Speech Style Research Articles

Verbless predicative structures in Persian paroemias

Many books and articles are devoted to Persian phraseology, but insuffi cient attention has been paid to the description and classification of verbless sentences. Among all sentential idioms, proverbs, sayings and other figurative statements are of great interest. The purpose of this work is to describe the most common types of verbless sentential idioms, their syntactic and semantic structures and patterns of functioning. The structures of verbless sentences (VS) that form Persian proverbs are based on ellipsis. The elimination of the verb enhances the style of statements. The language of paroemias becomes more capacious. Combined with other means, such as use of archaic lexemes and their obsolete forms, this achieves an antique stylization. The deviation of the style of proverbs from the style of everyday speech attracts the addressee’s attention. Some nominal parts of speech possess inherent predicativity and therefore do not combine with other predicative units, such as personal forms of the verb. The majority of bipartite phraseological units oppose the first judgment to the second. Within complex judgments, the components are most often connected asyndetically or with the enclitical conjunction -o ‘and’. In many polypredicative paroemias, the first clause contains a finite verb, and the subsequent ones are elliptical sentences with an omitted verb. The copula is usually omitted in all clauses. A number of verbless sentences in paroemias are distinguished by the emphatic word order, with the attribute preceding its head. Most of the sayings, from the point of view of information structure, refer to the situation as a whole and therefore are thetic sentences with a non-inherent topic and the given which is expressed in a preliminary context.

A New Speech Encoder Based on Dynamic Framing Approach

Latent information is difficult to get from the text in speech synthesis. Studies show that features from speech can get more information to help text encoding. In the field of speech encoding, a lot of work has been conducted on two aspects. The first aspect is to encode speech frame by frame. The second aspect is to encode the whole speech to a vector. But the scale in these aspects is fixed. So, encoding speech with an adjustable scale for more latent information is worthy of investigation. But current alignment approaches only support frame-by-frame encoding and speech-to-vector encoding. It remains a challenge to propose a new alignment approach to support adjustable scale speech encoding. This paper presents the dynamic speech encoder with a new alignment approach in conjunction with frame-by-frame encoding and speech-to-vector encoding. The speech feature from our model achieves three functions. First, the speech feature can reconstruct the origin speech while the length of the speech feature is equal to the text length. Second, our model can get text embedding from speech, and the encoded speech feature is similar to the text embedding result. Finally, it can transfer the style of synthesis speech and make it more similar to the given reference speech.

Topical issues of studying the scientific style in the school course of the Russian language

Long-term studies in the field of mastering functional speech styles by schoolchildren testify to the insufficient formation of their skills related to the perception of a scientific text (listening, reading) and, moreover, the ability to process scientific information (composing a scientific text based on the information receptively received). The presented article discusses topical issues of studying the scientific style of speech in primary school in accordance with the Model Program in the Russian Language 2021. The objectives of the study, the basics of the content of the section are determined, the skills formed in the process of teaching the scientific style of speech are characterized. Special attention is paid to working with texts of the scientific and educational style, the functional and semantic types of scientific and educational texts are highlighted, examples of reasoning are given, and the skills of students formed in the process of studying the scientific style of speech are characterized. The article uses traditional research methods: analysis of linguistic and methodological sources on the stated topic, generalization of the content of the Exemplary Program in the Russian Language.

Межъязыковая трансформация в турецком языке в текстах культуры (о новом переводе «Евгения Онегина» А.С. Пушкина)

