Criminological Studies Research Articles

The p factor, crime, and criminal justice: A criminological study of Caspi et al.'s general psychopathology general theory

The general psychopathology general theory or p Factor is an influential theoretical development in the social and behavioral sciences, but has yet to gain traction in criminology and criminal justice. Drawing on data from a sample of 1722 federal pretrial defendants, we created a 22-item composite indicator or additive index of the p Factor containing externalizing, internalizing, substance use, paraphilic, and forensic indicators. Negative binomial regression models found that age, sex, and diverse forms of trauma exposure are associated with higher p Factor scores. Higher p scores strongly predicted total, violent, sexual, property, weapon, and drug arrest charges net the effects of demographic features and adverse childhood experiences. There is broad heterogeneity in psychopathology within this sample with nearly 29% of clients exhibiting zero psychopathology, nearly 61% showing average psychopathology or less, and nearly 40% evincing average to exceedingly high psychopathology. As a general theory, the p Factor has considerable potential to inform the assorted morbidities that often accompany criminal activity, including self-harm, reduced global functioning, substance use, and social dysfunction and thus is a parsimonious conceptual framework to understand the overlapping and systemic personal problems that typify chronic and serious criminal offenders.

О некоторых мерах противодействия феминициду: опыт Бразилии

Introduction. The article deals with the problems of countering feminicide - one of the most dangerous and frequent cases of crimes that encroach on the lives of women. The public danger of this act and its consequences (both direct and indirect) require separate studies. Purpose. The article aims to identify the genesis of this phenomenon, its definition considers the signs and types of feminicide, the legislation against feminicide (communication and special acts) is studied. Methodology. General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, system-structural) and private scientific methods (formal-legal, observable-legal methods, statistical method, methods of grammatical transformations in translation, methods of lexical transformations in translation, methodically explanatory translation) were used. Results. Feminicide is transformed both as a multi-stage process aimed at the physical conversion of women (doctrinal definition), and as deliberate coercion of life, qualifying as a special kind of murder (doctrinal definition). Brazilian legislation on combating feminicide has an appropriate structure and includes acts of different levels and content. Conclusion. The article presented in Russia is the first forensic study on this issue, and its results can be used in criminal law and criminological studies on violent crime against women.

A Criminological Study on the Requirement to Introduce the Criminal Law into the Junior Secondary School Syllabus (Grades 6 to 9) in Sri Lanka (Based on Mahiyanganaya Education Zone)

In light of the present society infested with crimes, it is a timely need that the community be empowered with legal literacy to succeed in controlling and preventing crimes. Hence, while investigating its practicality, this study intends to identify the need for criminal law to be included in Sri Lanka’s junior secondary school syllabus (Grades 6 to 9: 11 to 14-year age group). Twelve out of eighty-one schools in Mahiyanganaya Educational Zone have been selected using the stratified sampling method for the study. Sixty responders were chosen to represent every school in the sample, and data were collected through a questionnaire, which was analysed using SPSS software. The study revealed that in controlling and preventing crimes, improving the legal literacy of the whole community plays a crucial role. It was established that school-level education should be prioritized to enhance legal literacy, build childhood personality, and overcome legal illiteracy. In this regard, 95% of the participants agreed that the junior secondary school syllabuses should be updated so that criminal law is integrated into the school syllabus as a subject. The study recommends properly identifying junior secondary school syllabuses and upgrading their expected learning outcomes through a committee of specialists. Psychological and technical aspects must be incorporated in reforming the syllabuses. It is recommended that for the subject content to be delivered practically, highly qualified personnel should be recruited as teachers to make this effort more productive.

