Speech Style Research Articles

Active Processes in Modern Russian: Possibilities of Ecological and Linguistic Study

The article considers possibility of applying the ecological-and-linguistic approach to the study of active processes that characterize the current state of the Russian language, text production, including electronic communication. The specificity of the ecological approach in linguistics, its distinction from the orthological approach, as well as the structural analysis of linguistic units are displayed, visible active processes that dominate in phonetics, vocabulary, graphic encoding and text creation are registered. The authors consider the usefulness of the ecological approach in linguistics, its distinction from the orthological approach, as well as the structural analysis of linguistic units. The analysis made provision for defining language democratization as the major trend, which is noted in word functioning, changes in phrase and sentence structures; numerous borrowings of words and parts of words from the English language support the globalization trend. There is a tendency in strengthening the subjective aspect of the text content in public communication that is marked by the shift towards evaluative-expressive-emotional colloquial speech style. The opposing trend is text intellectualization, it appeals to background knowledge of the reader, the use of abbreviated forms in information coding. The authors conclude that a long-term ecological monitoring of these trends and the use of the ecological-and-linguistic approach to classification of linguistic phenomena are required.

The Impacts of Teacher’s Speech Styles in Teaching English to EFL Young Learners


 Teachers’ speech styles in teaching English to EFL young learners. In this study, there are two point are explored: (1) Teachers’ speech style in the classroom interaction and (2) The impacts of teachers’ speech style to EFL Young learners. This research applies descriptive qualitative method. This research was conducted at first grade of MTs Darul Huffadh Tuju-Tuju Kajuara Bone of 2021/2022 academic year. The participants of this study were a teacher and twenty-nine EFL young learners’ classroom. The data of this study were obtained from observation and interview. The result of this study indicate there are four teachers’ speech style that was applied in the classroom interaction are; formal style, casual style, consultative style, and intimate style. Where all these styles there are some impacts to EFL young learners are: first, students’ motivation the teacher used formal, casual, and consultative style. Students’ politeness the teacher used formal and consultative. Students’ trust the teacher used consultative and intimate style. The last, students’ respect the teacher applied intimate style. The findings of this study can be a reflection for English teachers and students in carrying out the learning process by using this speech style when teaching English, and can find more interesting learning methods.

Gaya Bahasa Pidato Mahmoud Abbas (Kajian Stilistika Perspektif Gorys Keraf)

<p><strong>This study aims to examine the stylistic aspects of Mahmoud Abbas’ speech in the United Nations General Assembly 76th in September, 2021. The data of this research is collected from Mahmoud Abbas’ speech in the video uploaded in the UN Youtube channel. This is analytical descriptive research using Gorys Keraf’s theory. The result of this study is that the speech cointains numerous language style. The word preferences are based on the frequent words, specific words, associative words, and pronoun. The language style used in the speech is the style based on sentence structure and figure of speech. The results showed that Mahmoud Abbas' speech contained the predominance of ihtilal and Falasṫin. This dominance is measured based on statistics and shows a certain meaning effect. Mahmoud Abbas' speech was also dominated by Israeli-Palestinian word associations, special dictions, and variations of pronouns. The language style of Mahmoud Abbas' speech is also colored by figurative language style, namely rhetorical style, allegory, and satire. This style of language influences meaning.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keyword -</em></strong><em> Mahmoud Abbas, United Nations, Speech, Stylistic</em></p>

TO THE PROBLEM OF STUDYING STYLES IN RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSES

The article deals with the problem of working on the book and colloquial styles of speech in the lessons of Russian as a foreign language. Already at the initial stages of mastering the Russian language foreign students should be acquainted with the main features of all styles of modern Russian, introduce elements of different styles in the proposed tasks to students. This is necessary so that foreign students can be guided in different communication situations and accordingly be able to enter into oral and written communication.

The Hidden Burden: Qualitative Differences in How URiM Students Experience the Clinical Microenvironment

