Speech Style Research Articles

Can a Scientist Be a Young, Attractive Woman? The Stereotype of a Scientist and the Lexical Choices of Women and Men.

The question of the conformance of a researcher's features to the stereotype of a scientist is rarely addressed in the context of scientific research. We decided to examine its significance in two experiments involving women and men in which the persons conducting the experiment had features respectively conforming and not conforming to the stereotype of a scientist. Both experiments were carried out on an interactive model and the dependent variables were length of utterance and lexical choices. We chose to use linguistic material because, as classical research shows, it is particularly susceptible to the influence of social context and features of the interlocutor. To operationalise the dependent variable, we used Ertel's Speech Style Quotients. The results of both experiments were found to be significant for context comparisons but non-significant for gender, which confirms the importance of features of the interlocutor in determining utterance length and lexical choices.

LANGUAGE STYLE IN SONG WITH DIFFERENT THEMES

Language style enhances the expression and effect of certain words through linguistic means such as sound, vocabulary and grammar which are the basis of rhetoric, namely using language on the grounds of specific needs in the form of communicative purposes, situations, objects, and so on. This study aims to describe the style of language in songs with different themes. This research was conducted with a qualitative descriptive research method. The data collection technique was carried out with documentation techniques and the data source in this study was the lyrics of the song Wang lee Hom. The theory used is the theory of figure of speech and language style as well as the theory of qualitative analysis to examine this research. In the results of this study, there are 9 types of figurative language found in 6 song titles, namely Nĭrén, Nĭwù, Bĭyù, Kuāzhāng, Fănfù, Duì'ŏu, Fănwèn, Shèwèn and Céngdì. The difference in the use of the type of language style in the six song titles is influenced by the nature of the interaction between humans in the song's theme. Keywords: Language Style, Song Lyrics, Song Theme

The argumentative style of the opening speech of a debate in the European Parliament

Abstract In this contribution a characterization is given of the argumentative style utilised in an opening speech of a plenary debate in the European Parliament. This debate is initiated through an opening speech in which the rapporteur of a parliamentary committee presents the European Commission’s proposal, as well as the amendments and the arguments to support them. As it is the rapporteur’s aim to gain broad parliamentary agreement with the proposal, the opening speech is vital to the debate, because all contributions of the MEPs relate directly to the argumentation put forward by the rapporteur. Based on the analytic overview the strategic design and the three dimensions of argumentative style the argumentative style that is used by the rapporteur is characterized.

Attention, identity and linguistic capital: inverted style-shifting in Anglo-Cornish dialect lexis

While stylistic variation in attention-based models has been foundational to sociolinguistic theory (Labov 1972a; Trudgill 1974), other studies (e.g. Coupland 1985; Eckert 1989; Drummond 2018; Snell 2018) conceptualise style as a resource used in the context of identity construction. I synthesise these two approaches to sociolinguistic style and consider social meaning in the context of variable attentional load. Informed by a study of lexical variation in Cornwall, I account for an inverted style pattern with recourse to local identity, social meaning and language ideology. In doing so, I introduce an attention-to-self model of style. This model posits that when speakers pay greater attention-to-self, they closer approximate a desired self, a target identity that they aspire to embody. For example, when speakers subvert the standard language ideology, their stylistic target may not be ‘educated’ or ‘posh’, but ‘local’. In such cases, careful speech styles can be conducive to the production of local dialect forms as a performance of identity. I propose that the stylisation of local identity in careful speech styles in Cornwall should be interpreted in the context of an alternative linguistic market, a Cornish micro-market, which subverts the value system of the dominant linguistic market.

Using the Internet-resources for the Effective Teaching of Students in Public Speaking in English Classes

The study used such methods as the analysis of domestic and foreign literature, the interview method, discussions for feedback after student performances, generalization of pedagogical experience. Results. After analyzing the literature on the research topic, as well as the experience of working and preparing students for mini monologues and public speaking by watching video stories in the style of Ted Talks and other speeches of speakers, we can state that working with such Internet resources is important for students to create motivation for learning a foreign language, broadening one’s horizons and training in public speaking, which today are of paramount importance for business, education and society. The methodological and psychological advantages of using videos in English classes with students of a non-linguistic university are indicated. The methodology of work in the classroom and within the framework of independent training of students at home is presented, the role of individual work, work in groups and consultations with the teacher is shown. Based on the results of the study, priorities have been identified that we define as key for use in preparing for public speaking.