A Criminological Study on Crimes in the Western Province of Sri Lanka, During the covid 19 Lockdown Period

The novel coronavirus Covid 19 has become a worldwide public health pandemic that has induced Anomic conditions to influence daily routines. Crime is a constant phenomenon of society and it results in the necessity of maintaining crime prevention and controlling machinery during any situation to establish law and order. The study used the positivist paradigm to interpret the research problem ''Has Covid 19 changed the crimes in Sri Lanka during the lockdowns in early 2020'' while analyzing the relationship between crimes and Covid 19 induced lockdowns. The study followed a deductive approach; Primary data was collected from sixty-four police officers, who were selected according to the stratified sampling technique within the Western province. Questionnaires and interviews were the main primary data collection tools used in the study. Qualitative and quantitative mixed analytical tools were applied in identifying criminal tendencies during the lockdown period. The study revealed that property crimes in the year 2020 dropped by 44% more than the year 2019 and 63% of property crimes were committed during the first half of the year 2020 compared to the whole year. Sexual crimes noted a 0.99% drop and violent crimes stated a 50% drop compared to 2019. However, organized crimes have increased 11% more than in 2019. From all the categories of crimes, over 50% were committed during the first half of the year 2020. It further demonstrates that property crimes increased because of the economic instability induced by the lockdowns. However, drug-related crimes were committed continuously without considering the pandemic and lockdowns. The study further discovered that there was a decrease in regular street crimes and minor crimes such as pick-pocketing, vehicle theft, and spare parts robberies executed in the Pettah area during the Covid 19 lockdown period. The study recommends the application of a technological approach to detect criminal tendencies, and pandemic planning module, which can be implemented to the national emergency management system.

АCTUAL CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES AS A GUARANTEE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN POLICING: STATE AND SPIRITUALLY-VALUED DIMENSION

The article considers the main directions of development of modern criminology, which are the key to the progressive development of society. Given that political crime in today's conditions is of exceptional importance due to the corruption component, attention is focused on the relevance of an in-depth study of political criminology. First of all, it is about the universalism and encyclopedic nature of criminology in the inseparable relationship of such aspects of its development as tax, economic, police, electronic (digital), anti-corruption, and criminology as a new way of the progressive development of criminological science. Emphasis is placed on the humanity of modern criminology and the prospects of new criminologies; the disinterest of politicians in the evolutionary development of criminology, when there is a reduction in the number of hours in its teaching, creates obstacles to the inclusion of science in educational standards or even efforts to exclude it from the educational process. The leitmotif of the article is the actualization of the educational goals of criminology in the context of the value component, which should become the cornerstone of modern jurisprudence and public policy. Criminology should be based on traditional spiritual and cultural values developed by mankind over millennia and based on the gene pool of the Ukrainian people, sanctity of his life. In this regard, it is important to consider the issues and processes of emergence and formation of new facets of criminology through its impact on the broad masses of existing classes of social relations, namely the formation of pious ancestral lines, thus clearing the genotype of atrocities and bad thoughts, forming the most promising concept – the criminogenic theory in criminology through the prism of spirituality, which is based on the genotype of the people, race, nation, which requires constant improvement and depletion of shortcomings and negatives acquired by previous ancestral lines and their own sinfulness.

Состояние преступности в сфере незаконного оборота наркотиков на территории Омской области

Relevance. The article is devoted to the study of statistical indicators and the identification of crime trends in the field of drug trafficking in the Omsk region. Today, the fight against drug trafficking is one of the priority tasks of the Russian Federation, since the policy of any state is aimed at preserving and forming a healthy population. Conducting a criminological study of crime in certain regions of the Russian Federation helps to determine specific areas of activity to prevent and combat this type of crime at the regional level. In this regard, it is relevant to study the current state and dynamics of crime in the field of illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances on the example of statistical reporting of the executive authority in the field of internal affairs of the Omsk region. Purpose. The aim is to characterize the state of crime in the field of drug trafficking in order to develop effective measures to prevent these crimes in the Omsk region. Objectives the volume, level and indicators of drug crime in the Omsk region, the dynamics of its changes, as well as its calculation with indicators of general crime in the Omsk region in recent years. Methodology. The methodological base of the study is general scientific and private scientific methods of cog-nition of reality, which allow to investigate the state of drug crimes in the region. The method of statistical and system analysis was applied in the study. Results. The study allowed us to give a modern description of the state of crime in the field of drug trafficking in the Omsk region. A comparative analysis of the main indicators of crime in the Omsk region with indicators of crime in other subjects of the Russian Federation is given. The indicators of drug crime are correlated with the problems of the application of anti-drug measures and other related problems of the law enforcement agencies of the Omsk region. Conclusions. The study shows the main changes in the structure and dynamics of drug crime in the Omsk re-gion. Shortcomings in the formation of official statistics that contribute to the latency of this type of crime are revealed. The main trends of drug crimes in the Omsk region are reflected, which will allow law enforcement agencies to increase the effectiveness of preventing and suppressing crimes in the field of drug trafficking.