The article presents the results of the work of the School for a Young Translator, carried out on the initiative of the Institute of the Russian Language of the P. Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University together with the representative office of Rossotrudnichestvo in Ankara and the Ankara University of Social Sciences. Within the framework of the school, interactive lectures were given on the general theory of translation, on translation as a process of interlingual transformation, on the types of translation transformations and intertextual connections of the original text, on the linguacultural background knowledge of the translator and the theory of lacunization. During practical classes, students were offered a questionnaire for determining intercultural connotations, created on the basis of the developments of Yu.A. Sorokin, as well as poems by A.A. Feta and short poems by Can Yucel and Aziz Nesin for independent translation from Russian into Turkish and from Turkish into Russian, respectively.The main event in the work of the school was the presentation of a new translation of the novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”. The translator of the novel, philologist and writer Sabri Gürses spoke about the difficulties of translating Russian poetry into Turkish, about the importance of knowing the general cultural, historical and literary background for creating any translated literary text. One of the main tasks of the translation of “Eugene Onegin” is to preserve the language of A.S. Pushkin as a complex stylistic system, which includes not only all the styles of speech of that era, but also book-archaic phrases and Old Slavonicisms, therefore the Turkish language of his translation should include all these styles and correspond to the speech image of the characters.

Scientific Style of Speech in Teaching Russian as a Foreign Language: General and Specific

The article deals with the dynamic process of mastering the scientific style of speech at the all stages of teaching Russian as a foreign language in universities of different profi les. The tendency towards the rapid growth of terminological vocabulary in all languages of the world is noted, with reference to significant facts from the history of the development of scientific style of speech worldwide and in Russia. It shows the transformations it has undergone, changing over time just as the language itself changes. The similarity of scientific descriptions in different languages is emphasised, and the sources and factors influencing the formation of the learner’s scientific consciousness are analysed. The role of language training in the process of studying the stylistic nature of language is revealed, and the linguodidactic potential of working with a scientific text through the triad “lexicon — construction — text” is described. Recommendations are given on ways to expand the traditional set of constructions at all stages of training and text selection, and the author’s “rule of four T’s” is substantiated. Types of exercises are provided, such as creating a plan, a reference scheme, assembling a coherent whole from paragraphs, performing compression, “anti-compression”, etc. The pedagogical experiment is described, which allowed answering the question: how do changes occur in mastering the fundamentals of scientific style in the Russian language among foreign students of different profiles? It is concluded that the scientific text, due to the uniqueness of sets of language formulas and patterns, becomes a powerful tool for understanding professional module disciplines. Working with scientific style allows the teacher to prepare the student for professional communication and contributes to the development of skills in using scientific style in oral and written forms.

Лингвопереводческие особенности интернациональной лексики военной тематики

Introduction. In the military domain, the interpreter plays a very important role, since it is the interpreter, who sometimes determines an adequate assessment of the situation, as well as awareness of the enemy’s plans. The meanings of words encountered in everyday communication may be quite different in military texts, and therefore the translator is required to be well trained in military translation. The relevance of this research lies in the study of the specifics of international military vocabulary. When translating military texts, the translator encounters internationalisms related to the names and tactical and technical characteristics of weapons and equipment. Military translation requires the utmost precision of concepts while preserving informativeness. Covering the problems of translation of internationalisms and «translator’s false friends» allow us to reveal the peculiarities of their functioning in the texts on military topics and to determine the ways of their translation. Materials and methods. In the work such methods were used as a component analysis to establish the semantic components of the lexical units, a comparative-comparative analysis, which involves comparing the contextual units as a result of analyzing the German and Russian language materials, the method of continuous sampling and quantitative calculations, descriptive-analytical, contextual analysis methods, which constitute a comprehensive method of text interpretation. The material of the study was an online dictionary of concepts and terms of the German armed forces, presented on the specialized German-language Internet site of the German armed forces. Analysis. The compositional structure of a military text is determined by its volume and genre. Military-technical texts include various kinds of instructions on types of military equipment and weapons, descriptions of new weapon models and instructions on the operation of equipment. These texts are characterized by such features as the presence of military-technical terminology of the narrow field of military affairs, the presence of pictures, drawings, diagrams, neutral tone of narration. Results. Military texts are a kind of official-business style of speech, characterized by the prescriptive-duty character of speech, its non-personal nature, accuracy, logic, objectivity, clarity, formality, stereotyping, concreteness, generalization, rigor, as well as a special set of clichés and terms. In the texts on military subjects’ various types of internationalisms are widely represented: single-word names, abbreviations, nominative word combinations, term elements. The advantage of the international vocabulary is its brevity and ease of use, its translation by transliteration or transcription, in most cases also its unambiguity.