It is well documented that medical students who identify as underrepresented in medicine are more likely to encounter social challenges in the clinical environment. Successful navigation of these challenges requires a social and emotional agility that is unmeasured in traditional metrics of success. The effects of this requirement has not yet been explored. The authors therefore set out to investigate the variations in experiences that exist between underrepresented minority students in medicine (URiM) and white students, and to determine if there was a difference in the quantitative performance evaluations applied to both groups of students. This was a mixed-methods study. In the quantitative portion, the authors retrospectively analyzed the standardized patient encounter scores of medical students from a single medical school in Michigan during the years of 2016 to 2018. The authors used multivariable ordinary least squares regression models to evaluate the differences in scores by race. In the qualitative portion, students volunteered to be interviewed and self-identified their race and gender. The authors employed semi-structured interview techniques to gather information about how the student felt their cultural or ethnic background affected their experience in the clinical environment. For the quantitative portion of this study, the authors analyzed the scores of 534 students over 4 different standardized patient encounters. The average score across all 4 standardized patient encounters was 88.7 (SD=5.6). The average score across all 4 standardized patient encounters for white students was 89 (SD=5.3), Black 87.9 (SD=7.4) Twenty-four students participated in the semi-structured interviews. Participants described feeling that the way their assessors interacted with them was largely affected by their race or gender. They also described feeling tension between how they would usually express themselves and how they were expected to in the clinical environment. When probed further, participants described various methods of adaptation to this tension including changing their hair or natural style of speech and modifying their perception of their role in the clinical environment.

Speech style used in Jimmy Kimmel Live talk show

This research aimed to analyze the use of speech style and the factors that influenced the use of speech style in the Jimmy Kimmel Live Talk Show in all episodes that were aired in November 2021. Speech style is the choice of words based on the level of formality used by a person in communicating, which is influenced by several factors. In this research, the researcher applied Joos' (1976) theory of speech style and Holmes' (2013) theory of factors that influenced the choice of speech style. This research was classified as qualitative descriptive. All of the data in this research were taken from the conversation subtitles between the host and the guest/s, which contained various types of speech styles and were transcribed into the text form. Then, the collected data were classified based on the types of speech styles. After that, the factors that influenced the host and the guest/s to use the speech style were analysed. Based on the results of the research, there are four of the five types of speech styles in this research. Frozen speech style was not found in this research. The four speech styles found in this research were formal (6%), consultative (12%), casual (81%), and intimate (1%), the dominant type of speech style is casual speech style and the least one is intimate speech style.

Linguistic Identity Construal of Spanish Youth: ‘The Media Network Has Its Idols, But Its Principal Idol is Its Own Style Which Generates an Aura of Winning and Leaves the Rest in Darkness

The present investigation attempts to verify why and through what via the contact with English insertions in Spanish discourse changes the speech style and construes the linguistic identity of Spanish youth, even if they hardly speak English. In order to throw light on the above-mentioned hypothesis, Allan Bell’s (1977, 1984, 1991, 1997, 2001) Audience Design Theory was combined with an Attitudinal Experiment in which 250 students participated from Madrid Complutense University and Castilla la Mancha University. The students were asked to listen to two different recordings of females reading almost the same text, the difference being that one text contained English insertions and the other did not. As the culmination the experiment participants did the specially designed Likert Test. According to the results the following conclusions were reached: (i) The majority of the Attitudinal Experiment participants, the “new generation of Digital Natives” (Prensky 2001), accept that mass media is the major factor that influence their speech style; (ii) Spanish youth use English insertions in their Spanish discourse because they perceive someone who does as being young, modern, a cosmopolitan, a Spanish-English bilingual and someone trendy; (iii) Spanish youngsters use English insertions without being Spanish-English bilinguals; (iv) for the Attitudinal Experiment participants neither a particular speech style nor a sweet type of vice can measure cleverness of a speaker; (v) for the Attitudinal Experiment participants a sweet type of voice together with a particular speech style does matter.

Maidin Cornwall

AbstractWhile the research literature on regional dialect levelling is substantial (e.g.Williams and Kerswill 1999;Britain 2002;Watt 2002;Jansen 2019), this process is under-explored and under-theorised when it comes to patterns of lexical usage. Usingmaidas a case-study, in this article I provide a detailed account of processes of lexical levelling in Cornwall. I consider the usage ofmaidfrom two perspectives, that of onomasiology and semasiology. From an onomasiological perspective,maid, as a variant of the conceptwoman, exhibits socio-stylistic reallocation, with attested usages ofmaidin this study being limited to older speakers in careful speech styles. From a semasiological perspective, two senses ofmaid, ‘woman’ and ‘female servant or attendant’, have undergone structural reallocation in apparent-time withmaid‘woman’ being the prototypical sense for older speakers but a more peripheral sense for their younger counterparts.

