and their respective performances. Furthermore, the outcomes underscore a distinct contrast between the factors influencing each type of university startups and the factors influencing their respective performances. Our results provide implications for both university and government policy-makers, emphasizing the necessity for a targeted approach in policies aimed at fostering startups across faculty, students, and university organizations.

Authentic Leadership’s Impact on Follower Psychological Capital and Performance Through Organizational Identification and Role Clarity

ABSTRACT Scholars have criticized positive leadership styles, such as authentic leadership, as being limited to influencing follower performance through relations-oriented behaviors without necessarily providing more task-oriented direction. Applying this behavioral leadership theory dichotomy, we extend authentic leadership theory and research by proposing and testing how authentic leadership influences followers’ psychological capital (PsyCap) and subsequent performance through both relations- (organizational identification) and task-oriented (role clarity) pathways. The results of a three-wave field study, multiple experiments, and a time-lagged, multi-source field study support that authentic leadership influences follower psychological resources and performance through both organizational identification and role clarity. Moreover, our results hold when controlling for other leadership constructs (ethical and transformational leadership) and other potential mediators that have been the focus of prior authentic leadership research (leader trustworthiness, leader identification, and LMX). We discuss the implications of our findings for expanding work on authentic leadership by examining a more task-oriented focus in future research, including how this research sheds light on several recent critiques of authentic leadership theory.

An Instance- and Label-Based Feature Selection Method in Classification Tasks

Feature selection is crucial in classification tasks as it helps to extract relevant information while reducing redundancy. This paper presents a novel method that considers both instance and label correlation. By employing the least squares method, we calculate the linear relationship between each feature and the target variable, resulting in correlation coefficients. Features with high correlation coefficients are selected. Compared to traditional methods, our approach offers two advantages. Firstly, it effectively selects features highly correlated with the target variable from a large feature set, reducing data dimensionality and improving analysis and modeling efficiency. Secondly, our method considers label correlation between features, enhancing the accuracy of selected features and subsequent model performance. Experimental results on three datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in selecting features with high correlation coefficients, leading to superior model performance. Notably, our approach achieves a minimum accuracy improvement of 3.2% for the advanced classifier, lightGBM, surpassing other feature selection methods. In summary, our proposed method, based on instance and label correlation, presents a suitable solution for classification problems.

Challenge Your Body, Challenge Your Mind: the Combined Effect of Fitness Level and Stress Appraisal on Stress Responses and Subsequent Cognitive Performance.

Because of the health issues associated with high stress levels, it is important to find new strategies to regulate stress response. Previous research has examined the separate effects of fitness level and stress reappraisal on the stress response, but the combination of both factors is unknown. The goal of the study was to examine the combined effects of fitness and stress appraisal on stress responses and cognitive performance following a stressful event. On 2 separate days, 24 highly and poorly fit young men (Mage = 22.33, SD = 3.33) were exposed to a validated stress test and were induced to view their stress as facilitative or debilitative. Objective and subjective stress responses along with cognitive performance were evaluated before and immediately after the stress test. Participants in the high-fit/negative appraisal condition reported lower anxiety scores than participants in the low-fit/negative appraisal condition (d = 1.04). Participants had higher levels of cortisol after the stress test (d = 0.31), but no difference in heart rate, cortisol, or cognitive performance emerged among the conditions. Fitness level might have a larger impact on stress response than stress appraisal, and stress reappraisal manipulations require more than just reading a note and a self-talk statement.

Shareholder primacy or stakeholder pluralism? Environmental shareholder proposals and board responses

