Turkish Study Research Articles

Prognostic factors and outcomes of adjuvant and first-line metastatic treatments in melanoma a Turkish oncology group study

Management of melanoma has changed significantly with the discovery of targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Our aim in the study is to determine which treatment alternatives, specifically dabrafenib plus trametinib and ICIs, are effective in adjuvant therapy and which treatment is effective as first-line metastatic therapy. This retrospective, multicenter study included 120 patients diagnosed with stage IIIB-IIID melanoma receiving both adjuvant and first-line metastatic treatment between 2007 and 2023. Data on clinicopathologic characteristics, treatment regimens and outcomes were collected. Objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. Patients treated with dabrafenib plus trametinib as adjuvant therapy had the longest relapse-free survival (RFS) (median: 8.3 months), followed by those treated with interferon (4.1 months) and nivolumab (1.9 months) (p = 0.002). Metastatically, the highest ORR was observed in patients treated with dabrafenib plus trametinib (54.5%), followed by ICI (52.0%) and chemotherapy (33.3%). Similarly, DCR was superior for dabrafenib plus trametinib (86.3%) compared to ICI (70.8%) and chemotherapy (66.6%). Median PFS was 9.7 months (95% CI 7.2–12.2 months) in the whole group. This was 14.3 months (95% CI 9.6–19.0 months) with ICI, 10.3 months (95% CI 4.2–16.4 months) with BRAF/MEK inhibitors and 6.3 months (95% CI 4.7–7.9 months) with chemotherapy, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Dabrafenib plus trametinib showed the longest median OS (53.5 months) in metastatic patients and was significantly better than chemotherapy (33.6 months) (p < 0.001). BRAF V600E mutation, RFS > 6 months, ORR are all independent factors for OS prognosis. In our study, dabrafenib plus trametinib combination was more effective in adjuvant treatment of melanoma, while immunotherapy was more effective in metastatic first-line treatment.

Between Modernization Theory and Orientalism: The Question of Modernity in the Study of Iranian and Turkish Nationalisms

The ongoing gulf between generalist social science disciplines and specialist area studies—where the former is associated with theoretical knowledge and the latter with the secondary role of producing descriptive information—informs the study of Middle Eastern nationalisms. This article’s specific references are to Iranian and Turkish nationalisms. “Theoretical poverty” of their specialized literature partly follows from and arises in response to the subordinate role the area studies are allocated and, equally importantly, how the subfields of Iranian Studies and Turkish Studies have developed within this setting. To demonstrate this claim, the article reviews relevant scholarship regarding the modernity of nations. This comparative analysis reveals that the contrasting ways the question of modernity is answered are a symptom of the differing development trajectories of Iranian and Turkish Studies as branches of Middle East Studies.

Prevalence of neoplasms in acromegaly: a Turkish single-center retrospective study

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of benign and malignant neoplasms and to assess associated clinical conditions in patients with acromegaly. Methods: In this single center, retrospective and observational study, data from 71 patients with acromegaly followed at an endocrinology and metabolism diseases outpatient clinic between January 2010 and December 2023 were reviewed through the hospital's electronic database. Patients' medical histories, demographic data, blood examinations, medications, pituitary MRI scans, thyroid ultrasound, mammography, colonoscopy, endoscopy, and pathology reports were evaluated. Acromegaly diagnosis was based on elevated insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and unsuppressed growth hormone (GH) levels after oral glucose tolerance testing. The chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare patients with malignancy to other patients in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: The study included predominantly female patients (60.6%) with an average age of 55.6 years. The mean age at diagnosis was 44.3±11.3 years, and the mean disease duration was 11.3±8.4 years. Malignancies, including breast, thyroid, and colorectal cancers, were detected in 9.9% of patients. Additionally, thyroid nodules were present in 62% of patients, and colon polyps in 14.1%. No significant differences were observed in clinical features including age, gender, disease duration, GH levels, IGF-1 levels, adenoma size, or remission frequency between patients with and without malignancy (p&gt;0.05 for all). Conclusion: This study reveals an increased prevalence of breast, colon, and thyroid cancers in patients with acromegaly. Performing cancer screenings in patients with acromegaly more comprehensively and at an earlier stage compared to the normal population may be beneficial.