Уголовно-правовые аспекты профилактической деятельности в условиях «новой нормальности»

The article proposes an introduction to the scientific and practical use of the term “new normality”, which is understood as a set of behaviors that traditionally and consistently contradicted the principles of jurisprudence and moral norms, but have now become widespread, and, due to repeated non-judgmental repetition, are gradually being fixed in the public consciousness and practice as a norm. In the course of a specific criminological study, the authors come to the conclusion that the novels of the “new normality” have become widely used at the stage of prevention of criminal law norms, although their general and special prevention is already in effect when a crime has been committed and the perpetrator has been criminally punished. In addition, this stage involves the elimination of the causes and conditions that contribute to the crime, and currently a prohibitive and restrictive approach to the turnover of objects or instruments of crimes and accidents prevails. The authors note that the lawmaking of the “new normality” period is very contradictory and, on the one hand, unreasonably overestimates the level of criminal legal potential; on the other hand, it also unreasonably softens the criminal legal assessment of some acts. The authors note that when planning preventive work, it should be assumed that suicides of minors and numerous previously unknown acts of violence by young people (beatings of peers and elementary school students with video recording and subsequent posting on the Internet, similar actions with brutal killings of animals, shootings with the police, murders and stabbings in schools followed by perpetrators' suicide) are based on internal causes of modern Russian society: alienation of an individual, indifference to each other, dissatisfaction with their position, social frustration, coarsening of morals, aggression and violence, unprecedented stratification of society according to material and power characteristics that replaced the Marxian division of society into classes in connection with the attitude to ownership of the means of production, selective operation of the law, lack of justice.

Methodological foundations of criminological study of drug crimein the region of responsibility of the member States of the Collective Security Treaty Organization

Methodological foundations of criminological study of drug crimein the region of responsibility of the member States of the Collective Security Treaty Organization

A Criminological Study on Trends of Cybercrimes Against Financial Institutions in Sri Lanka

Cybercrimes are virtual crimes that evolved according to nature and the intention of the culprit. Numerous cyber-attacks have been led by several anonymous groups to establish the censorship of information. As the technology used for any activity in the banking industry is continuously upgrading with monetary values as well as with information of clients, it is necessary to have a piece of updated knowledge on both cyber-attacks and technology for both clients and employees of the banking industry. Furthermore, it is crucial to study the nature, techniques and impact of cybercrimes as its techniques are continually evolving with technology. Moreover, it would be possible for individuals to assume that their confidential data and transactions are secured with the bank. This study investigated trends of cybercrimes against Sri Lankan financial institutions using seven Licensed Commercial Banks and uncovered its nature, techniques, impact and strategies that were applied by institutions for the protection of its clients.

Use of selected types of crime analysis in modern criminological science

The article considers methods of analysis of criminological significant information, which are used in modern criminological science. Based on the analytical study, it was concluded that at the current stage of the development of criminological science, regression (as a type of mathematical method), factor (causal), and monitoring criminological analysis are most often used. These methods of criminological analysis were analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages were determined, their recommendations for their application in criminological science were given. It was established that the use of regression analysis is not found in many criminological studies, but today this direction has been updated due to the increase in crime rates both in Ukraine and in the world. However, in criminology, this direction is now one of the promising in the formation of crime prevention measures. It has been proved that most often this type of criminological analysis is used as monitoring. It is quite often used in criminological research by analyzing statistical reporting, which is publicly available to law enforcement agencies (in particular, on the official website of the Office of the Prosecutor General). In this regard, science identifies types of monitoring analysis, which is most often used in our country.