POLITENESS AS A WAY TO ENCOURAGE CONVERSATION

The empirical material is the novel of the German-speaking writer B. Schirmer Schlehweins Giraffe. The research focuses on speech strategies and tactics of politeness as one of the components of verbal communication addressed to the Giraffe. Recorded in a text, the model of verbal and non-verbal behavior of a person, the author, trying to encourage a conversation with an animal is analysed. The category of politeness, thus, appears in a single discursive space with the direction. The relevance of the study is explained by the communicative and pragmatic approach applied to the analysis of speech addressed to an animal. The narrator treats the animal with great care. He also asks various questions to the Giraffe as he believes the Giraffe is able to communicate. However, the author fails to establish communication. The Giraffe is silent. The narrator uses directive linguistic means in the colloquial style of speech: brief questions, accentual particles, lexical and syntactic repetitions, appeals to the Giraffe and so on. The author-narrator repeatedly corrects his verbal behavior, uses various strategies, but, eventually, comes to the conclusion, that the Giraffe is incoherent. Finding herself in a usual natural environment, the Giraffe unexpectedly reproduces a phrase which belongs to the group of precedent texts, to the surprise of the narrator. The narrator understands the reasons for the Giraffe’s persistent silence. The communicative strategy of the author-narrator changes, his speech becomes rude and impolite. Thus, the language material illustrates the widest spectrum of politeness pragmatics and deviations from this speech strategy.

Fellow or foe? A quantitative thematic exploration into Putin’s and Trump’s stylometric features

Thematic concentration, a quantitative linguistic method, can reflect the speech style of a particular person. It may, to some degree, reflect the degree of a speaker’s intention to communicate certain themes. There has been limited empirical research on the similarity between Trump and Putin with respect to their linguistic features. Thus, the present study aims to compare Putin’s and Trump’s stylometric features and political themes based on thematic concentration with a corpus of Putin’s, Medvedev’s, Trump’s, and Obama’s speeches. Results show that 1) Both Putin’s and Trump’s speeches’ thematic concentration values are significantly or marginally significantly different from their precedents’. 2) Two leaders pay great attention to the concept of nationalism. 3) Thematic words of their speeches were slightly different across periods, reflecting the influence of external factors on the choice of language. The results of the present study may shed light on the stylometric studies of Putin and Trump.

СТЕНДАП-КОМЕДИЯ КАК МЕДИЙНАЯ СРЕДА САМОРЕАЛИЗАЦИИ СИЛЬНОЙ ДИСКУРСИВНОЙ ЛИЧНОСТИ

The article is devoted to the cognitive study of one of the new genres of modern humorous media discourse - stand-up comedy. The purpose of the work is to consider the features of this media genre, to identify conceptually significant objects of reality represented in creative practices, to establish typical ways of their evaluative conceptualization. The use of the method of discourse analysis of video content with stand-up comedies made it possible to establish the following conceptually significant objects of reality interpreted in a comic way: family relations, characteristic features of life in different countries and cities, problems of gender relations, people's appearance, health, everyday problems, communicative situations. As a result of the analysis of the facts of the Russian-language stand-up presented on the YouTube media platform we identified various creative communicative practices: reducing the situation to an absurdity or paradox, self-irony, hyperbolization, indirect evaluative characterization of the object of ridicule by referring to precedent phenomena and others. A comedian can be attributed to a strong discursive personality, who is distinguished by the cognitive ability to explicate in speech the general presuppositional fund of the audience to create such a stage image that the public will like and who will be able to cause an emotional reaction. In self-realization, a stand-up comedian skillfully uses presuppositional knowledge about what facts, situations, and speech style arouse public interest and lead to a pragmatic effect. The results obtained can be used in research on cognitive pragmatics, included in the study of modern humorous media discourse.

