Submarine Detection Research Articles

WITHDRAWN: Performance analysis of submarine detection in underwater wireless sensor networks for naval application

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Magnetic Anomaly Detection and Localization Using Orthogonal Basis of Magnetic Tensor Contraction

In certain scenarios, such as detection of unexploded ordnance (UXO), submarines, and intruders, magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) is an effective method due to the magnetic field advantages of small operating power, strong penetrability, and strong anti-interference ability. However, variability in the background geomagnetic field and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in MAD cannot be avoided. In this article, we propose a MAD method employing an improved orthogonal basis function (OBF) for the magnetic tensor contraction decomposition. The orthogonal basis decomposition approach makes the best use of modeling the MAD output signal, whereas the magnetic tensor contraction aid in avoiding the background field problem. Furthermore, by increasing the baseline length of the magnetic gradiometer, the SNR can also be improved in some manner. A dual magnetic gradiometer framework is introduced to fulfill the demand of the magnetic anomaly localization. From our simulation results, the proposed method improves the SNR of the MAD raw signal and is capable of detecting and locating the magnetic anomaly. Moreover, field test has been carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.

Digital Image Segmentation Using Delaunay Triangulation Algorithm

Image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments according to some homogeneity criterion. Different approaches are suited to different types of images and the quality of output of a particular algorithm is difficult to measure quantitatively due to the fact that there may be much “correct” segmentation for a single image. Although the field encounters several challenges, this research work seeks to present a segmentation algorithm for gray intensity images. Image features extraction is first performed to obtain the approximate, if not exact, representation of a given image. Image enhancement was also carried out by exploiting the principle of histogram equalization which is one of the well-known image enhancement techniques. The proposed approach is based on the Delaunay (DT), one of the techniques in computational geometry, which generates clusters of intensity values using information from the vertices of the external boundary of triangulation. This makes it possible to produce segmented image regions. The algorithm was tested on sampled images before and after enhancement and the production compared. Our algorithm successfully extracts cogent features from a given image and made use of the Delaunay Triangulation to carry out segmentation. The method is robust, precise and independent of translation, rotation and scaling and that makes the result quite good for image segmentation. Image segmentation based on Delaunay triangulation technique seem to be a promising future research area with respect to its applicability to underwater mine and submarine detection, better target recognition, medical imaging as well as to automated computer vision.

A Study on the Improvement of Submarine Detection Based on Mast Images Using An Ensemble Model of Convolutional Neural Networks

A Study on the Improvement of Submarine Detection Based on Mast Images Using An Ensemble Model of Convolutional Neural Networks

基于水面特征波纹的潜艇多波段光电偏振成像探测性仿真研究

Submarine detection is a key technology of coastline defense, the direct and indirect imaging to detect submarines both involves solving the problem of detecting the water surface ripple. 3D surface measurement method based on polarization detection can effectively detect the water corrugated surface, in which the detection and calculation of surface polarization characteristics is an important part of surface reconstruction. The model of water surface polarization was established. Visible and infrared waveband of the water polarization characteristic under different water temperature, different meteorological conditions were simulated and analyzed. The results show that the surface polarization is s polarization in the visible waveband and p polarization in the middle and long infrared waveband, degree of polarization first increases with the increase of incident angle and then decreases, moreover the degree of water surface polarization increases with the rising of temperature. The degree of water surface polarization in visible, middle infrared and long infrared waveband was measured by polarization measurement system based on Stokes vector. The results of the simulation were consistent with the measured results, which proved the accuracy of the polarization model used. The characteristics of polarization imaging detection in common wavebands were analyzed, which can provide theoretical simulation and experimental methods for the analysis and calculation of polarization characteristics of water surface.

Development Status of Digital Detection Technology for Unfavorable Geological Structure of Submarine Tunnel

Gao, X.-C.; Ba, X.-Z.; Cui, E.-Y.; Wang, J.; Zhang, T.-T.; Sun, S.-Q., and Hou, W., 2019. Development status of digital detection technology for unfavorable geological structure of submarine tunnel. In: Gong, D.; Zhu, H., and Liu, R. (eds.), Selected Topics in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 94, pp. 306–310. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The detection of unfavorable geological structures in tunnels is a major theoretical and technical problem in the tunnel construction process. There are many kinds of geological disaster sources for submarine tunnels, and there is currently no effective technology and method to detect them. This paper summarizes the, status of research on disaster source prevention and control based on the advanced geological prediction for submarine tunnels and laser-point cloud imaging technology from two aspects - the exposed structural plane and the internal rock mass structure. In the investigation on submarine tunnel structural planes, digital compass contact measurement, close-range photogrammetry and laser scanning have become important means to support the development of geological surveys on submarine tunnel structural planes, and a three-dimensional rock mass structure information integration analysis method has also been initially formed based on structural plane network simulation. In the detection and control of submarine tunnel structures, an effective submarine tunnel disaster source detection and control system has been formed. Combined with the research work of the team, this paper systematically expounds the development status of the digital detection technology for unfavorable geological structures in the existing tunnels, and the research results can provide some references for the research in this field.

