Study Of Urinary Excretion Research Articles

The Use of Urinary Estriol Excretion Studies in the Assessment of the High-Risk Pregnancy

The Use of Urinary Estriol Excretion Studies in the Assessment of the High-Risk Pregnancy

Metabolism, excretion and biological availability of 4‘-chloro-2-ethylaminopropiophenone

Abstract After oral administration of 4′-chloro-2-ethylaminopropiophenone to man, unchanged drug and the de-ethylated, reduced and reduced deethylated compounds were found in urine. Comparative urinary excretion studies after the oral administration of 4′-chloro-2-ethyl-aminopropiophenone in a sustained release form and in single or divided doses indicates that, when kidney tubular reabsorption is minimized, the biological availability of a drug can be followed by examining the excretion of either unchanged drug or metabolites formed quickly and directly from the administered drug.

Familial progressive myoclonic epilepsy (Unverricht-Lundborg syndrome in five Valaisian families). A contribution to the research of its metabolic origin through the study of urinary excretion of mucopolysaccharides

SUMMARYAfter a historical review of the problem of progressive myoclonic epilepsy, the author makes a detailed clinical and genetic description of 5 families from the Valais canton, affected with the disease. The metabolic disturbances observed in these cases (urinary elimination of mucopolysaccharides) are given particular attention. The author further discusses the various classifications of myoclonic epilepsy which were established on the basis of clinical symptomatology, electroencephalographic tracings, pathological anatomy and biochemical findings.

Hemmung der Hydroxylierung von Arzneimitteln in vivo unter �thanolbelastung

In the rat, the pharmacokinetic behaviour of phenazone and aminophenazone (amidopyrine) is changed after administration of ethanol (3.2 ml/kg, p.o.). Urinary excretion studies show a biphasic effect on the elimination of certain metabolites formed by N-demethylation and C-hydroxylation.

A study of urinary excretion of parathyroid hormone in man.

A procedure for bioassaying parathyroid hormone-like activity in human urine has been developed. 24-hr urine samples were concentrated with dry Sephadex G-25 and bioassayed in the young thyroparathyrocauterized mouse by the measurement of whole blood calcium. Recovery of biological activity and radioiodinated beef parathyroid hormone was over 80%. Normal subjects usually excreted less than 30 U (USP) of activity per day while 18 patients with proven primary hyperparathyroidism excreted a mean of 182 U/day (USP). The activity was not found in 7 patients with hypoparathyroidism or in 5 patients with carcinoma of the breast, but was present in 9 patients with uremia and in 5 with carcinoma of the lung and hypercalcemia.

Absorption of fluoride through the oral mucosa of rats

The oral cavity of rats was isolated by means of ligating the oesophagus. Blood was withdrawn from one group of rats via a carotid catheter and the plasma fluoride concentration was determined before and for 2 hr after the application of sodium fluoride or sodium chloride solutions to their oral mucosa. A marked rise in the plasma fluoride level was noted with the maximum concentration reached within 30–60 min. A second group of rats was used for urinary excretion studies. Urine was collected for 24 hr prior to surgery and the application of the test solutions and for 24 hr after. These animals also had their tracheas cannulated. The amount of urinary fluoride for the 24 hr period was 6–7-fold greater in the fluoride-treated rats than that in the saline controls. The study indicated that fluoride ions from sodium fluoride solutions can be absorbed through rat oral mucosa, but probably at a relatively slow rate.

Fertility inhibition by an injectable progestogen acting for 3 months. A clinical survey of 130 fertile women treated with norethisterone enanthate.

Intramuscular injections of an oily suspension of 200 mg of norethisterone enanthate were given to 130 young fertile healthy women at 3-month intervals; most were treated for more than a year with the average 17.6 months. 46 began the injections within 30 days postpartum. Physical and pelvic examinations and a Papanicolaou smear were performed at the beginning and repeated every 12 months. Amenorrhea or irregular uterine bleeding were the most troublesome side effects and the most frequent cause for the 25% dropout rate. Accessory oral estrogens were added for 5-7 days of each month to relieve these symptoms. On a selected group vaginal cytology cervical mucus and Huhner-Sims postcoital tests were done along with an endometrial biopsy and urinary pregnanediol excretion studies. Changes in cervical mucus interfering with sperm survival and ascent were noted. The endometrial histology was normal in 17 biopsies with iatrogenic changes in 64 specimens. There were 3 pregnancies 2.3% in 2300 treated months. No major changes were observed in libido or orgasm. The inhibition of fertility is rapidly reversible upon discontinuing therapy. In 5 or 6 women undergoing laparotomy while in therapy no signs of ovulation or corpus luteum formation were found. In one operated on during the fourth month after the last injection a recent corpus luteum was found.