Stroke-induced and progressive forms of apraxia of speech

Background: Stylistic differences in language use, as described by sociolinguists, have also been shown to occur in disordered speech and language. In this article, we describe apraxia of speech, and compare stroke-induced and progressive forms of this neurogenic disorder. Method: Audio recordings were made of a client, CS, who had progressive apraxia of speech and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Information from control participants was also available, and use was made of published data from clients with stroke-induced apraxia of speech. Results: A range of results are reported, but in particular the comparative difficulty of spontaneous connected speech as compared to reading or repetition for the client with progressive apraxia of speech. This differed from the findings of those with apraxia of speech from stroke, in that connected speech was much more difficult in the progressive form of the disorder. Discussion/conclusion: We discuss the importance of obtaining a wide range of speech styles when collecting data from clients with a range of communication problems, and how – in the specific case of apraxia of speech – these style differences aid in analysis and diagnosis.

The Taciturn Exemplar

AbstractEarly Confucian thinkers have an intense interest in the external aspects of moral exemplars. This article explores this interest by unpacking a complicated relation between silence, speech, and moral cultivation in the Analects. Situating Confucius’s desire to be silent in a pedagogical context, this article points out a tension between speaking of moral knowledge and personalizing it. It argues that silence is considered a desirable pedagogical practice because it fosters a more intimate relation between people and the moral knowledge they receive. This article then offers a detailed analysis of several difficult pedagogical moments between Confucius and two of his most eloquent students, Zigong and Zai Wo. Their problematic ways of speaking provide cases in point that flesh out the arguments sketched above. This article concludes by reflecting on how silence can also be alienating in moral cultivation, and on how people’s styles of speech may shape who they are.

Стилистические особенности и жанровые репрезентации религиозной лексики в современном русском языке

The article observes stylistic features and genre representations of religious vocabulary in contemporary Russian language. The study of the development of terminological systems in certain areas of knowledge and their role in the development of a language is one of the most important problems in modern linguistics. The solution to this problem is to study the great variety of sources of spiritual, academic, business, journalistic and other areas of human activity. Religious vocabulary is the richest layer of the Russian language. The study of the use of religious terminology in the functional styles of Russian makes it possible to clearly identify the psychological, categorical and subject meanings of this type of vocabulary in the system of indigenous language of Russians. The aim of this research is to study styles and genres in which religious lexemes are found in modern Russian. This is explained by the fact that language and religion are closely related. The influence of religion on language is an indisputable fact, because in every religion there is a number of lexemes that relate only to a particular faith. At the same time, some religious lexemes have become common and formed a part of the active vocabulary of Russians. That is why we observe the following situation in the Russian language: religious terms appear in all styles of speech.

The role of speech style between teacher and student in learning English

This study examined the role of speech style between teachers and students in learning English. This study was ex post facto research, using quantitative approach. The students at English Department of Madura University, Indonesia were the population in this research. A sample was decided using proportional stratified random sampling technique. The data were analyzed by simple regression technique. The result of the study showed that the role of speech style between the teachers and the students in learning English is 0.62 (62%). The speech styles of the teachers and students work on students’ proficiency level in English. Conducive classroom in language learning is the requirement of the right speech styles of the teachers and the students. It makes necessary for the teachers to provide students with suitable speech style with the contexts in order to put up the classroom serving the students with substantial input.