Hate and harassment in academia: the rising concern of the online environment

Hostile online communication is a global concern. Academic research and teaching staff are among those professionals who routinely give public comments and are thus vulnerable to online attacks. This social psychological and criminological study investigated online harassment victimization among university researchers and teachers. Survey participants (N = 2,492) were university research and teaching staff members from five major universities in Finland. Victimization was assessed with a 20-item inventory. The study included a wide range of both background and general measures on well-being at work. Participants also took part in an online experiment involving a death threat targeting a colleague. Results showed that 30% of the participants reported being victims of online harassment during the prior 6 months. Victims were more often senior staff members, minority group members, and from the social sciences and humanities. Those active in traditional or social media were much more likely to be targeted. Victims reported higher psychological distress, lower generalized trust, and lower perceived social support at work than non-victims. Individuals who were targeted by a colleague from their work community reported higher post-traumatic stress disorder scores and a higher impact of perceived online harassment on their work compared to other victims. In the experimental part of the study, participants reported more anxiety when a close colleague received a death threat. Participants also recommended more countermeasures to a close colleague than to an unknown person from the same research field. Results indicate that online harassment compromises well-being at work in academia. There is an urgent need to find ways of preventing online harassment, both in workplaces and in society at large.

АНАЛИЗ ДИНАМИКИ РОСТА СТЕПЕНИ ВОВЛЕЧЕННОСТИ В АНТИТЕРРОРИСТИЧЕСКУЮ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЕЙ И СТУДЕНТОВ АЛТАЙСКОГО КРАЯ ЗА 2020–2021 ГГ.

Simultaneously with the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic and the introduction of a distancelearning format throughout Russia, the process of working with teachers and students to adapt them in thedigital environment is continuously ongoing. This process fully affected the Altai Territory, where the roleof the flagship of higher education was given to the Altai State University. Since the beginning of the 2020pandemic, the university has actively engaged in the field of distance learning and began to apply digitalmethods of communication with students. Dozens of scientific and practical conferences were held in anonline format, which made it possible to significantly smooth the process of adaptation to the new digitalsphere for both teachers and students.Accordingly, the increase in knowledge about the digital world has prompted interest in digitaltechnologies and their adaptation for the needs of criminology, which is directly involved in the analysisand forecasting of countering cyber terrorism. It is expected that the increased involvement of teachers inthe digital environment will lead to an increase in legal education and the youth they teach.Young people who are an active user of the Internet and, in this regard, are the object of onlinerecruitment into terrorist and extremist organizations, are interested in gaining knowledge about counteringsuch actions.To confirm the theses put forward, we carried out a criminological study of the degree of involvementof students and teachers of the Altai Territory in counter-propaganda activities in the context of partiallyremote interaction. In this article, we reflect the main results of our work.

Criminology Study on the Circulation of the Sopi Traditional Liquor in the Villages of Zeith, Asilulu, and Kaitetu during the Covid-19 Pandemic

The case of “sopi” traditional drink when consumed in a group gathering and party celebrations tends to cause chaos and commotion that disrupts activities or community harmony, especially in the villages of Zeith, Asilulu and Kaitetu during the covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this paper was to examine and discuss the factors that cause the circulation of liquor in the villages of Zeith, Asilulu and Kaitetu (Kalauli sub-village) during this pandemic. The research method used was the empirical juridical method with an emphasis on legal theories and rules related to the problems studied and to the existing reality regarding what factors affect the society. This study showed that social control is an effort to prevent the circulation of traditional liquor in the form of sopi in the villages of Zeith, Asilulu and Kaitetu (Kalauli Sub-Village). Liquor is not only circulated among adults but has reached teenagers, and the factors that cause the circulation of this liquor during the covid-19 pandemic are economic, supervisory, and environmental factors. The most important of these three factors is economic factors. The efforts made in the distribution of traditional liquor in the villages of Zeith, Asilulu and Kaitetu during the pandemic are Pre-emptive and Preventive efforts.