WILMS' TUMOR AND CONGENITAL HEMIHYPERTROPHY: REPORT OF FIVE NEW CASES AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Among 225 patients with Wilms' tumor seen at the Children's Cancer Research Foundation in Boston, 7 had congenital hemihypertrophy (a frequency of 1:32), bringing to 26 the number of cases reported in the literature with this association. In one child the cytogenetic study of leukocyte cultures revealed elongation of the long arms of both No. 16 chromosomes; each parent and two of four siblings had a similar anomaly affecting one chromosome of pair 16. Dermatoglyphics on this patient and three others in the series were unremarkable, as were studies of urinary gonadotropin excretion. From a review of all cases reported with Wilms' tumor and hemihypertrophy, little was found to indicate a relationship to other disorders, such as Silver's syndrome or neurofibromatosis, in which hemihypertrophy has been described. A role of inheritance was suggested in our series by one patient who had a sibling with hemihypertrophy, the seventh reported familial occurrence of this congenital defect. From the sparse evidence available, it would appear that the origins of hemihypertrophy are heterogeneous and include genic, chromosomal, and other factors which are presently obscure. The association between hemihypertrophy and Wilms' tumor may reflect common etiologic factors or a pre-neoplastic anlage in "hemihypertrophic" kidneys. Since hemihypertrophy seems to be related also to childhood neoplasms originating in the adrenal cortex and liver, further research on this anomaly should enhance our understanding of oncogenic mechanisms.

Estimation of conjugated epinephrine and norepinephrine in urine.

Abstract Improved hydrolytic and analytical techniques show that more epinephrine, and norepinephrine is excreted in conjugate form than has previously been reported. An improved, relatively simple analytical procedure is described for these conjugates. It is shown that diet, apart from bananas, has little influence on the excretion of the conjugates. It is suggested that the estimate of conjugated epinephrine and norepinephrine be included in all urinary excretion studies of catecholamine metabolites in which comprehensive metabolic patterns are to be determined. The assay may be of special value when the differential effect of exogenous substances on norepinephrine and epinephrine metabolism is under investigation and in the study of the effect of pharmacological agents interfering with the ordinary pathways of catecholamine metabolism.

A method for the evaluation of some oral prolonged-release forms of dexamphetamine in man, using urinary excretion data

Abstract ALTHOUGH urinary excretion studies (Campbell, Nelson & Chapman, 1959; Chapman, Shenoy & Campbell, 1959; Shenoy, Chapman & Campbell, 1959) have been used as a technique to evaluate prolonged-release dosage forms of amphetamine, the significance of the results is in doubt because of the use of non-specific assay methods and the failure to control urinary pH. The use of radioactive material has indicated the similarity between a dose of 5 mg amphetamine three times a day and a 15 mg prolonged release preparation (Rosen, Tannenbaum, Ellison, Free & Crosley, 1965).

Urinary Iron Excretion and Renal Metabolism of Hemoglobin in Hemolytic Diseases

AbstractQuantitative and qualitative studies of urinary iron excretion were performed in 12 patients with hemolytic disease and in one normal subject given an intravenous infusion of hemoglobin. In 9 patients with significant intravascular hemolysis, increased urinary excretion of nonhemoglobin iron was observed with amounts as high as 10.75 mg. pen 24 hours. In 7 of 8 patients in whom fractions of the urinary iron were studied, the majority of the iron was in the sediment (hemosiderin). Ferritin was demonstrated in the urine by immunologic and electrophoretic technics and accounted for a significant percentage of iron excreted. In several patients, day-night variations in hemolysis were associated with parallel fluctuations in iron excretion.The results were analyzed in relation to current concepts of glomerular clearance and renal tubular metabolism of hemoglobin. The significance to body iron balance of the massive "iron diuresis" occurring in some of these patients was discussed.