PurposeThis study examines shareholder and board motivations regarding corporate social responsibility (CSR) to understand boards' stewardship approaches to environmental issues.Design/methodology/approachUsing content analysis, the authors classify CSR motivations in all environmental shareholder proposals and board responses of Fortune 250 companies from 2013 to 2017 from do little (a shareholder primacy perspective) to do much (a stakeholder pluralism perspective). The authors calculate the motivational dissonance for each proposal-response pair (the Talk Gap) and use cluster analysis to observe evidence of board stewardship and subsequent environmental disclosure and performance (ED&P) changes.FindingsBoard interpretations of stewardship are not uniform, and they regularly extend to stakeholders beyond shareholders, most frequently including profit-oriented stakeholders (e.g. employees and customers). ED&P changes are highest when shareholders narrowly lead boards in CSR motivation and either request both action and information or information only. The authors observe weaker ED&P changes when shareholders request action and the dissonance between shareholders and boards is larger. When shareholders are motivated to do little for CSR, ED&P changes are weak, even when boards express more pluralistic motivations.Research limitations/implicationsThe results show the important role that boards play in CSR and may aid activist shareholders in determining how best to generate change in corporate CSR actions.Originality/valueThis study provides the first evidence of board stewardship at the proposal-response level. It measures shareholder and board CSR motivations, introduces the Talk Gap, and examines relationships among proposal characteristics, the Talk Gap, and subsequent ED&P change to better understand board stewardship of environmental issues.

Convolutional and fourier neural networks for speckle denoising of wrapped phase in digital holographic interferometry

Owing to the unique non-Gaussian statistics and non-stationary properties, speckle denoising in digital holographic interferometry measurements is essential and challenging. Traditional Fourier-based frequency-domain filtering and deep-learning-based (DL-based) spatial-domain speckle denoising methods have realised significant achievements. However, these methods use different mechanisms and are applied separately. A deep learning-based algorithm combining the aforementioned methods is proposed, which simultaneously extracts features in the spatial and frequency domains via convolutional and Fourier neural networks (CFNN) for enhanced speckle denoising and minimising the phase unwrapping process error. Compared with the convolutional neural network (CNN), which provides spatial-domain features for the framework architecture to layer extraction operation, the Fourier neural operator (FNO) developed from traditional Fourier filtering provides the frequency-domain features. The differential gradient map of denoised wrapping is used as a loss function, further improving the smoothness of the denoised wrapped images and the subsequent phase-unwrapping performance. Compared to other algorithms, the proposed method achieves a relative improvement of 7.1% on the testing dataset and 5.0% on digital holographic deformation field experimental data. It can be extended to more fields of optical information processing, since it unifies the feature extraction and reconstruction in the spatial-domain and the frequency-domain in the same deep learning model.

Dear territory or dear partner? Causes and consequences of breeding dispersal in a highly territorial bird of prey with a strong pair bond

Territorial species are unlikely to show extensive movements between breeding seasons. This is especially true for long-lived species, which often have strong pair bonding and can occupy the same territory for years. However, also in such species, individuals may face situations that can lead to a territory shift. Here, we use a comprehensive dataset documenting 40 years of breeding behavior in tawny owl (Strix aluco) – a long-lived species with high site tenacity and mate fidelity – to examine the factors affecting the decisions whether or not to move to another breeding territory and how far, as well as the fitness consequences thereof. We found that the likelihood and distance of movement in either sexes is strongly associated with a change of partner, indicating that mate loss may cause breeding dispersal. Moreover, mate change, not movement to a new territory, had negative effects on subsequent reproductive performance: individuals that changed partner were more likely to skip reproduction in the subsequent year and, in those cases they bred, they produced smaller clutches and raised fewer offspring. Our findings indicate that tawny owls change territory almost exclusively when searching for a new partner and that mate change has profound consequences on their subsequent breeding performance. Overall, our study provides evidence that in tawny owls territoriality and monogamy are associated and strongly linked to fitness, but mate fidelity may be more important than site fidelity, likely because sexes are involved in specific tasks and their cooperation ensures breeding success and, consequently, increases fitness.Significance statementBreeding dispersal, the movement of individuals between breeding sites, can entail high costs for animal fitness, especially for territorial species, which display strong site fidelity. We studied the factors associated with breeding dispersal and the consequences on breeding performances in tawny owl (Strix aluco), a highly territorial species. We found that tawny owls moved more frequently to another breeding territory when the mate died. Either sexes showed an equal probability to move, but the effect was stronger in females than in males after a mate change. Moreover, owls that changed partner showed delayed reproduction, smaller clutch and a higher probability to skip reproduction. Our findings show that in tawny owls territoriality and monogamy are associated and strongly linked to fitness, but mate fidelity may be more important than site fidelity, likely because sexes share the costs of holding the territory.