Myopi‐X spectacle lenses vs atropine 0.01% for myopia control: Turkish study

Abstract: The global surge in myopia poses significant health and economic challenges due to associated complications. Current myopia management strategies include atropine eye drops, orthokeratology, special design contact lenses, and myopia‐control spectacle lenses. The Miyopi‐X (Novax®) spectacle lens is a novel peripheral defocus progressive addition lens designed to mitigate myopia progression. This study aims to assess the efficacy of Miyopi‐X spectacle lenses compared to single vision lenses (SV) and atropine 0.01% eye drops in myopia management.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on patients aged 5–18 years. Clinical records of patients using Myopi‐X lenses, SV lenses, and those receiving atropine 0.01% eye drop treatment between September 1, 2022, and September 30, 2023, were reviewed. Primary outcome measures included cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SE) and axial length (AL) measured at baseline and 12 months.Results: The study included 92 patients: 41 in the Myopi‐X group, 25 in the SV group, and 26 in the atropine group. At 12 months, both Myopi‐X and atropine 0.01% groups exhibited significantly less SE progression than SV lenses (p &lt; 0.001). No significant difference in SE change was observed between Myopi‐X and atropine 0.01% (p: 0.90). Similarly, both Myopi‐X and atropine 0.01% groups showed significantly less AL progression than SV lenses at 12 months (p &lt; 0.001). However, pairwise comparisons revealed a significant difference in AL change between Myopi‐X and atropine 0.01% groups (p: 0.02), with atropine 0.01% demonstrating better control over axial elongation compared to Myopi‐X lenses.Conclusions: Miyopi‐X lenses and atropine 0.01% are effective in slowing myopic axial elongation. This study represents the first of its kind conducted on Turkish myopic children/adolescents.References Yam JC, Jiang Y, Tang SM, Law AKP, Chan JJ, Wong E, Ko ST, et al. Low‐Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study: A Randomized, Double‐Blinded, Placebo‐Controlled Trial of 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops in Myopia Control. Ophthalmology. 2019;126:113‐124. Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS et al. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1036‐42.

Myopi‐X spectacle lenses vs atropine 0.01% for myopia control: Turkish study

Abstract: The global surge in myopia poses significant health and economic challenges due to associated complications. Current myopia management strategies include atropine eye drops, orthokeratology, special design contact lenses, and myopia‐control spectacle lenses. The Miyopi‐X (Novax®) spectacle lens is a novel peripheral defocus progressive addition lens designed to mitigate myopia progression. This study aims to assess the efficacy of Miyopi‐X spectacle lenses compared to single vision lenses (SV) and atropine 0.01% eye drops in myopia management.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on patients aged 5–18 years. Clinical records of patients using Myopi‐X lenses, SV lenses, and those receiving atropine 0.01% eye drop treatment between September 1, 2022, and September 30, 2023, were reviewed. Primary outcome measures included cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SE) and axial length (AL) measured at baseline and 12 months.Results: The study included 92 patients: 41 in the Myopi‐X group, 25 in the SV group, and 26 in the atropine group. At 12 months, both Myopi‐X and atropine 0.01% groups exhibited significantly less SE progression than SV lenses (p &lt; 0.001). No significant difference in SE change was observed between Myopi‐X and atropine 0.01% (p: 0.90). Similarly, both Myopi‐X and atropine 0.01% groups showed significantly less AL progression than SV lenses at 12 months (p &lt; 0.001). However, pairwise comparisons revealed a significant difference in AL change between Myopi‐X and atropine 0.01% groups (p: 0.02), with atropine 0.01% demonstrating better control over axial elongation compared to Myopi‐X lenses.Conclusions: Miyopi‐X lenses and atropine 0.01% are effective in slowing myopic axial elongation. This study represents the first of its kind conducted on Turkish myopic children/adolescents.References Yam JC, Jiang Y, Tang SM, Law AKP, Chan JJ, Wong E, Ko ST, et al. Low‐Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study: A Randomized, Double‐Blinded, Placebo‐Controlled Trial of 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops in Myopia Control. Ophthalmology. 2019;126:113‐124. Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS et al. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1036‐42.