Quantitative Studies of Urinary Excretion of Chlorpromazine Metabolites in Chronically-Dosed Psychiatric Patients

A method was developed for the routine assay of conjugated and unconjugated chlorpromazine metabolites in human urine. The method could be adapted to excretion studies of related drugs, e.g., other phenothiazines and imipramine derivatives. The unconjugated drug metabolites were extracted from alkaline urine into dichloromethane and assayed spectroscopically in 50 per cent sulfuric acid at 530mμ. The conjugated chlorpromazine metabolites were determined after passing a sample of urine through an ion-exchange resin to remove the unconjugated metabolites and contaminating endogenous urinary constituents. The eluate was made up to 50 per cent sulfuric acid content, and drug metabolites estimated spectroscopically at 550mμ. The total urinary drug excretion of 15 chronic mental patients receiving chlorpromazine in doses of 100 to 1400mg. per day, varied from 21.1 to 70 per cent of the daily dose. The conjugated drug metabolites formed the major fraction of urinary metabolites. The ratio of conjugated to unconjugated drug metabolites ranged from 2.1 to 11.

Serum uric acid levels in normal pregnancy with observations on the renal excretion of urate in pregnancy.

Serum uric acid estimations were performed in 106 healthy pregnant women during early, middle, and late pregnancy, using an automated colorimetric method. The mean serum uric acid level was significantly lower during early and middle pregnancy than that of 64 age-matched female controls. The serum uric acid level was not significantly different in late pregnancy from the control group. Studies of the daily urinary urate excretion in 31 pregnant women showed normal urinary urate excretion in early pregnancy and enhanced renal loss of urate in middle and late pregnancy. It appears that the renal clearance of urate in pregnancy is high, especially in the middle period when the serum level is low in spite of the increased production of uric acid by the foetus.

Some Wax Formulations of Sulfaethylthiadiazole produced by Aqueous Dispersion for Prolonged-release Medication

Drug—wax particles were prepared by pouring heated aqueous solutions of surfactants into melted wax which contained dispersed sulfaethylthiadiazole (SETD). The systems then were slowly cooled to room temperature with stirring. The SETD-wax particles were recovered, washed, dried, and sieved into predetermined mesh size ranges. There appeared to be a direct relationship between drug release rate and average theoretical surface area of the SETD-Glycowax S-932 particles in vitro. This relationship was not seen in the SETD-beeswax particles. The dissolution rates of all the mesh ranges of particles studied seemed to be pseudo first order after the first 15min. of testing. SETD-Glycowax S-932, 50- to 60-mesh particles, showed reasonably good prolonged-release properties in an in vivo urinary excretion study.

The Th 228 Decay Series in Adult Beagles: Ra 224 , Ph 212 , and Bi 212 in Blood and Excreta

The studies to be reported are a part of the long-term studies of the biological effects of Th228 and other radionuclides in adult beagles (1). Since the Th228 decay products, Ra224, Tn220, Pb212, and Bi212, are not completely retained at the sites at which they are formed in the dog, extensive studies of their retention and distribution are needed if estimates of radiation dose rates are to be made. Previously the metabolism in these beagles of the parent nuclide, Th228, over a period of 3.5 years after injection has been described (2). Earlier, Van Dilla et al. (3) reported the translocation of Ra224 during the first few months after injection, and Mays et al. (4) reported the exhalation of Tn220 through 1000 days. This paper gives the results of the measurements of the concentration in blood plasma and the urinary and fecal excretion of Ra224 (3.64-day half-period), and the concentration in blood cells of Pb212 (10.6-hour half-period), through 3.5 years. Also presented are less extensive studies of urinary excretion of Pb212, and urinary excretion and plasma and blood cell concentrations of Bi212 (60.5-minute half-period). From these results estimates of the retentions of these decay products are made.

CLINICAL STUDIES OF STORAGE IRON WITH DESFERRIOXAMINE.

TRANSFUSIONAL hemosiderosis, or secondary hemochromatosis, is a consequence of chronic blood-replacement therapy for refractory anemias.2 Desferrioxamine appears to be the most satisfactory therapeutic agent currently available for the treatment of this iron-overloading complication, but studies of urinary excretion of iron have suggested that the clinical efficacy of desferrioxamine is quite limited3 4 5 except in its application to the treatment of acute iron intoxication.6 , 7 The present report records a markedly elevated fecal excretion of iron during periods of desferrioxamine therapy, suggesting that in the treatment of iron-overloading disorders, this agent may be more clinically useful than prior studies have indicated. Materials and . . .