Комплексное криминологическое исследование особенностей предупреждения преступности в современной Японии

Objective: at the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century, the overall crime rate in Japan remains the lowest compared to many economically developed countries, being low to moderate in most Japanese cities and rural settlements. To study the Japanese phenomenon of crime prevention, the author attempts a comprehensive criminological study of crime prevention in contemporary Japan.Methods: general scientific methods and cognition techniques based on the collection and processing of empirical data were used to conduct the research. The theoretical basis of the study was made up of the Russian and foreign works dealing with the issues related to crime prevention in Japan. The methodological basis of the work was: modeling, analysis, synthesis, comparison, formal-logical approach, and private scientific methods, including historical method.Results: in the course of the conducted research, the author came to the conclusion that, with stable traditions and historical experience, the Japanese authorities try to use all the available resources and innovative technologies to achieve the greatest possible efficiency in ensuring law and order in the society and to reduce crime by switching from a crisis model to a socially oriented preventive activity of law enforcement agencies.Scientific novelty: it is expressed in a modern comprehensive analysis of the development and implementation of a system of measures for crime prevention in Japan. The conducted research made it possible to compare and understand the content of not only various procedures in the field of combating crime, but also made it possible to compare the Japanese positive experience and the concept of the Russian criminological policy.Practical significance: the study of the positive experience of crime prevention in Japan will undoubtedly contribute to establishing interaction between the population and the law enforcement agencies involved into crime prevention in Russia. Additionally, the performed analysis is practically significant, since it may serve as the basis for studying the causes and conditions that determine crime in Russia. The study of the Japanese experience in the formation, regulation and implementation of criminological prevention will certainly provide an opportunity to use its positive results in the practice of authorities fighting against criminal manifestations in the Russian Federation.

Criminological Study of Drug Distribution in Lubuklinggau City

Drug crimes are a serious crime against humanity, which has a tremendous impact, particularly on the young generation. Drug crimes also count as transnational crime, considering that the distribution and trade of drugs are executed illegally across national borders. As a legal state, to uphold the rule of law is to eradicate the distribution and use of narcotics, specifically in Lubuklinggau. This situation became the basis for us to explore the problem: how is the criminology study of drug distribution in Lubuklingau city?. The prevention of drug distribution in Lubuklinggau today needs improvement, particularly in terms of facilities. Advanced detection tool is necessary to improve the prevention of drug trafficking. Professional guidance and prevention efforts are made in various locations, such as government offices, schools, campuses, with supervision from police officers. The enforcement system also needs to give severe punishments to offenders.

Destructive Phenomena in the Youth Environment as an Object of Criminological Research

The effectiveness of the prevention of destructive phenomena in the youth environment is impossible without conducting comprehensive criminological studies. This study analyzes the current situation with destructive phenomena in the youth environment, and the relationship of organized, recidivist crime with youth crime is under consideration. The article examines in detail the concepts of "destructive behavior", "destructive phenomena in the youth environment". The authors’ aim is to propose the ways to prevent destructive phenomena among young people. In addition the article examines the characteristics and structure of the personality of young people who are attracted to destructive phenomena. The questions of attracting young people to various terrorist, extremist and unauthorized organizations are investigated; the relationship of these phenomena with social negative background phenomena. The authors emphasize the need to strengthen educational measures, such as the prevention of destructive behaviors among young people. By using the dialectical-materialistic methodology, the study on the processes of determination of destructive phenomena in the youth environment was carried out. In the course of the study, the main scientific methods are: system-structural, statistical, system analysis method. The regulatory legal acts, statistical data and opinions of the scientists have been analyzed in this area.