Investigation of Physical Education Teachers Emotional Intelligence and Narcissistic Personality Traits Levels

This study aims to examine the emotional intelligence levels and narcissistic personality traits of physical education teachers working in middle schools and high schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in the 2023-2024 academic year in terms of some variables. The universe of the study consists of physical education teachers working in middle and high schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in the 2023-2024 academic year. The sample group consists of 286 physical education teachers, 120 of whom are female and 166 of whom are male, within the research universe and who the researcher could reach. Personal Information Form as a data collection tool in the study: This form includes the gender, age and education levels of the physical education teachers participating in the study. Emotional Intelligence Scale: The ‘’Emotional Intelligence Scale’’ developed by Wong and Law was used. The scale was adapted and developed into Turkish by Sudak (2011). Narcissistic Personality Inventory NPE - 16: The Turkish validity and study was conducted by Salim Atay (2009). The obtained data was analyzed using the SPSS 22 package program. In the analysis of two groups, “T-Test” was used for samples, in the comparative analysis of three or more groups, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used, and in order to determine which groups the differences originated from, Post-Hoc tests were used. In addition, Pearson Correlation Test was applied to determine the relationship between the variables. Findings: Physical education teachers' emotional intelligence levels and narcissistic personality traits do not differ in terms of gender and education level variables, but a statistically significant difference was observed in terms of age variable. It was determined that there was a low positive relationship between physical education teachers' emotional intelligence levels and narcissistic personality traits.

Bevacizumab versus aflibercept with FOLFIRI after FOLFOX and bevacizumab in RAS mutant metastatic colon cancer a Turkish oncology group study

We aimed to compare FOLFIRI and bevacizumab with FOLFIRI and aflibercept in terms of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and safety in patients with RAS-mutant metastatic colon cancer who progressed after first-line FOLFOX or XELOX and bevacizumab treatment. This retrospective study included 243 patients from 15 different centres in Turkey. The endpoints of the study were OS, PFS and safety and side effect outcomes. The median age of the patients included in the study was 60 (21–85) years. Of the patients enrolled in the study, 114 patients (46.9%) received aflibercept and 129 patients (53.1%) received bevacizumab. Median OS was 11.2 (95% CI: 9.1–13.2) months in patients receiving FOLFIRI + aflibercept and 14.1 (95% CI: 11.2–17.1) months in patients receiving FOLFIRI + bevacizumab. The median PFS was 5.7 (95% CI: 4.9–6.5) months in the aflibercept arm and 7.7 (95% CI: 7.1–8.3) months in the bevacizumab arm. Grade 3–4 side effects were observed in 58 (50.9%) patients in the aflibercept arm and 33 (25.6%) patients in the bevacizumab arm. As a result of our study, in patients with metastatic RAS-mutant colon cancer who progressed after first-line oxaliplatin-based doublet chemotherapy and bevacizumab, better OS and PFS results were obtained in patients receiving bevacizumab with FOLFIRI compared to patients receiving aflibercept with FOLFIRI. In addition, the side effect profile was more tolerable in the bevacizumab arm.

The Historical Development and Role of Turkology Centers in the Central Balkans and Their Impact on Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language

Turkish has always been a matter of curiosity and need outside the borders of the Republic of Turkey. Turkology, which investigates Turk- ishness, the Turkish language and dialects, as well as Turkish culture, civilization, and history, started to develop as a discipline in 19th-century Europe before quickly gaining prevalence. The study of Turkish as a scientific language in the Balkan geography started after the Ottoman Empire had withdrawn from these lands. The first Turkology center in the Balkan geography was established at the University of Belgrade, and the primary purpose behind its establishment was the Serbs’ need to know Turkish to be able to understand their own language and cul- ture. After Belgrade, Turkology centers were opened in other Balkan cities such as Sarajevo and Skopje, and various studies were also being carried out. This study aims to reveal the establishment and historical development of Turkology as a branch of science in the central Balkan countries. Alongside the Turkology centers, the study also discusses the history of teaching Turkish as a foreign language (TTFL) in this region by using qualitative research methods. Based on the obtained data, two main reasons are seen to have emerged for Turkology studies to begin in central Balkan countries. The first has been concluded as the need for the Turkish language to carry out more detailed studies on their language and culture. The second is the presence of the indigenous Turkish people living in North Macedonia and Kosovo.

Which factors help to determine the long-term response to first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A Turkish multi-centre study.