Copper balance studies during the treatment of patients with Wilson's disease

Copper balance studies on 2 patients with Wilson's disease before and during DL-penicillamine therapy and one normal control without DL-penicillamine showed that in both patients the intestinal copper absorption on a given diet was higher than that of the normal subject. Urinary copper excretion also was elevated in both patients. From the unchanged mean fecal copper excretion it appeared that ingestion of penicillamine had no effect on the intestinal copper absorption; urinary copper excretion was markedly elevated in both patients during penicillamine therapy. In the absence of penicillamine both patients exhibited marked positive copper balances on a daily diet containing less than 2 mg. of total copper. For one patient with Wilson's disease it was estimated that the maximum allowable daily copper intake to avoid a positive copper balance in the absence of binding agents was 0.6 mg. The normal control subject was in balance with a daily intake of 1.2 mg. of copper. These results support those of other workers and emphasize the importance of both a low copper diet and a vigorous copper removal regimen to maintain a significant negative copper balance in Wilson's disease therapy. The usefulness of copper balance studies to evaluate the success of copper removal therapy was discussed and a simplified procedure for estimation of copper balance outlined. Urinary copper excretion studies in one patient extending more than 1 year demonstrated a gradual reduction with time in the effectiveness of the penicillamine-induced cupriuresis. As found by other workers increased dosages of penicillamine were required to maintain a definite negative copper balance.

Absorption and excretion of drugs. XXII. Absorption of isoniazid and its derivatives. (1).

1) The stability of sodium (2-isonicotinoylhydrazino) methanesulfonate in isotonic buffer solutions at 37° was found to be stable at low and relatively unstable at neutral pH regions. 2) The stability of isonicotinoyl hydrazones was found to decrease with lowering pH. The facile degradation of these compounds in the stomach should be taken into cosideration for oral administration. 3) Isoniazid was absorbed poorly from the stomach, and rapidly from the intestine. Sodium (2-isonicotinoylhydrazino)methanesulfonate was absorbed more slowly from the stomach and the intestine. 4) Intestinal absorption patterns of isonicotinoylhydrazones were divided into two groups ; slow and rapid ones. Glucose, lactose, glucuronolactone, and sodium pyruvate isonicotinoylhydrazones were hardly absorbed in intact form whereas furyl methyl ketone isonicotinoylhydrazone was absorbed in intact form to a considerable extent. There was a rough relationship between the degree of absorption of these hydrazones and their lipid/water partition characteristics. 5) The fact that intact hydrazones of slow absorptive group are poorly absorbed was further demonstrated by the urinary excretion study using glucose isonicotinoylhydrazone by humans. 6) Suggestion was obtained to use isonicotinoylhydrazones belonging to rapid absorption group effectively by stabilization of the drug in the gut.

URINARY EXCRETION OF DELTA-5-PREGNENE-3-BETA, 17-ALPHA, 20-ALPHA-TRIOL IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND HYPERSENSITIVE PATIENTS.

A study of urinary excretion of Δ5-pregnenetriol was made in normal subjects and hypertensive patients. Using a procedure previously described by us, the mean excretion of this steroid showed a statistically significant (P < 0.001) mean decrease in groups of patients with essential, renal, and malignant hypertension as compared to normal subjects.

INFLUENCE OF BODY COMPOSITION ON ADRENAL FUNCTION IN OBESITY.

A study of urinary steroid excretion and body composition was undertaken in 40 obese patients. Eleven patients were found to be hyperexcretors on the basis of urinary 17-OHCS levels greater than 10 mg/24 hr. Total body weight, lean body mass and body surface area were significantly different in the 2 groups of obese patients, but no difference of statistical significance between the groups in height, excess fat or creatinine excretion was demonstrated. Resting urinary 17-OHCS levels correlated best with the lean body mass, whereas following ACTH stimulation the best correlation of 17-OHCS excretion was with excess fat and total body weight. No correlation of 17-KS excretion with body composition measurements was found.