ԸՆԴՀԱՏՈՒՄԸ ՈՐՊԵՍ ԳԵՆԴԵՐԱՅԻՆ ԱԳՐԵՍԻԱՅԻ ԴՐՍԵՎՈՐՄԱՆ ՁԵՎ ԵՎ ՀԱՂՈՐԴԱԿՑԱԿԱՆ ՌԱԶՄԱՎԱՐՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ (ԱՄՆ ՆԱԽԱԳԱՀԱԿԱՆ ԹԵԿՆԱԾՈՒՆԵՐԻ ԲԱՆԱՎԵՃԵՐԻ ՀԻՄԱՆ ՎՐԱ)/INTERRUPTION AS A MEANS OF EXPRESSING GENDER AGGRESSION AND AS A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO US PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE DEBATES)/ПРЕРЫВАНИЕ КАК СРЕДСТВО ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ ГЕНДЕРНОЙ АГРЕССИИ И КОММУНИКАЦИОННОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ (ССЫЛАЯСЬ НА ДЕБАТЫ КАНДИДАТОВ В ПРЕЗИДЕНТЫ США)

In recent years, the linguistic study of political debates is considered a novel trend within the framework of political discourse and critical discourse analysis. Studies prove that political debates are speech events, allowing to evaluate participants according to their speech style and behavior. The given article touches upon the gender influence on behavior control and outlines the core reasons of speech interruptions for men and women. The study basically outlines the strategies of communicative interruptions in line with gender speech differences trying to reveal the balance of interruptions among men and women. Besides emphasizing the reasons of each gender interruptions in political debates, the types of communicative interruptions are being studied in the context of different genders. In the article the following types of interruption is being discussed: parallel speech, interference, silent interruption, disruptive speech, simple interruption. Overall, the study is based on the US presidential candidate debates and gender aggression is then being disclosed through interruptions.

Formation of pragmatic thinking foreign students

The focus of the study is the search for methods to improve the speech-cogitative activity of foreign students who study Russian as a foreign language at the initial and advanced stages of education for the further development of a technical profession. In order to achieve the tasks set, the team of authors analyzes some methodological methods of teaching Russian as a foreign language (including the method of teaching the scientific style of speech within the Russian as a foreign language) and comes to the conclusion that in modern conditions of intensification of the educational process, interdisciplinary coordination is necessary, which consists in immersion lexico-grammatical units into a highly specialized text adapted to them. Due to the integration of scientific knowledge (general linguistic and special), it becomes easier and faster to master the program of a higher educational institution, since this process creates the foundation for the formation of pragmatic thinking through the analysis and implementation of structural-semantic models with content and semantic diversity into speech practice. This allows you to put the student in real communicative conditions, in which scientific and speech problems are solved simaltaneously, to create complete statements in Russian independantly on a professional topic after rethinking the basic information and its content shades, and to form the skills of automated use of language tools.

Disentangling Style and Speaker Attributes for TTS Style Transfer

End-to-end neural TTS has shown improved performance in speech style transfer. However, the improvement is still limited by the available training data in both target styles and speakers. Additionally, degenerated performance is observed when the trained TTS tries to transfer the speech to a target style from a new speaker with an unknown, arbitrary style. In this paper, we propose a new approach to seen and unseen style transfer training on disjoint, multi-style datasets, i. e., datasets of different styles are recorded, one individual style by one speaker in multiple utterances. An inverse autoregressive flow (IAF) technique is first introduced to improve the variational inference for learning an expressive style representation. A speaker encoder network is then developed for learning a discriminative speaker embedding, which is jointly trained with the rest neural TTS modules. The proposed approach of seen and unseen style transfer is effectively trained with six specifically-designed objectives: reconstruction loss, adversarial loss, style distortion loss, cycle consistency loss, style classification loss, and speaker classification loss. Experiments demonstrate, both objectively and subjectively, the effectiveness of the proposed approach for seen and unseen style transfer tasks. The performance of our approach is superior to and more robust than those of four other reference systems of prior art.

Style of Speech in Divine Books: Analytical and Comparative Study

Speech is the style of communication between humans. Whenever they want to deliver their message, they call another person. For this, Allah has provided human with special types of speeches through Holy prophets and Holy books. Aim of this research to find out various ways of speech used in Psalm, Old Testament, New Testament, (Bible as compiled form) and Holy Quran. Comparison shows that all Holy books consists of exemplary speech, observational speech, and stories. Meanwhile each book has its own style of speech too. Like in Psalm, its poetic and emotionally sensitive style, makes it unique among others. on the other hand, Torah has special and descriptive speeches. Bible mainly sketches character and have promotion and reminder style of speeches. By using comparative research methodology, it can be concluded that Holy Quran, last and the complier of all the books, has its exclusive quality of speech. Its speeches have beautiful verses and sweet melody. Having same literal style as in Holy books before Holy Quran, it has separately used logical and general speech. By analysing the ways taught by Holy Quran, one can easily upgrade his own speech. That is how Allah has not only delivered His speech but also teaches human to speak gently, precisely, logically and politely.