COMMUNICATION PECULIARITIES OF POLITIZED COMMUNITIES IN RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE TELEGRAM CHANNELS

The article presents the results of the analysis of the features of political communication in the Telegram Russian-speaking political communities. Popular Russian-language political Telegram channels with a stable audience have been analyzed. When conducting the study, the case study method was used. The author proves that the traditional five-component model of political communication, developed by G. Lasswell in the 1940s, is preserved in online network communication. The author takes the position that political online communication, having received some new and strengthened the traditional characteristics of offline political communication, cannot be considered something radically different and fundamentally new. An author's typology of politicized telegram channels is proposed in terms of the dominant expert or manipulative function, the positioning model of the channel's authorship, and also taking into account such criteria as the style of the message, the presence / absence of feedback, the format of communication between the audience and the author of the posts. It is shown that the “one to many” communication model is of limited use in the Telegram messenger. Strategies for constructing the information part of telegram-channel messages are revealed. Additional metrics have been introduced to measure "digital creolized political content". The consequences of changing the paradigm adopted in the classical model of political informing the audience and strengthening such characteristics as text manipulativeness, emotiveness, expressiveness, illogicality / incoherence, ideological, syncretism, emotional pathos, eccentricity, rhetorical simplicity, efficiency, gamification of information, interactivity, instantaneous criticism, immediacy of comments. Examples of the use in popular politicized Internet channels of such techniques as "digital demagoguery", reduced speech style, theatricalization, scenario performances, manipulative creativity, the use of images of fake characters, clickbaiting are given.

Use of Stimulus Variation Skill in Teaching Health Education

This study has assessed the state of knowledge about stimulus variation skills and practical classroom use among college-level health education teachers. Using a qualitative phenomenological study design, the researchers collected data from health education teachers teaching master's health education in Dolakha, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Chitwan districts. Eighteen health education teachers participated in in-depth qualitative interviews, nineteen teachers' classes were observed, and 4 focus group discussions including 26 teachers were conducted. The qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The results found out from this study demonstrated that there was confusion among teachers whether stimulus variation was a motivational skill or it was a matter of pedagogy. It showed that the participants had a little knowledge of purposeful movement inside the class, effective and appropriate use of gestures, change in speech pattern, interaction style, sense channels, postures and many more stimulus variation skills. Some teachers used intentional movement, and a smaller number of teachers used sensory channel changes and postural changes. In this regard, education college teachers need re-orientations on using all six stimulus variation skills.

Rysunek dziecka jako komunikat w diadzie komunikacji wizualnej dorosły- dziecko

The work is an analysis of a visual communication in the adult-child communication field. The main aim of the study was to investigate the communicative potential of children’s drawing. In the first chapter issues of interpersonal communication, styles of speech, communication nishes and child’s artistic development were raised. Moreover, the role of the use of a non-verbal message in the communication process of an adult and a child was emphasized. The second chapter focuses on the issues of culture and visual communication, presents contemporary examples of the usage of high art in mass culture. The analysis of the role of a child’s drawing in the act of communication in the family, carried out in chapter three, showed that children are able to communicate perfectly with their parents not only through words, and parents (especially mothers) are aware of the potential of the content conveyed.

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTISM CHILDREN IN ISLAMIC PSYCHOANALYTIC TREATMENT (Case Study at Southeast Sulawesi Autism Service Center)