Many developing countries lack access to recommended first-line treatments for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) or ICI-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) combinations. As a result, predictive markers are necessary to identify patients who may benefit from single-agent TKIs for long-term response. This study aims to identify such parameters. This was a multi-centre, retrospective study of patients with mRCC who were undergoing first-line treatment with sunitinib or pazopanib. Patients who had been diagnosed with mRCC and had not experienced disease progression for 36 months or more were deemed to have achieved a long-term response. Predictive clinical and pathological characteristics of patients who did not experience long-term disease progression were investigated. A total of 320 patients from four hospitals were included in the study. The median age of the patients was 60 years (range 20-89 years). According to the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) risk classification, 109 patients were classified as having favourable risk and 211 were in the intermediate-poor risk group. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for all patients were 12.5 months and 76.4 months, respectively. In the long-term responder's group, the median PFS was 78.4 months. Among all patients, prior nephrectomy, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status (PS) <1, and the absence of brain metastasis were predictive factors for long-term response. For patients in the favourable risk group, the lack of brain metastasis was a predictor of long-term response. In the intermediate-poor risk group, prior nephrectomy and ECOG PS <1 were predictive factors for long-term response. Some individuals with mRCC may experience a durable response to TKIs. The likelihood of a long-term response can be determined by factors such as nephrectomy, ECOG PS < 1, and the absence of brain metastases.

The Decolonial Turn in Kurdish Studies: An Introduction

This special-issue introduction highlights the burgeoning movement toward decolonizing Kurdish studies, outlining its challenges and opportunities within the academic landscape. Central to the authors’ discussion is the concept of the coloniality of power, which offers a framework for understanding the enduring oppression faced by Kurds within the context of ongoing colonial domination in the Middle East. The introduction delves into themes of historical erasure and academic marginalization, shedding light on the struggle for recognition within not only national and regional variants of area studies such as Turkish, Arab, Iranian, and Middle East studies but also the Euro-American academy more broadly. Furthermore, the introduction underlines the potential of decolonial methodologies in reshaping the study of Kurds and Kurdistan, emphasizing the significance of amplifying voices from the ground, including those of Kurdish intellectuals, activists, and politicians. Through critical reflexivity and engagement with diverse perspectives, the editors of this special issue call for a reimagining of Kurdish studies that prioritizes epistemic decolonization, centering the experiences and agency of Kurdish communities.

Plurilingual and Pluricultural Practices in Turkish Study Abroad: The Intersection of Identity and Lx Community

Whereas second language acquisition has embraced the multilingual turn, study abroad (SA) research often assumes that learners are situated in monolingual host societies. As the profile and preferences of the sojourner diversifies, destination sites become more cosmopolitan, and global migration patterns change the demographic makeup of communities, traditional models are no longer representative of SA. This article presents the plurilingual experiences of learners of Turkish abroad. Through analysis of weekly journals, plurilingual practice is examined as a potential resource and constraint. Findings confirm how plurilingual practice supports mutual understanding and translanguaging between participants’ L1 English and Turkish. Results also reveal how shared minority identity can support TL interaction more than seeking out “native speakers.” This study offers a unique contribution to the link between identity and language learning in SA, providing further support for the need to dismantle the preeminence of the “native speaker” as target interlocutor in study abroad.

Differentiated Instruction in the World and Türkiye through Studies

With the emergence of individuals with different characteristics with the developing age and the shaping of needs in these directions, approaches in education and training processes are diversifying. One of these approaches is the differentiated instruction approach based on individual learning differences. In our study; to reveal the change process of differentiated instruction approach from past to present, studies published in English and Turkish languages were examined according to various variables and it was aimed to compare them according to foreign and domestic perspectives. The research data consisted of Turkish and English articles published on differentiated instruction approaches between 2006 and 2023. The data were obtained from reliable sources by searching the Google Scholar database for Turkish articles and the Web of Science database for English studies. Document analysis, one of the qualitative research designs, was preferred as the research design and the data were analyzed by descriptive analysis method. As a result of the research, it was observed that more teacher-oriented and process-planning studies were conducted in English, while more student-oriented process-planning was observed in Turkish studies. Based on these results, it is recommended that researchers conduct studies with groups such as parents and administrators to observe the effects of the process on different data groups.