A STUDY ON THE EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF POST- MERGER AND PRE-MERGER OF CANARA BANK USING EAGLE AND CAMEL MODEL

A STUDY ON THE EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF POST- MERGER AND PRE-MERGER OF CANARA BANK USING EAGLE AND CAMEL MODEL

How green human resource management and institutional pressure drive performance via green image: the equifinal paths and their performance outcomes

Although the enablers of green image have been studied extensively, most prior studies have focused on the net effects of individual factors. In addition, the existing literature overlooks how green image is shaped by different paths and the impact of these paths on different performance. From the configurational perspective, we identify how the configurations of green human resource management (GHRM) depend on perceived institutional pressure to shape a favorable green image. Using data from 317 Chinese manufacturers, we conduct fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis and propensity score matching analysis to explore the configurations that achieve a favorable or unfavorable green image and whether a favorable green image formed by different configurations improves firm performance. The results reveal five equifinal paths of GHRM that depend on perceived institutional pressure and can enhance green image and three that can shape an unfavorable green image. We also find that favorable green images shaped by distinct configurations have different effects on firm performance. This research enriches the literature on green image and provides novel insights for enhancing green image and subsequent firm performance.

Gene mutations as a non-invasive measure of adult cochlear implant performance: Variable outcomes in patients with select TMPRSS3 mutations.

The cochlear implant (CI) has proven to be a successful treatment for patients with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss, however outcome variance exists. We sought to evaluate particular mutations discovered in previously established sensory and neural partition genes and compare post-operative CI outcomes. Utilizing a prospective cohort study design, blood samples collected from adult patients with non-syndromic hearing loss undergoing CI were tested for 54 genes of interest with high-throughput sequencing. Patients were categorized as having a pathogenic variant in the sensory partition, pathogenic variant in the neural partition, pathogenic variant in both sensory and neural partition, or with no variant identified. Speech perception performance was assessed pre- and 12 months post-operatively. Performance measures were compared to genetic mutation and variant status utilizing a Wilcoxon rank sum test, with P<0.05 considered statistically significant. Thirty-six cochlear implant patients underwent genetic testing and speech understanding measurements. Of the 54 genes that were interrogated, three patients (8.3%) demonstrated a pathogenic mutation in the neural partition (within TMPRSS3 genes), one patient (2.8%) demonstrated a pathogenic mutation in the sensory partition (within the POU4F3 genes). In addition, 3 patients (8.3%) had an isolated neural partition variance of unknown significance (VUS), 5 patients (13.9%) had an isolated sensory partition VUS, 1 patient (2.8%) had a variant in both neural and sensory partition, and 23 patients (63.9%) had no mutation or variant identified. There was no statistically significant difference in speech perception scores between patients with sensory or neural partition pathogenic mutations or VUS. Variable performance was found within patients with TMPRSS3 gene mutations. The impact of genetic mutations on post-operative outcomes in CI patients was heterogenous. Future research and dissemination of mutations and subsequent CI performance is warranted to elucidate exact mutations within target genes providing the best non-invasive prognostic capability.

Can you accurately monitor your behaviors while multitasking? The effect of multitasking on metacognition.

With the pace of life accelerating, multitasking has become the norm in daily life. According to research, multiple cognitive processes, including numerical reasoning, comprehension, and writing, are negatively affected by multitasking. However, only a few studies have investigated the relationship between multitasking and metacognition. In this study, the effect of multitasking on metacognition was examined using a prospective monitoring paradigm (prediction of subsequent recall performance). In Experiment 1, the participants simultaneously studied word pairs (primary task) and differentiated between different sound pitches (secondary task) and then predicted their performance in a subsequent memory test for the studied word pairs (prospective metacognitive monitoring). The accuracy of metacognitive evaluation with multitasking was then compared with that without multitasking. In Experiment 2, sounds and icons of real-life applications were used to improve the ecological validity of the experiment in the secondary task. The results indicated that multitasking impaired metacognition in both artificial and real-life simulated scenarios. In addition, the participants who engaged in more media multitasking in their daily lives exhibited poorer metacognitive monitoring abilities in single tasks.