Symptoms of autism, in general, are usually detected at the age of children who have not reached three years old, with varying levels in each child, ranging from mild to severe symptoms. These symptoms include constant difficulty in socializing, communicating and interacting with others verbally, difficulty in using and understanding language, and inability in using body language to convey meaning. Therefore, even though they have reached the age when speech development should occur, the children are unable to establish conversations or interactions with other people. Children with autism tend to repeat words or phrases spoken by others without forming their speech style and not developing their language skills. The objectives to be achieved in this study were to describe the language development problems of autistic children who were currently under psychoanalytic treatment at Kendari Autism Service Center and the factors that influenced them. The research findings showed that the language development abilities of autistic children in the phonological form in obtaining vowel sounds and diphthongs were good. However, they were still lacking in obtaining consonants. More practice was needed so that they could pronounce perfect phonemes. Meanwhile, autistic children in Kendari's autistic service could master nouns with more numbers than verbal and adjectives in lexicon skills. However, the phonological process that occurred in autistic children was very slow. This happened because they were sometimes like deaf people who could not hear what people were talking about. If called, they did not want to turn around. They also did not focus on interacting with other people. For example, he would answer if he was being spoken to, but his gaze was not on the person spoken to. Almost more than half of autistic children were unable to speak well. Their speech proned to be echolalia, literal, lack rhythm, lack vowels in the word produced, replacing or removing consonants contained in a word.

Stage Speech Training in Producing English Plays in Ukraine

The purpose of the article. The article is devoted to the study of stage speech, in the professional field of acting that has to correspond to the innovative nature of science in the XXI century. The ways of creating new communicative means of applying stage speech trainings on the basis of Internet resources, audio and video materials, original scripts and their translations, namely Simon Stephens’s play after Mark Haddon’s novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, are observed and analysed. The research methodology is based on the application of chronological method to research different stages of stage speech training, comparative method to conduct the comparative analysis, typological method to reveal the factors and determine the features of this process, as well as theoretical method to draw conclusions and develop further recommendations. Scientific novelty. The theoretical background and practical examining of the original theatrical literature is considered the main source of the latest information of a special nature. Conclusions. Problems of stage speech technique in modern acting in general, including Ukraine, need further consideration, understanding, and thorough research. The conditions for the functioning of language in the theatre are to be relevant to the requirements of stage practice that it is worth talking about a kind of separate stage style of speech. Actors use their voice to project external emotions, combining it with body movements to interpret the text and to present the story. Therefore, the voice cannot be seen as an isolated skill, but as a skill that requires coordination of the whole body. The Artistic director of the Lesya Ukrayinka theatre M. Reznikovych and K. Kashlikov, Director of the play, say that it is a great responsibility, and, most importantly, the opportunity to find the equivalent that could interest the Ukrainian audience. It seems that getting acquainted, as well as the use of exercises in the language of the original, can bring actors closer to understanding the author's idea, and the director to bring the atmosphere of the original and to adapt the original to the Ukrainian audience. The given examples of complexity of translation testify that actors are faced a multitasking work of reproduction of the idea on the scene. Each character represents the character in the stage language for more than two hours on a scene. Without stage speech training, this is almost impossible. Some of the best exercises for stage speech training were presented. Key words: stage speech trainings, voice, body, breathing, diction, rhythm, youth vocabulary, translation, Ukrainian audience

Speech Style Used by the Dolan Twins towards Family and Friends in Their YouTube Videos

Speech Style Used by the Dolan Twins towards Family and Friends in Their YouTube Videos

Gaya Bahasa dalam Antologi Puisi “Perjamuan Khong Guan” Karya Joko Pinurbo Kajian Stilistika

The purpose of this study was to describe the language style, meaning, and figure of speech contained in the book collection of poetry Perjamuan Khong Guan by Joko Pinurbo. The research approach used in this research is a descriptive qualitative approachThe data collection techniques used in this study were literature techniques and note-taking techniques in the form of words, phrases, lines, and poetry stanzas. The results of this study indicate that there are rhetorical and figurative language styles from the 10 poems that the researcher took. The style of language that often appears or is dominantly used in the collection of poetry Perjamuan Khong Guan by Joko Pinurbo is a figurative language style. The style of language is dominated by the use of language styles consisting of personification and metaphorical figure of speech.

INFORMAL VOCABULARIES IN INDONESIAN

This research concerns about the Indonesian informal vocabularies compared to their formal equivalents regarding their forms and semantic characteristics. Using data collected from Indonesian Big Dictionary, it is found that in spite of vocabularies which are specifically used for serving informal speech styles, there are also ones that are modified from their formal counterparts through various phonological processes, such as deletion, addition, and substitution. Meanwhile, with regard to their socio-semantic characteristics, the informal vocabularies can be foreign, local, and polysemic (secondary meaning, onomatopoeic, and slangy) variation of their formal equivalents.