Intense Turkish-Dutch bilingualism leads to intense Turkish-Dutch mixing

Abstract Codeswitching in the Turkish migration settings in Western Europe has been studied almost since the beginning of the labor migration that formed these communities. The patterns of codeswitching have gradually become more complex, which is demonstrated with reference to data from the Netherlands. Initially it was limited to the insertion of Dutch words into Turkish utterances, largely needed to fill lexical gaps. Gradually, as a new generation grew up with Dutch education, living most of their lives in a Dutch social environment, codeswitching patterns grew in complexity, with an increase in alternation between Dutch and Turkish utterances. Often, these and other patterns are attested in the speech of the same people at the same time, within a single conversation: they represent a bilingual speech style. The most recent investigations into Turkish-Dutch codeswitching show how this increasing intensity of bilingualism in the community has led to increasing integration of the languages in everyday in-group bilingual speech. Of all switches, a relatively small percentage is taken up by the insertion of content words into either language; yet, codeswitching is not always straightforward alternation between Turkish and Dutch utterances. Instead, utterances often contain chunks from both languages. This phenomenon will be illustrated in this article and explained through a usage-based perspective that privileges a processing-based over a structuralist account, but crucially ties this account to an understanding of the social motivations that make this kind of bilingual speech possible, or even desired.

ON THE ISSUE OF TEGGING WORDS OF LIMITED VOCABULARY IN THE PROCESS CREATION OF THE NATIONAL CORPUS OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGE

Background. In order to search for information about words specific to oral speech styles in the Uzbek language corpus, first of all, tags about such features of words should be included in the corpus database. To do this, it is highly recommended to use stylistic notes in the explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language on the relevance of lexemes to the style of speech. Methods. This article discusses the peculiarities of the annotated words used in Uzbek-Uzbek dictionaries and their stylistic notes displayed in dictionary that are specific to the style of oral speech. Style is the division of language according to its functions related to a particular area of human activity. Functional style is divided into different parts according to the main functions of speech appearances, i.e. communication, reporting, being a means of influence. Results. In order to search for information about words specific to speech styles in the Uzbek language corpus, first of all, tags about such features of words should be included in the corpus database. To do this, it is advisable to use stylistic notes in the explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language on the relevance of lexemes to the style of speech. This article discusses the peculiarities of stylistic notes given in the annotated dictionary in annotating words specific to the style of speech. In the explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language, the signs of style can be divided into the following groups: 1) characters characteristic of the style of speech; 2) characters typical of the artistic style; 3)characters typical of a journalistic style; 4) scientific style characteristics;5) formal style characters. Discussion. The Uzbek literary language has the following functional styles: 1) style of speech; 2) formal style; 3) scientific method; 4) journalistic style; 5) artistic style. The naming of functional styles is determined by the context in which they are used. Conclusion. For this reason, it is also important to match words related to a limited lexicon and apply it in language corpora. Language corporations are widely used in world practice and are emerging as effective innovative additions to traditional educational technologies.

Interdiscourse as Inherent Characteristic of Institutional Discourse 
 (on the Example of Educational Discourse)

The article is devoted to the types of interaction of educational discourse with other types of institutional communication: political, economic and medical. The author studies how fragments of discourse function and form semantic potential in official styles of speech where interdiscourse is traditional and describes forms of discourse genre interference caused by global events of 2020: coronavirus epidemic, presidential election in the USA and others. In the article educational discourse is understood in its broad sense which allows to examine the periphery of discourse practice where communication of individuals of equal status and variety of functional styles are natural. The process of interference is studied on micro and meso levels of discourse where certain lexico-sematic fields, key-words, clichs which characterize professional genres of communication serve as markers of interdiscourse and on macro level where historical and social context is considered to define functional styles. Methods of descriptive, discourse and contextual analyses are implemented. The author draws the conclusion that on all levels of institutional interaction the elements of educational discourse are semiotic components of communication, can serve as means of representation of political, economic or medical discourse practice, have pragmatic potential and can be used in argumentative or informative speech strategies the choice of which depends on the type of discourse. On macro level elements of educational discourse often extend beyond specific concepts limited to professional subjects and the discourse itself becomes a part of a bigger subordinating discourse formation.