Time-Frequency Analysis and Identification method for weak Magnetic signal of Submarine in aeromagnetic Detection

As an important strategic weapon, submarine detection is very difficult. Aeromagnetic detection is one of the main detection methods, but there are some problems such as complex measurement environment and difficult recognition of target magnetic signals. To solve this problem, wavelet threshold denoising is used to suppress magnetic noise, and WVD is used to analyze the magnetic signal in time and frequency to improve the recognition ability of the unexploding target magnetic signal. The simulation results show that this method is feasible.

Robot Kapal Selam Pendeteksi Keberadaan Benda

<p><em>The current technological developments so rapidly, as well as the development of electronics technology. Robotics is a proof of human civilization that progresses from time to time. The shape of the robot is not just a form that resembles a human or a certain animal, but moves to resemble the form it imitates. The development of computer technology associated with other devices. The problem of this research is the difficulty of checking leakage of gas or water pipes in the pond. The main purpose of the research is to design and build a complete submarine robot with an endoscope camera that can replace human power for. How this robot works is a robot moving forward, backward, turn right, turn left, move up and down (dive) and equipped with a camera to detect the existence of an object. This robot combines hardware and software, using Arduino Uno Microcontroller as the controller of robots, cameras, and motor drivers as control of propeller motion. The submarine is equipped with an endoscope camera as a leak detector of gas or water pipes inside the pool, especially the detection of objects. The result of the research is a robot can dive in the water base to detect the presence of objects. From this then the authors make a robot submarine detection of the existence of objects that can replace human power to check the leakage of gas or water pipes in the pool. expected robots can be smarter than the previous one.</em></p>

New analytical expression of the magnetic gradient tensor for homogeneous polyhedrons

We have developed a new analytical expression for the magnetic-gradient tensor for polyhedrons with homogeneous magnetization vectors. Instead of performing the direct derivative on the closed-form solutions of the magnetic field, it is obtained by first transforming the volume integrals of the magnetic-field tensor into surface integrals over polyhedral facets, in terms of the gradient theorem. Second, the surface divergence theorem transforms the surface integrals over polyhedral facets into edge integrals and structure-simplified surface integrals. Third, we develop analytical expressions for these edge integrals and simplified surface integrals. We use a synthetic prismatic target to verify the accuracies of the new analytical expression. Excellent agreements are obtained between our results and those calculated by other published formulas. The new analytical expression of the magnetic-gradient tensor can play a fundamental role in advancing magnetic mineral explorations, environmental surveys, unexploded ordnance and submarine detection, aeromagnetic and marine magnetic surveys because more and more magnetic tensor data have been collected by magnetic-tensor gradiometry instruments.

Optimization of fleet formation searching submarine based on antisubmarine detection capability

Objectives Under existing technical conditions, fleet formation is optimized in order to improve the cooperative detection performance of a fleet against hostile submarines. Methods The coverage index is defined as a measure of submarine detection ability. Taking a naval combat formation for antisubmarine warfare as the research object, based on the theory of the probability formula of the joint detection performance of multiple ships and taking the maximization of the coverage area as the goal, a formation optimization model based on antisubmarine detection ability is established. An integral optimization method based on the probability distance function is designed to solve the model, and a reasonable formation scheme is obtained. Results The simulation results show that the coverage area changes regularly with the variation of the distribution distance of the ship. Under the same fleet size, the detection performance of herringbone formation or wedge-shaped formation is better than that of a single horizontal formation or azimuth team formation under optimal distribution spacing. In addition, the optimal distribution spacing decreases with the increase of the detection probability threshold. As the scale of the fleet increases, the coverage area increases correspondingly in a linear manner. Conclusions This model can effectively improve the capability of fleet searching and provide a decision basis for the use and deployment of surface ships in a potential search force.

Research on Probability of Detection of Submarine Time Limit Based on Continuous Time within Finite Region

The sonar detection of underwater submarines in a certain sea area was modeled by using the sonar in the sea area. The problem of continuous detection time of underwater large random targets was studied based on the fixed detection points. According to the characteristics of the target’s motion, this paper puts forward the research method of detecting the probability of finding the time limit of the random moving target by fixed point detection, establishes the random constant velocity target distribution model under the target initial position distribution, uses this model to carry on the duration. The effective probing time and the redundant probing time exist in the probing and continuous probing times. The probabilistic trend of the probing probability under the probing limit time decreases with the increase of the distance between the probing point and the distribution center. The effective probing time length increases with the probing point The distance from the center generally increases, but there is no linear rule.