Mandarin lexical tone duration: Impact of speech style, word length, syllable position and prosodic position

This study aims to increase our knowledge of Mandarin lexical tone duration in continuous Mandarin speech. Related variation factors such as the number of syllable(s) in word, the position of syllable in word, its prosodic position and speech style were also explored. Large corpora of casual and journalistic speech (total ∼1000 hours) were used. More than 90% of the words (tokens) used in spoken Mandarin are monosyllabic and disyllabic words. In casual speech, 67% of the wordtokens are monosyllabic and 30% of the word-tokens are disyllabic. In journalistic speech, however, disyllabic words (49%) are more frequently used than monosyllabic words (45%). Tone 4 is the most frequently used tone among the four lexical tones in both casual (34%) and journalistic (36%) speech. Tone 1, Tone 2 and Tone 3 have similar occurrence frequencies in causal speech. Tone 3 appears to be the least frequently used tone in journalistic speech. With regard to tone duration, the results show that Tone 2 tends to have the shortest duration in causal speech and Tone 3 appears to have the longest duration in journalistic speech. Nonetheless, the studied variation factors (number of syllable(s) in word, position of syllable in word and prosodic position) are all found to influence the duration of Mandarin lexical tones, for both causal speech and journalistic speech. Tone durations in monosyllabic words appear to be closer to those of word-final syllables than to other syllable positions in multi-syllabic words. In terms of prosodic position, tone duration tends to increase with higher prosodic level in both casual and journalistic speech. Regardless of tone nature and speech style, the longest tone duration is in phrase-final position, followed by word-final and then word-medial position. Regional variety for tone duration is explored using casual speech productions from speakers of five major cities of North and South-East China, namely Beijing, Shanghai, Wuxi, Suzhou and Nanjing.

Voice2Face: Audio‐driven Facial and Tongue Rig Animations with cVAEs

AbstractWe present Voice2Face: a Deep Learning model that generates face and tongue animations directly from recorded speech. Our approach consists of two steps: a conditional Variational Autoencoder generates mesh animations from speech, while a separate module maps the animations to rig controller space. Our contributions include an automated method for speech style control, a method to train a model with data from multiple quality levels, and a method for animating the tongue. Unlike previous works, our model generates animations without speaker‐dependent characteristics while allowing speech style control. We demonstrate through a user study that Voice2Face significantly outperforms a comparative state‐of‐the‐art model in terms of perceived animation quality, and our quantitative evaluation suggests that Voice2Face yields more accurate lip closure in speech with bilabials through our speech style optimization. Both evaluations also show that our data quality conditioning scheme outperforms both an unconditioned model and a model trained with a smaller high‐quality dataset. Finally, the user study shows a preference for animations including tongue. Results from our model can be seen athttps://go.ea.com/voice2face.

Authenticity in language ideology

Abstract Like many marginalized languages, Chanka Quechua (Peru) lacks community-wide prestige norms associated with standard-language ideology. Formal situations require Spanish, and few speakers are literate in Quechua, so normative speech styles are absent. Speakers’ evaluative judgments do not reference notions of correctness; rather, they value puro ‘pure’ speech and authenticity. This paper explores alternative approaches to accessing sociolinguistic judgments with a study of the variably present uvular phoneme in the past tense /–rqa/ morpheme, as exemplified in the following alternation: (1) ri-r q a-ni ~ ri-ra-ni go-pst-1sg go-pst-1sg ‘I went’ ‘I went’ To contrast speech from sociolinguistic interviews, careful, self-monitored speech is elicited through oral retelling of material presented aurally, rather than in writing. Of 38 participants, rural speakers tend to have higher rates of /q/ than urbanites and reflect idealized puro Quechua. We argue that authenticity guides variation, in place of standard language ideology.