An overview of research methods and topics used in Turkological studies

This study examines the past and current status of scientific research methods and topics used in Turkology. The study’s data were sourced from Scopus, a database of prestigious journals and periodicals in the field of social sciences, and the sample of the study consists of studies conducted in the field of Turkology until 2024. In this context, the keywords ‘Turkish language,’ ‘Turkic,’ ‘Turkology,’ ‘Turcology,’ ‘Turcological,’ and ‘Turkish studies’ were searched together with the keywords ‘Quantitative’ and ‘Qualitative.’ As a result of this search, 413 studies were accessed. To reach a wider sample and to provide a general picture of qualified Turkology studies through the Scopus database, the studies in which the keywords ‘Turkish Language’ ‘Turkic’ and ‘Turkology’ were used in the article title, abstract, and keyword were also included in the study. Since the subject area and keyword range are more general, 3,284 studies were reached within the scope of this review. The bibliometric analysis method was used to obtain up-to-date and quantitative data on the studies conducted in the field, and Voswiever and RStudio programs were used. The findings indicate that the significance attributed to scientific research methods in Turkology has continued to increase in recent years.

Effects of dominance on language switching: a longitudinal study of Turkish–Dutch children with and without developmental language disorder

Effects of dominance on language switching: a longitudinal study of Turkish–Dutch children with and without developmental language disorder

Evaluation of contraception methods in chronic myeloid leukemia patients: A Turkish multicenter study.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) incidence has recently increased in younger individuals. With time, given the nature of the disease and available therapies, as well as the existing paucity and inconsistency of advice, worries about fertility have surfaced. With all these clear unknowns, we designed this study to raise awareness among both physicians and CML patients about whether male and female patients of childbearing age were using contraception at the time of diagnosis, and if so, which methods they were using. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the contraception methods in patients with CML. Eighteen centres from Turkey participated in the study. Male and female patients of childbearing age diagnosed with chronic and accelerated phase CML between the years 2000 and 2024 were evaluated retrospectively. Of the two hundred and thirty-two patients included, one hundred and twenty-five (53.9%) of these patients were female and 107 (46.1%) were male. At diagnosis, all female patients were in the childbearing age, and male patients were sexually active. The median age at diagnosis of the patients was 38 (range, 18-77) years. Eighty-six (68.8%) female patients were using any contraception method, while this was 53.2% (n = 57) among male patients. In conclusion, since CML patients are diagnosed at an earlier age and the desire of these patients to have children, adequate information and evaluation should be provided regarding fertility and contraception issues, especially in female patients, from the moment of diagnosis.

General Trends in National Research on Web-Based Instruction in Science Education: A Meta-Synthesis Study

This study analyzes Turkish studies on web-based instruction in the field of science education using the meta-synthesis method with the aim of determining the general trends of the analyzed studies. A total of 20 studies published between 2006 and 2022, including 7 doctoral dissertations, 11 master theses, and 2 journal articles, were analyzed with a qualitative research design. These studies were identified using the databases of the YÖK National Thesis Center, EBSCO, Google Scholar, and ProQuest. The studies were analyzed using a coding form that included ten categories: year of publication, type of publication, purpose of the research, method, data collection tools, data analysis method, grade level, sample size, learning domain, and outcome of the research. The obtained data were interpreted according to the specified categories. It was concluded that a significant portion of the analyzed studies were conducted with the aim of examining web-based instruction and Web 2.0 tools, mixed research designs and semi-structured interview forms were most often used, most studies were conducted with students in the 6th and 7th grades, and web-based instruction was generally found to be more effective than traditional instruction. This study provides an overview of research on web-based instruction in the field of science education, serves as a resource for future research, and offers new ideas and suggestions for researchers in this field.

The Social Exclusion Scale for Children (SESC): A Validity and Reliability Study in Turkish

Social exclusion is a multidimensional concept defined as being away from social resources and opportunities, being unable to participate in society, and being socially disadvantaged in society. In Türkiye, problems, such as economic disadvantages, inequalities in access to public services, migration and displacement, and lack of infrastructure make social exclusion an important risk factor for children. Therefore, adapting the Social Exclusion Scale for Children to Turkish culture and language can help identify children exposed to social exclusion, better understand the problem, develop effective interventions, and build a more inclusive society. The aim of this study was to adapt the Social Exclusion Scale for Children (SESC) to Turkish society. The data of this methodological study were collected from 380 children aged 12–17. The content validity, construct validity, and internal consistency of SESC were analyzed. The results of this study showed the validity and reliability of SESC as a measurement instrument to assess social exclusion in Turkish children aged 12–17 in the school environment. The Turkish version of SESC was found brief, practical, age-appropriate, self-reported, easily applicable, valid, and reliable measurement instrument.