A brief history of our understandings on underwater noise impacts to marine life and the evolution of its regulatory process in the United States

It has been long understood that elevated noise is detrimental to signal detection by the anti-submarine warfare community. However, it was not until the early 1970s that similar concerns were raised regarding marine life that utilize sound for various life functions. The 1980s saw some of the first studies on effects of noise from offshore oil and gas exploration and development on marine mammals in Arctic waters. Low-frequency sources for ocean thermometry research and submarine detection over ocean basins brought additional concerns in the early 1990s on potential impacts on marine mammals from intense sources. Around late 1990s, several ad-hoc noise levels were adopted as acoustic impact thresholds of marine mammals by regulatory agencies in the U.S. Several cetacean mass stranding events that were coincidental with the mid-frequency military sonar operations and the increased awareness of ocean noise pollution accelerated research in this field in the 21st Century. Numerous studies on hearing sensiti...

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

There are a plenty of unexploited resources that lies underwater that covers almost 75% of the earth.In order to utilise them,the field of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN) is attracting the researchers to extend their thoughts in this field. The wireless sensor networks are heavy networks that consist of small low cost sensors that have a large amount of solving ability and energy resources which can be applicable in any type of irregular environments irrespective of changing conditions. Keeping in view of the real-time remote data transferring requirements, underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASN) has been recognised as a preferred network because it satisfies all aspects of data transfer. In UASN, the required availability and recycling of energy resources along with specified utilisation of data with the help of utilized sensor nodes for energy requirements that are necessary are done for the development of further theories in these contexts. Due to these causes, the maximum underwater resources utilisation techniques mainly depends on UAN (Underwater Acoustic Networks).Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) suitable for applications on submarine detection and monitoring,where nodes collect data with a mobile autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) via optical communications, and applied accordingly to deal with further approaches. They provide continuous monitoring for various applications like ocean sampling network, pollution monitoring, submarine detection, disaster prevention etc.This paper particularly deals with a brief collection of the UWSN applications and some of the algorithms for the path finding in order to pass maximum valued information(VOI) among the different nodes.

William David Coolidge (1873–1975). Biography with special reference to X-ray tubes

William Coolidge (1873–1975) is famous for the invention and development of the hot cathode X-ray tube, someti­mes called the Coolidge X-ray tube, which immediately made the previous designs of gas X-ray tube obsolete. He was born in Hudson, Massachusetts, studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and graduated with a PhD in Physics from the University of Leipzig. In 1905 he joined the General Electric Company (GEC) Research Laboratory at Schenectady and in 1913 invented the Coolidge X-ray tube which is the prototype of modern apparatus. He was consultant in X-rays to GEC for some quarter of a century, 1945–1961. As well as his work with X-rays, he developed the first successful submarine detection system, with Irving Langmuir (1881–1957), and during World War II undertook research relating to radar, the atomic bomb, rockets and anti-submarine devices. He was also, during WWII appointed to President Roosevelt’s Advisory Committee on Uranium. He obtained 83 patents during his lifetime (all assigned to GEC). Coolidge spent his entire career with GEC, from 1905 when he joined the company at Schenectady to work in lamp research, until his death when he was an Emeritus Director of Research & Development. One of the most complete lists to be published of papers by Coolidge is found in the References.

Sonar technology and underwater warfare from World War I to the launch of USS Nautilus in 1954, the first nuclear submarine

Sonar research began in the First World War to curb the U-boat menace. Radical methods had to be devised both organizationally and technically to combat this new form of warfare. Civilian scientists were drafted into naval research. A new field of science was created: underwater acoustics for passive listening, and ultrasonic echo-ranging for active detection of submarines. If the war had lasted only a few more months, prototype Asidic equipment (the Royal Navy’s name for sonar) would have gone operational. During the interwar years the American and Royal Navies developed their sonar “searchlight” systems, while before 1935 the German Navy concentrated on sophisticated passive listening arrays (incorporating American WWI research) to protect their capital ships from enemy submarines. Searchlight sonar technology evolved sharply in WWII. The nuclear submarine in 1954 required a complete rethink of the sonar scanning techniques developed over the previous 40 years. This lecture is based on full access to naval documents and interviews with scientists involved in this work in Britain and the USA for my book Seek and Strike (HMSO, 1984).