The impact of automated, constant incomplete milking on energy balance, udder health, and subsequent performance in early lactation of dairy cows

Incomplete milking (IM) is one way of mitigating the negative energy balance (NEB) that is characteristic for early lactation and may increase the risk for disease. Our objectives were to test the effects of IM in early lactation on energy balance (EB), metabolic status, udder health, and subsequent performance. To facilitate the practical application, an automated system was used to remove the milking clusters once a predefined amount of milk is withdrawn. Forty-six Holstein cows were equally allocated to either the treatment (TRT, starting on 8 d in milk) or the control group (CON; conventional cluster removal at milk flow rate <0.3 kg/min). Milk removal in the TRT group was limited to the individual cow's milk yield 1 d before IM started and held constant for 14 d. Thereafter, all cows were conventionally milked and records related to EB, performance, and udder health were continued up to 15 wk of lactation. During the 14 d of IM, on average 11.1% less milk was obtained from the TRT cows than from the CON cows. Thereafter, milk yield increased in the TRT group, eliminating the group difference throughout the remaining observation period until wk 15 of lactation. The TRT cows tended to have less dry matter intake and also water intake than the CON cows. The extent of the NEB and the circulating concentrations of fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, insulin-like growth factor-1, and leptin mostly did not differ between the groups. The IM did not affect body condition. Udder health was maintained over the entire observation period in all cows. Our results demonstrate the applicability of the automated cluster removal for limiting milk withdrawal to a defined amount in early lactation. However, it remains to be determined whether the absent effect on energy metabolism was due to the relatively stable energy status of the cows or to the relatively mild IM setting used herein.

Disentangling Perception and Performance: A Natural Experiment on Student Engagement and Learning in Simulations

Simulations are increasingly recognized for promoting active learning and student engagement and fostering career skills. Yet whether and how simulations facilitate learning, engagement, or both are still subjects of considerable debate. Many existing studies tend to be observational in design, constrained to a single semester, or reliant on student self-assessment to measure efficacy. We use an experimental approach to demonstrate the effects of classroom simulations on both self-assessment and objective academic performance at a large public university. Over the course of three years, we “treated” some sections of an Introduction to International Relations course (N = 244) with simulations while other “control” sections participated in debates and discussions. We compare self-assessed engagement and motivation from surveys, as well as performance on quizzes and exams in the same course (same instructor, materials, and textbook). Our results demonstrate that students “treated” with the simulations show sustained improvements in academic performance in both iterative (weekly quizzes) and long-term (final exam) contexts, controlling for the mode of delivery. These improvements are also found to be robust for both high and low-performing students in the class. However, we were surprised to find a disconnect between student perceptions of engagement and actual course performance: Self-assessed student engagement and motivation were poor predictors of subsequent academic performance.

Associations between serum health biomarker concentrations and reproductive performance, accounting for milk yield, in pasture-based Holstein cows in southeastern Australia

In this single cohort study, we investigated associations between the concentrations of a suite of serum biomarkers measured in the first 30 d of lactation and subsequent reproductive performance measured as mating start date to conception intervals, in pasture-based Holstein cows. A secondary objective was to examine associations between biomarker concentrations and 305-d milk yield to assess whether any positive associations between biomarker concentration and reproductive performance were explained by reduced milk production. The data used had been collected as part of an ongoing project from 2017 to 2020 to compile a data set from a large population of lactating dairy cows. Biomarkers measured were those associated with energy balance (β-hydroxybutyrate [BHB] and nonesterified fatty acids [NEFA]), protein nutritional status (urea and albumin), immune status (globulin, albumin to globulin ratio and haptoglobin), and macromineral status (calcium and magnesium). Associations between biomarker concentrations and mating start date to conception interval were investigated using Cox proportional hazard models, using between 634 and 1,121 lactations (varying by biomarker) from 632 to 1,103 cows and 11 to 17 mating periods from 10 to 13 herds. Based on hazard ratio (HR) estimates and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI), hazard of conception on any particular day of the herds' mating periods was positively associated with the concentrations of albumin (HR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.05-1.12), albumin to globulin ratio (HR = 2.82; 95% CI: 1.66-4.79), calcium (HR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.18-3.43), and magnesium (HR = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.01-4.66), and negatively associated with globulin concentration (HR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.00). There was also some evidence that NEFA concentration was negatively associated (HR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.57 to 1.01), and urea concentration positively associated (HR = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.11), with reproductive performance, but no evidence that BHB and haptoglobin concentrations were associated with reproductive performance. Except for NEFA, presence and direction of the associations between the biomarker and milk yield were not discordant with that for reproductive performance. Also, except for NEFA, we found no substantial evidence of nonlinear relationships between biomarker concentration and either reproductive performance or milk yield. Correlations between biomarker concentrations were generally weak, indicating that multibiomarker panels may collectively predict reproductive performance better than any single biomarker. We noted substantial variation in the concentrations of all biomarkers within, and for some biomarkers, between herd-year groups. Collectively, these results indicate that there may be scope to improve biomarker concentrations through nutritional, management, and genetic interventions, and by association, reproductive performance and milk yield may also improve.