PUPILS’ STYLISTIC COMPETENCE FORMATION: LINGUO-DIDACTIC ASPECT

The article analyzes the concept of “stylistic competence”, which is defined as the ability to learn the stylistic system of the language at the phonetic, lexical-semantic, phraseological and grammatical levels. The main concepts of stylistics have been clarified. The object and subject of studying stylistics have been characterized. Such sections of stylistics as stylistics of language, stylistics of speech and stylistics of fiction have been studied. The concept of “language style” and “speech style” has been distinguished. The problem of compliance with stylistic norms and features of formation of stylistic abilities and skills has been outlined. The linguistic-didactic system for the formation of students’ stylistic competence has been defined, which includes: approaches to learning (functional-stylistic, which ensures effective work on the representation of the features of the functioning of language units, their implementation in each style; the formation of fluency in speaking skills), learning patterns (patterns of language learning and patterns of speech learning); teaching principles (general didactic and linguistic didactic); groups of exercises (according to the content of the main material, according to the method of execution) and specific methods (observation of stylistic functions of language units, stylistic experiment; stylistic editing; stylistic construction).

MATERIAL NOUNS UNDER A SEMANTIC MICROSCOPE: EXERCISES FOR CLASSES IN MODERN RUSSIAN

The article presents a system of partial meanings of material nouns, which are most clearly realized in plural forms, uncharacteristic for this lexical and grammatical category. The ban on the formation of plural forms for material and abstract nouns denoting continual substances (substances, states, actions, processes) in the Russian language of recent decades has been violated with enviable regularity. The plural forms, which appeared as a result of semantic transformations, concretization and subsequent terminology of meanings, smoothly move from a special scientific discourse due to the language of modern fiction, advertising, media, and no longer seem to be something unusual. The purpose of the article is to create a holistic view of the semantic paradigm of material nouns through the consideration of individual meanings. The article is addressed to readers who teach or study the morphology of the modern Russian language, the translation of a scientific text, the scientific style of speech at advanced levels (B1, B2). The material will be of interest to teachers of Russian as a foreign language, especially those working with students from Southeast Asia, since there is no category of numbers in a number of languages of these countries. The analyzed meanings of material nouns are illustrated with contexts taken from the National Corpus of the Russian Language, Internet sources.

Linguistic Identity Construal of Spanish Youth: ‘The Media Network Has Its Idols, But Its Principal Idol is Its Own Style Which Generates an Aura of Winning and Leaves the Rest in Darkness’

The present investigation attempts to verify why and through what via the contact with English insertions in Spanish discourse changes the speech style and construes the linguistic identity of Spanish youth, even if they hardly speak English. In order to throw light on the above-mentioned hypothesis, Allan Bell’s (1977, 1984, 1991, 1997, 2001) Audience Design Theory was combined with an Attitudinal Experiment in which 250 students participated from Madrid Complutense University and Castilla la Mancha University. The students were asked to listen to two different recordings of females reading almost the same text, the difference being that one text contained English insertions and the other did not. As the culmination the experiment participants did the specially designed Likert Test. According to the results the following conclusions were reached: (i) The majority of the Attitudinal Experiment participants, the “new generation of Digital Natives” (Prensky 2001), accept that mass media is the major factor that influence their speech style; (ii) Spanish youth use English insertions in their Spanish discourse because they perceive someone who does as being young, modern, a cosmopolitan, a Spanish-English bilingual and someone trendy; (iii) Spanish youngsters use English insertions without being Spanish-English bilinguals; (iv) for the Attitudinal Experiment participants neither a particular speech style nor a sweet type of vice can measure cleverness of a speaker; (v) for the Attitudinal Experiment participants a sweet type of voice together with a particular speech style does matter.

UKRAINIAN TRANSLATIONS OF ENGLISH POETRY IN TERMS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

The relevance of the problem is explained by the fact the Ukrainian language is arising more and more interest in the world nowadays and it’s quite urgent to analyse its possibilities to translate the well-known English poetry. For those who are interested in poetry in their native language and are studying Ukrainian as a foreign one it is both useful and pleasant to make the analysis of the two languages abilities to create an aspect of intercultural communication. Our investigation is based on Emily Dickinson’s poetic works and their Ukrainian translations made by N. Tuchynska, O. Zuyevsky, M. Gablevych, and O. Hrytsenko. The purpose of the research is to identify the possibilities of the Ukrainian language as a target language in poetic translation and to characterize translation finds and losses. Emily Dickinson’s poetry is characterized by the combination of different verse meters in one poem, the special use of punctuation marks, in particular the frequent use of dashes. E. Dickinson’s poems are also distinguished by such stylistic means and techniques as assonance, alliteration, graphon (in the form of capitalization of individual nouns), paradoxes, epithets, metaphors, etc. Different translators resort to different ways of adequate translation. O. Zuyevskyi prefers contextual substitution, grammatical restructuring of sentences, modulation, concretization and domestication, uses archaic Ukrainian vocabulary in order to compensate for the loss of some original lexical units of the official style of speech. O. Hrytsenko tries to reproduce the original syntactic structure, but, resorting to such translational transformations as grammatical substitution, deletion, contextual substitution, addition, and concretization, he loses key stylistic techniques – the author’s paradox, antonomasia, epithets, irony and satire. Anyway in certain cases, due to the combination of various verse meters, the lack of a clear rhythm and the unjustified use of certain vocabulary, the architecture and compositional structure of the verse text are not preserved. We see the prospects of the investigation in creating practical tasks for the advanced level learners of the Ukrainian language to compare the original and the translated text under consideration. Key words: the Ukrainian language, the English language, poetry, translation.