Performance analyses of naval ships based on engineering level of simulation at the initial design stage

Naval ships are assigned many and varied missions. Their performance is critical for mission success, and depends on the specifications of the components. This is why performance analyses of naval ships are required at the initial design stage. Since the design and construction of naval ships take a very long time and incurs a huge cost, Modeling and Simulation (M & S) is an effective method for performance analyses. Thus in this study, a simulation core is proposed to analyze the performance of naval ships considering their specifications. This simulation core can perform the engineering level of simulations, considering the mathematical models for naval ships, such as maneuvering equations and passive sonar equations. Also, the simulation models of the simulation core follow Discrete EVent system Specification (DEVS) and Discrete Time System Specification (DTSS) formalisms, so that simulations can progress over discrete events and discrete times. In addition, applying DEVS and DTSS formalisms makes the structure of simulation models flexible and reusable. To verify the applicability of this simulation core, such a simulation core was applied to simulations for the performance analyses of a submarine in an Anti-SUrface Warfare (ASUW) mission. These simulations were composed of two scenarios. The first scenario of submarine diving carried out maneuvering performance analysis by analyzing the pitch angle variation and depth variation of the submarine over time. The second scenario of submarine detection carried out detection performance analysis by analyzing how well the sonar of the submarine resolves adjacent targets. The results of these simulations ensure that the simulation core of this study could be applied to the performance analyses of naval ships considering their specifications.

Real-Time Underwater Object Detection Based on DC Resistivity Method

A new real-time underwater object detection method adopting geophysical direct-current resistivity techniques is proposed. Our final goals are real-time detection and tracking of small submarines in water depths less than 100 m, under acoustically noisy conditions. The main features of our method are as follows: 1) a detection line, several kilometers long and semipermanently buried in the seabed, consisting of two current electrodes and multiple potential electrodes; 2) fixed current electrode configurations for high-speed real-time detection of the target object; 3) measurement of extremely low-level electric field signals, made possible by the shielding effect of the conductive seawater overburden; and 4) signals from a moving object such as a submarine are extracted by differential data analysis because the target object passes through the detection area for only a short time compared with the long-term drift change of the electrical properties of seawater. We verify our method and confirm real-time detection feasibility through numerical and physical scale experiments. For this purpose, a dedicated instrument and a background data update algorithm are developed, and a differential data analysis method is used. The background data update algorithm is used for counteracting the time-varying electrical characteristics of seawater. The differential data analysis method is exploited to extract disturbed signals by objects from complex background data. Through numerical experiments, we find that the $x$ -coordinate value of a target object corresponds to the position of a peak data point, and this result is consistent with 1:200 downscaled water tank experiments. We also confirm real-time detection feasibility using our instrument through an offshore experiment. We expect that our proposed method will complement conventional detection methods for harbor defense and surveillance systems in acoustically noisy environments.

Paul Langevin’s contributions to the development of underwater acoustics

Paul Langevin made significant contributions to the understanding of piezoelectricity and the development of piezoceramics materials. For instance, Professor Langevin's invented the quartz sandwich transducer in 1917 for underwater sound transmission. He subsequently used this to develop the first underwater Sonar for submarine detection during World War I, and his work was extensively used the French and American Navy. After world war I, SONAR devices he helped developed were used in several French ocean-liners. We will review Paul Langevin’s most noteworthy contributions to the development of underwater acoustics.

Intelligent Geometric Classification of Irregular Patterns via Probabilistic Neural Network

This paper deals with interpretation of patterns via neural networks under organization and classification approaches. Fifty different groups of images including geometric shapes, mechanical instruments, machines, animals, fruits, and other classes of samples are classified here in two successive steps. Each primary category is divided into three different sub-groups. The purpose is identifying the class and sub-class of each input sample. Nowadays, industry and manufacturing are moving towards automation; hence accurate description of photos results in a myriad of industrial, security, and medical applications and takes a pressing part in artificial intelligence's progression. Intelligent interpretation of structure's design in CNC machine eventuates in autonomous selection of cutting tools by which any structure can easily be manufactured. Anyhow, this paper comes up with a pattern interpretation method to be applied in submarine detection purposes. Remotely operated vehicles (ROV) are used to detect and survey oil pipelines and underwater marine structures, so mentioned neural network classification is a practicable tool for detection mechanism and avoiding obstacles in ROVs.

Low-Frequency Active Echo Reduction Using a Tile Projector

ABSTRACT: With the advent of submarine detection technology using low-frequency active sonar there is a call for a new submarine stealth device that can replace the exis ting passive anechoic tiles. Proposed in this study is a low-frequency echo reduction technique based on active impedance matching, which employs a tile projector designed to cover a wide area such as the surface of a ship. To judge the feasibility of the active impedance matching technique finite-element simulations of low-frequency echo reduction are performed. Based on the analysis, a tile projector is designed, fabricated, and tested in an acoustic tank for its low-frequency echo reduction performance. Keywords: Low-frequency, Echo reduction, Tile projector, Active impedance matching PACS numbers: 43.50.Ki, 43.20.El† Corresponding author: Won-Suk Ohm (ohm@yonsei.ac.kr) School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea(Tel: 82-2-2123-5819, Fax: 82-2-312-2159)