Performance study of cooling plates with single and double outlets for lithium-ion battery thermal management system based on topology optimization

ABSTRACT Topology optimization is a technique employed to optimize the distribution of material within a design domain to produce structures with enhanced performance. This study has compared three types of cooling plate designs, such as the topology optimized cooling plates with double-outlet and single-outlet and the conventional straight-channel cooling plate. The topology optimizations are performed under identical boundary conditions, and the subsequent performance comparison among all the designs is carried out based on a numerical analysis by developing a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model. The effects of fluid inlet conditions such as velocity and temperature on the behavior of all the designs are investigated, and the performance comparison is also carried out based on temperature, pressure, and velocity distribution. The results show that the topology optimized double-outlet design (DOD) has decreased the maximum temperature by 1.185 K and 0.445 K, mean temperature by 0.604 K and 0.221 K, surface maximum temperature difference by 9.04% and 4.49%, and pressure drop by 5.32% and 33.43%, with respect to the topology optimized single-outlet design and conventional straight-channel design, at a Reynolds number of 213.71.

Research Note: In ovo and in-feed probiotic supplementation improves layer embryo and pullet growth

Probiotics are widely used as feed supplements in the poultry industry to promote growth and performance in chickens. Specifically, this supplementation starts around the time of lay and continues through the production cycle in laying hens. However, the embryonic period is critical to the growth and development of metabolically active organs thereby influencing subsequent health and productivity in adult birds. Therefore, the present study investigated the potential use of probiotics to promote embryonic growth in layers. Further, a pilot grow-out study was conducted to evaluate the effect of in ovo and in-feed probiotic application on pullet growth. For the study, fertile White Leghorn eggs were sprayed with phosphate buffered saline (control, CON) or probiotic cocktail (in ovo only, IO; Lactobacillus paracasei DUP 13076 and L. rhamnosus NRRL B 442) prior to and during incubation. The embryos were sacrificed on d 7, 10, 14, and 18 of incubation for embryo morphometry. On d 18, remaining eggs were set in the hatcher to assess hatchability and hatchling morphometry. For the pullet trial, hatchlings were raised on feed with or without probiotics until wk 5. Pullets were sacrificed weekly, and morphometric parameters were recorded. Results of our study demonstrate that in ovo probiotic application significantly improved relative embryo weight, crown-rump length, hatchability, and hatchling weight when compared to the control (P < 0.05). Further, this enhanced embryonic development was associated with a concomitant increase in posthatch growth. Specifically, pullets raised from probiotic-sprayed eggs had significantly improved crown-rump length, tibial length, tibial bone weight, and body weight when compared to the control (P < 0.05). Moreover, among the different treatment schemes employed in this study [CON (no probiotics), in-feed only (IF), IO only, and in ovo and in-feed probiotic supplementation (IOIF)], sustained probiotic supplementation (IOIF) was found to be the most effective in promoting growth. Therefore, in ovo and in-feed probiotic supplementation could be employed to promote embryo and pullet growth to support subsequent performance in layers.