Temporal and spectral characteristics of conversational versus read fricatives in American English.

The present study compares the production of fricatives in conversational versus read speech in American English. The goal is to examine which parameters contribute to the identification of fricatives across the two speech styles. The study surveys over 162 000 fricative tokens from the Buckeye Corpus [Pitt, Johnson, Hume, Kiesling, and Raymond (2005). Speech Commun. 45, 89-95] and the TIMIT Corpus [Zue and Seneff (1996). Recent Research towards Advanced Man-Machine Interface through Spoken Language (Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), pp. 515-525]. A total of 18 different temporal and spectral measures are tested, including segment duration, preceding and following phone duration, spectral moments (at onset, midpoint, and/or offset), spectral peak frequency, etc. Results show that segment duration and midpoint spectral moments make the most prominent contribution to the categorization of fricatives for both speech styles. Spectral measures are more important for conversational speech, whereas duration plays a greater role for read speech. At the same time, the magnitude of the differences across speech styles is often low and many of the observed effects may be attributable to methodological differences across the corpora. Results may indicate that reduction of fricatives in conversational speech is more limited compared to the reduction of other types of speech sounds, such as plosives.

An “asset” rather than “deficit” view of second-language (L2) speech

This talk will present the rationale and empirical foundation for an “asset-” rather than “deficit-based” framework for understanding bilingual speech communication. In this framework, first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) speech are viewed as distinct speech styles each of which is shaped by four interacting sources of influence: (1) the individual talker’s vocal tract and ideolectal speech patterns (“trait” characteristics), (2) the sound structure of the language being spoken (“structural” characteristics), (3) the sound structure of other language(s), if any, in the talker’s repertoire (“repertoire” characteristics), and (4) general patterns of dominant versus non-dominant language function (“mode” characteristics). This “Trait-Structure-Repertoire-Mode” perspective contrasts with “deficit” models of the L1-L2 relationship in which metaphors of vectors (L1 source to L2 target) or filters (L1 filter for L2 production and processing) set up a hierarchy with L1 and L2 as “standard” and “deviant,” respectively. While still acknowledging L1 advantages in communication speed, accuracy, and ease, this perspective emphasizes the confluence of language-general properties (Trait and Mode) and language-specific properties (Structure and Repertoire) for speech production and perception by bilinguals in both/all of their languages.

Corpus-based analysis of honorifics in Korean and its pedagogical implication

Abstract This study explores the speech level shifts from non-honorific to honorific situation by analyzing Korean spoken corpora of conversations between native speakers of Korean through a discourse-analytic framework. Although non-honorific styles (e.g., panmal) are used as frequently as honorific ones (e.g., contaysmal), little attention has been paid to non-honorific expressions in Korean, let alone to the speech level shift between non-honorific and honorific. Analyzing interactions between native speakers of Korean revealed that, depending on the change of their stance in response to the interlocutor’s utterance, speakers dynamically switched their speech levels not only within the boundary of non-honorifics or honorifics, but also across the dichotomous categories, that is, they changed from non-honorific to honorific speech styles. In general, speakers employed the speech level elevation from non-honorific to honorific when indexing a confrontational stance toward a topic and an object, or when upgrading an epistemic stance in naturally occurring interactions. The findings of this study encourage researchers to actively construct and use corpora of authentic/naturalistic conversations to explore the dynamicity of the speech level shift and its functions, which in turn contributes to developing instruction materials that reflect the dynamicity of the Korean honorific system.