Aunt Becky goes rogue: de-celebrification and de-mothering in the college cheating scandal, Operation Varsity Blues

ABSTRACT In March 2019 actors Lori Loughlin and Felicity Huffman were among wealthy parents charged in a university entry fraud scheme that ensured privileged children gained entry to coveted institutions, dubbed ‘Operation Varsity Blues’. Drawing on celebrity and criminology studies, this paper discusses how Loughlin and Huffman have been mediated as ‘de-celebrified’ but also as mothers who have threatened their children’s futures and consequently, have also been de-mothered. Whilst transgressive celebrity mothers such as Britney Spears exemplify the narrative of the de-celebrified, de-mothered star, in the cases of Loughlin and Huffman, because they famously played the mother characters Aunt Becky (Full House), and Lynette Scavo (Desperate Housewives), their de-mothering is amplified and complicated via this performative mothering on screen. The negative resonance of Huffman and Loughlin’s transgressive maternal behaviour is mediated through social media hashtags and memes that compare their personal criminal actions in the ‘Operation Varsity Blues’ scandal with their alter egos. Huffman and Loughlin must now negotiate both their de-celebrification and their de-mothering in the intersecting realms of celebrity and motherhood, amplified and complicated by the intensive mothering roles that have defined their careers.

High tech crime, high intellectual crime? Comparing the intellectual capabilities of cybercriminals, traditional criminals and non-criminals

In our highly digitalized society, cybercrime has become a common crime. However, because research into cybercriminals is in its infancy, our knowledge about cybercriminals is still limited. One of the main considerations is whether cybercriminals have higher intellectual capabilities than traditional criminals or even the general population. Although criminological studies clearly show that traditional criminals have lower intellectual capabilities, little is known about the relationship between cybercrime and intelligence. The current study adds to the literature by exploring the relationship between CITO-test scores and cybercrime in the Netherlands. The CITO final test is a standardized test for primary school students - usually taken at the age of 11 or 12 - and highly correlated with IQ-scores. Data from Statistics Netherlands were used to compare CITO-test scores of 143 apprehended cybercriminals with those of 143 apprehended traditional criminals and 143 non-criminals, matched on age, sex, and country of birth. Ordinary Least Squares regression analyses were used to compare CITO test scores between cybercriminals, traditional criminals, and non-criminals. Additionally, a discordant sibling design was used to control for unmeasured confounding by family factors. Findings reveal that cybercriminals have significantly higher CITO test scores compared to traditional criminals and significantly lower CITO test scores compared to non-criminals.

Perceived injustice, perceived group threat and self-reported right-wing violence: An integrated approach

AbstractThe present study seeks to explain individual differences in self-reported politically motivated violence and vandalism, and participation within an extreme right-wing group. While violent extremism is highly debated, few criminological studies explicitly test factors that can trigger violent extremism. The present study addresses this gap by integrating two different frameworks: a perceived injustice and group threat-initiated model and an impulsivity-initiated model. We also investigate several intervening mechanisms. We draw on a sample of 705 adolescents and young adults living in Flanders, Belgium to test the strength of direct and intermediary effects of perceived injustice, perceptions of out-group threat from Jewish populations, ethnocentrism, feelings of superiority, moral support for right-wing extremism, and exposure to racist peers on politically motivated violence and vandalism. Results of structural equation models (SEM) indicate various direct and intermediary effects between both perceived injustice and violent extremism, and between impulsivity and violent extremism. Our model reveals the complex and intricate antecedents of violent extremism. Importantly, we find that feelings of injustice and unfair treatment are a major source of extremist violence, as they easily trigger often debated causes such as high in-group identification and ethnocentrism. Implications of these findings for preventing violent extremism are discussed, given the centrality of perceptions of injustice and threat.

The Narrative of Criminal Behaviour in Indonesian Literature by Female Author: Psychosocial Criminology Perspective

Criminology studies, currently, are the most discussed subject from interdisciplinary perspectives. Hence, in this research, Indonesian literature written by the female author is studied using a psychosocial criminology perspective. One of the female authors in Indonesia who brings up criminology in her literary work is Dewi Lestari. She is an Indonesian novelist. The research problems are 1) How criminology depicted in Indonesian literature written by the female author is, and 2) Types of criminology depicted in Indonesian literature written by a female author. The method used in this research is qualitative interpretative. The collecting data technique in the literature study. The result shows that criminology in Indonesian literature is depicted explicitly. Whereas, types of criminology in Indonesian literature written by the female author are corruption, sex crimes, and transnational crimes related to endangered animal trade.