Comparison of Secondary Education Literature Textbooks Taught in Countries Members of the Organization of Turkic States

The Organisation of Turkic States is an international organisation in which Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan are members and Hungary, the Turkic Republic of Northern Cyprus and Turkmenistan are observers. Recently, serious studies have been carried out on these states, which have common aspects in religion, culture, literature, art, language and many other issues. One of the studies conducted in many disciplines is related to secondary school literature textbooks. It is essential to carry out these studies in order to create a common content and to identify similarities and differences. Based on this idea, we aimed to evaluate the literature textbooks taught at the secondary education level in the member countries of the Organization of Turkic States. However, taking into account the content of the article, we should first study; We deemed it appropriate to limit it to literature textbooks taught at secondary school level in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. Although there have been previous studies on teaching literature at the secondary school level in the member countries of the Organization of Turkic States, we thought of creating a collective resource for researchers and contributing to Turkish literature studies by conducting a content analysis in our study, which deals with this issue with a holistic approach for the first time. The design and content of the textbooks form the basis of our study.

Comparison of the second-line treatment efficacy in advanced gastric cancer patients previously treated with taxane-based triplet chemotherapy: a Turkish Oncology Group Study

Objective This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of FOLFIRI and paclitaxel in patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) who were previously treated with first-line modified docetaxel, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (mDCF), or 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, docetaxel (FLOT). Methods Patients who received a triplet regimen in the first line setting and were treated with FOLFIRI or paclitaxel in the second-line treatment were included. Results The study included 198 patients, with 115 receiving FOLFIRI and 83 receiving paclitaxel. The median age was 58 (range = 24–69). The median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 5.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.4–5.5] months in the FOLFIRI arm, and 4.1 (95% CI = 3.3–4.6) months in the paclitaxel arm (p = .007). The median overall survival (mOS) was 9.4 (95% CI = 7.4–10.5) months in the FOLFIRI arm and 7.2 (95% CI = 5.6–8.3) months in the paclitaxel arm (p = .008). Grade 3–4 neuropathy was higher in patients receiving paclitaxel compared to those receiving FOLFIRI (p = .04). Grade 3–4 diarrhea was 8% in the FOLFIRI arm and 2.4% in the paclitaxel arm (p = .02). Conclusion Beyond progression with docetaxel-based triplet chemotherapy, FOLFIRI may be preferred as a second-line treatment over paclitaxel due to its longer mPFS and mOS.

Orientaliści i orientalistyka w międzywojennym Wilnie (1920–1939)

In interwar Poland, academic Oriental studies developed in three distinct centres, although the Orientalist community remained decentralized. In Vilnius, several scholars in this field were active and conducted both research and instruction of Oriental languages. Among them were Poles, Jews, Karaites and Tatars. Professionally, they were also diverse, including linguists, biblical scholars, Palestinologists, museologists, lecturers, and rabbis. Their academic pursuits encompassed religious studies, Semitic studies (with a focus on Hebrew), Ancient Eastern philology, Sanskrit, Ottoman Turkish studies, Turkish dialectology, Karaim studies, and ethnographic studies of the Polish Orient. In terms of education, they were involved in both school and university instruction, teaching Hebrew, Arabic, Turkish, and Karaim. Noteworthy figures among these scholars in Vilnius included: Antoni Cichoński, Zofia Dubińska, Aleksander Dubiński, Dawid Neiger, Paweł Nowicki, Jan Otrębski, Seraja Szapszał, Jakub Szynkiewicz, Franciszek Tyczkowski, Bolesław Wilanowski, Ali Ismaił Woronowicz, Ananiasz Zajączkowski, and Włodzimierz Zajączkowski, along with Władysław Zimnicki. However, the research on Jewish, Tatar (Quranic) and Karaim education in Vilnius remains scant. Beyond scholarly and pedagogical pursuits, Orientalist activities in Vilnius extended to numerous institutions, including the Jewish Library, the Karaim and Tatar Museum, and various associations (including the Polish Oriental Society). Moreover, the city served as a hub for many periodicals, such as “Myśl Karaimska,” “Rocznik Tatarski,” “Życie Tatarskie,” as well as many Jewish magazines. Vilnius also hosted two Congresses of Polish Orientalists (in 1932 and 1937).