Fraseological Units in English Discourse of Mass Media: Functional-Linguistic Analysis

This article is devoted to the study of the way phraseological units function in the English mass-media discourse. The choice of English-language journalistic texts as the object of the study is due to their prevalence and significance in the global information environment, the widespread use of phraseological units and idiomatic vocabulary in the media, as well as the significant pragmatic potential and multifunctionality of English-language phraseological units, which make up the arsenal of means for journalists to perform their key professional tasks. Based on the analysis of modern theoretical sources, the article investigates the issues of the functional and pragmatic nature of phraseological units, while specific empirical material of English-language media illustrates the selected functions of phraseolog- ical units, considered in their relation to the functions of media texts. The study also provides the functional analysis of the problems and features of the use of phraseological units. In addition, the author pays special attention to the connection of English-language phraseological units with the linguocultural worldview of native speakers, as well as the main characteristic features of the journalistic style of speech. The study confirms that most phraseological units are aimed at performing several tasks simultaneously within one text. Their use allows the producer of the mass-media discourse to bring the media text closer to the work of art in terms of style and language, providing it with emotional and evaluational information, to make the text more fascinating for the reader, to succinctly and convincingly express the thoughts and emotions of the journalist in relation to the subject described, as well as to convey various elements of a certain nation’s culture to the recipient.

‘Charging’ a Confirmation Sermon with Suspense

Abstract The feeling of boredom during a speech is not a new phenomenon, but in a late modern information society this challenge is intensified. This article explores what sort of rhetorical opening strategy which may ‘charge’ a sermon with an appropriate suspense to help the congregation to remain attentive throughout the sermon. The article analyses a selective, digital sample of video recorded confirmation sermons from Church of Norway confirmation services in 2020. Drawing on theories on suspense, attention, and boredom, the article uses classical rhetorical theory on the different styles of speech to suggest three possible rhetorical opening strategies for a preacher who wants to ‘charge’ a (confirmation) sermon with a relevant suspense, that of the teacher, the poet, and the prophet.

SPEECH STYLE USED IN JOKO WIDODO’S SPEECH

The current study aimed at finding out the types of speech style in Joko Widodo’s speech using the theory of Martin Joos, (1967). The study was a qualitative descriptive method. The data taken were Joko Widodo’s speeches in two different events, mainly at MPR Annual Meeting and IMF annual meeting. Due to fact that the speeches were in form of utterances gained from two videos and its scripts as referential source of data, this study referred to a research by documentation technique. This technique was administered to gather all speech events gained by reading the scripts to find out Joko Widodo’s speech style. The results of this study indicate that there are five types of speech style found in Joko Widodo’s speeches, namely frozen style, consultative style, casual style, and intimate style. In two different speeches, Joko Wido do tends to mostly use frozen style in his speech here by Joko Widodo speech in very formal situation in his speeches than other types of speech style.

Corpus-Based Analysis of the Feminine Style of Kamala Harris' Discourse: Women (Not Men) Are the Backbone of America's Democracy and Economy

Few studies analyzed the political discourse of the American Vice President Kamala Harris, especially during the presidential elections and her position as the American Vice President. This paper investigates the political discourse of Harris in a corpus-based study of 40 speeches (82,268) words, from 13 October, 2020 to 10 May, 2022. It examines whether Harris' speeches draw on "the feminine style" of political speeches as envisaged by Campbell (1989), Dow and Tonn (1993), and Blankenship and Robson (1995). Qualitative and quantitative analysis will be used. The quantitative analysis will use the Antconc Software to investigate the frequency of certain lexical items related to females such as woman, women, female(s), girl(s), lady, ladies, mother(s), and mom(s), inter alia. Moreover, the frequency of the first-person and third-person pronouns I, we are investigated to examine whether Harris shares her life experience and inspect whether she uses inclusive language. The qualitative and quantitative analysis shows that the political discourse of the Vice President draws on the feminine style of political speeches, such as constructing a political stance based on genuine experience, dedication to addressing women's issues in the political arena, promoting inclusiveness and realizing that actual achievements are required for leadership positions and highlighting that in her political discourse, which is in line with the observations of Campbell (1989), Dow and Tonn (1993), and Blankenship and Robson (1995).

Обучение научному стилю речи в практике преподавания профессионально-ориентированного иностранного языка студентам направления "Международные отношения"

The purpose of this study is to reveal the features of the formation of professional competence in the classroom in a foreign (French) language in a modern university. The article focuses on the characteristics of the main methods and techniques of working with students in the direction of "International Relations" in the framework of their mastery of a professionally oriented block of a foreign language. Scientific novelty lies in identifying the most effective methods and forms of work with future specialists in the field of diplomacy in the process of teaching the scientific style of a foreign language. As a result, the authors give methodological recommendations on the formation of knowledge and skills in the field of professional foreign language competence of students studying in the direction of "International Relations" their ability to implement communication in French within the framework of the scientific style of speech.