THE USE OF INDIRECTNESS AND TAG QUESTIONS BY POWERFUL AND FOWERLESS MEN AND WOMEN ON TRIALS: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA

This study was aimed at investigating the use of indirectness and question tags in some Indonesian trials. The data were chosen randomly from YouTube’s videos. The subjects were twenty people consisting of judges, witnesses, and defendants (the accused). To analyze the data, the conversations of the videos were firstly transcribed verbatim. Then, they were analyzed using the framework of Thomas (1995) and Holmes (1984). The data showed that indirect speech style and question tags were more attached to powerful women.

VARIATION IN PORTRAYING THE MAIN CHARACTER OF CH. BRONTЁ’S NOVEL “JANE EYRE” (BASED ON TWO RUSSIAN TRANSLATIONS)

Ch. Bronte‟s novel “Jane Eyre” keeps drawing the attention of readers, scholars of literature, translators and translation researchers for many years. Several translators and translation theorists have already devoted their studies to the comparative analysis of some aspects of the existing Russian translations of the novel. However, the variations in portraying the main character - Mr Rochester - become the focus of a study for the first time, which makes the present paper relevant. The study aims at comparing two translations made by V. Stanevich and I. Gurova from the point of view of the linguistic means employed by translators to reconstruct the image of the main character. An attempt is made to describe the differences in translations and explain their reasons. The study shows that the translations discussed differ in the following aspects: portraying of the character‟s appearance, reproduction of his speech style, description of the man‟s emotions, reactions, and evaluative statements about the people surrounding him. The conducted comparative analysis allows to conclude that in V. Stanevich‟s translation the hero seems to be more attractive both in appearance and in his inner world. Mr Rochester in I. Gurova‟s translation is not so handsome, he is more critical of others; the range of his negative characteristics is much wider. The quotations from the English poetry and the French language elements in Mr Rochester‟s speech are fully represented in I. Gurova‟s translation, while in V. Stanevich‟s translation they are partly omitted. The study also revealed some other differences. Both translators sometimes resort to literal translation; however, I. Gurova is more likely to emphasize negative connotations, while V. Stanevich prefers a more positive colouring. Both translators sometimes deviate from the original in conveying either the denotative meaning of words or their connotations. There are instances of choosing different meanings of polysemantic words. In our view, the comparative analysis of two or more translations of the same work of literature may contribute to translation theory and present an interesting linguistic material for teaching literary translation.

Style and Stylistics

Style and stylistics are two critical terms, that they exceed Kurdish modern criticism in the spread of researching modern critical literature of people and modern Kurdish literature. Style is a wide range of using language, stylistics is a researchable science and it is the detail of the styles. Modern linguistics that (Bale) invented, paves the way for the emergence of this modern science for studying style, how modern linguistics studies (speech) and likewise stylistics studies styles of speech. This research sheds light on these two terms.

A corpus-based study of the distribution of word-final schwa in Standard French and what it teaches us about its phonological status

What is commonly considered as an epenthetic vowel can actually refer to at least two different realities: phonological epenthesis or phonetic excrescence. French schwa, noted [ә], is a vowel alternating with zero and limited to unstressed syllables that can appear word-internally or word-finally. This paper presents an extensive description of the distribution of word-final schwa in Standard French in order to shed light on its nature: is it an intrusive vowel or a full epenthetic vowel? To that extent, three large corpora of French containing more than 110 hours of speech were used to establish the presence of word-final schwa as a function of sociolinguistics, orthography, phonotactics and phonetics. Our conclusions are that word-final schwa is impacted by speech style, gender, orthography, phonotactics (i.e., the number of adjacent consonants and their sonority profile), and the phonological properties of the codas. However, speech rate does not impact word-final schwa realization. The specific results lead us to suggest that word-final schwa in Standard French shares similarities with intrusive vowels but ultimately behaves like a legit epenthetic vowel.