Personality Of Students Research Articles

Foreign Language Student Linguistic Personality as a Vector for the Professional Bilingualism

The relevance of the study manifests itself through the use of a polyparadigmatic approach to the consideration of the linguistic personality of a translator, including cognitive, cultural, synergetic, and competence aspects. The cognitive aspect is based on the study of the linguistic consciousness of the individual, the synergetic aspect is based on achieving a harmonious translation worldview, the cultural aspect is based on the need for an interconnected study of languages and cultures, and the competence aspect is based on the formation of personal intercultural competence. The purpose of the study is to substantiate a polyparadigmatic approach to the study of the linguistic personality of a foreign student – a future translator. As a result of the study, it was established that in the digital age, with artificial intelligence constantly evolving, new trends arise in the professional bilingualism formation of a human translator interacting with artificial intelligence. This study is based on the results of accumulated pedagogical experience and theoretical provisions in this area, which unites the educational space of two universities (PNRPU, Russia and KRU named after A. Baitursynuly, Kazakhstan). The results obtained can of interest for teachers engaged in training bilingual students, linguistic program students, for the tertiary education practitioners as well as those involved into decision making and curriculum development.

Smart Hostel Allocation System Using Naïve Bayes Algorithm

This research explores the potential of automated personality classification using supervised machine learning techniques, with a specific focus on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) for hostel allocation. The problem is the manual and resource-intensive allocation of hostel accommodations in educational institutions, leading to personality mismatches among roommates, which negatively impacts students' academic engagement and well-being. The aim of this research is to improve hostel room allocation by predicting student personality traits, thus minimizing personality mismatches among roommates. A Naïve Bayes classifier was applied to the MBTI personality dataset acquired from Kaggle. Various preprocessing techniques, such as tokenization, stop-word removal, and word stemming, were used to prepare the dataset for feature selection. CountVectorizer and TF-IDF methods were employed to convert text into numerical vectors for machine learning analysis. Additionally, SMOTE was implemented to address class imbalance within the dataset, ensuring better model performance. The Naïve Bayes classifier showed promising results, with scores achieved across all personality traits as 73% precision, 70% accuracy, F1 Score 70% and Recall 70% in predicting MBTI personality traits from input text. Visualizations and performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score were used to evaluate the model's efficiency. The research findings suggest that supervised machine learning techniques can effectively predict personality traits from social media data, aiding in improved hostel room allocation and potentially benefiting broader applications in education and computational psychology. This system is recommended for educational institutions and residential complexes seeking efficient roommate pairing.

Prevalent personality traits in psychology students: a decade of study. Analysis of associated transversal professional skills

Introduction: The knowledge of personality in university students and the professional skills necessary for adequate development and performance in professional settings are essential to implement more effective academic interventions that enhance successful professionals.Objective: Analyze prevalent personality traits according to: Motivational goals, Cognitive modes and Interpersonal behaviors corresponding to ten cohorts of psychology students (2010-2020).Method: longitudinal trend design, with descriptive-correlational scope. We worked with two intentional, non-probabilistic samples, psychology students: MI 2010-2020: 945 students, MII 2020: 48 students. Instruments: Million Inventory of Personality Styles (MIPS) and Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Transversal Competencies in University Students.Results: A personality profile was observed with the sustained presence of the traits of Modification, Communicativeness and Control, and absence of Accommodation. In the Professional Competencies, very high frequencies of Interest in Quality, Work Responsibility and Teamwork are evident; and very low frequencies of Social Responsibility. The Modification and Control traits are those that present associations with Transversal Professional Competencies.Conclusions: The profile that characterizes a cohort of psychology students during 10 years of study has been communicativeness and control in the interpersonal, the active and energetic attitude (modification) in the motivational, and the sustained absence of passivity and accommodation. Relationships were found with transversal professional competencies. The implication of the results is discussed

Влияние травматических переживаний на психологическую безопасность личности обучающихся в контексте террористической угрозы

<p>The article presents the results of a study of the impact of traumatic experiences on the psychological safety of the personality of students. The subjects were 70 students (21 boys and 49 girls) of the college of the Belgorod region. The study revealed that students who have experienced traumatic events are most often associated with the experience of being in a war zone and the death of a loved one. Criteria C (avoidance of stimuli), D (increasing arousal), and B (repetitive reproduction of a traumatic event) were among the most pronounced criteria for traumatic experiences among students. Girls are more susceptible to the negative effects of stress than boys. The results of the correlation analysis confirmed the hypothesis that traumatic experiences violate the psychological security of a person, including all its structural components: moral and volitional regulation (normativity), strategies for coping with stressful situations, value-semantic factor and post-traumatic growth. The psychological safety of girls is most strongly influenced by the symptom of impaired functioning of important areas of life (criterion F), and boys are influenced by recurring memories of trauma (criterion B), constant increasing arousal (criterion D) and immediate response to a traumatic event (criterion A).</p>

Investigating influential factors in group learning: personality traits, COVID-19 lockdowns and back-to-school policies

Extensive research has probed the impacts of personality traits on student satisfaction, academic anxiety, and performance, with particular attention paid to their implications during the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, a conspicuous gap is discernible in the existing literature concerning investigations that scrutinize the influence of personality on group learning among different COVID-19 lockdown phases (e.g., pre, during, and post-lockdowns). This study endeavors to fill this gap by undertaking an examination of the fluctuations in group performance within data science curricula. This inquiry considers student cohorts comprising diverse personality traits across distinct phases of lockdowns. Through the investigation of 84 student groups, our research has unearthed intriguing correlations and patterns linking group performance with four influential factors, including personality traits, the lockdown phases (i.e., pre, during and post-lockdowns), the joint factor of lockdowns and personality traits, and the implemented COVID-19 policies (e.g., mask-wearing and social distancing) during the early-stage of back-to-schools. The interesting findings revealed from our studies have the potential to propel the advancement of our comprehension within the field of educational psychology and may serve as catalysts for heightened scrutiny of student personality traits, thereby motivating educators to refine their pedagogical approaches in collaborative learning experiences.

A Corpus-Based Text-Centric Approach to the Scientific Discourse Actualization in the Process of Forming the Professional Language Personality of Linguistic Specialties Students

The article analyses the effect of the corpus text-centered approach on the development of the personality of a linguistics student in the changing socio-pedagogical and professional context of modern society. The ways of scientific discourse actualization in the digital linguodidactic space are investigated, a systematic and in-depth justification of its forms is given, practical and didactic measures affecting the formation and harmonious development of the professional language personality of students are considered. The key characteristics of scientific communication necessary for future specialists for successful professional development in the field of linguistic knowledge are being clarified. The specifics of teaching students a foreign language based on a text-centric approach based on the online corpus dictionaries and digital word cloud technology use are being clarified. The purpose of the article is to investigate and demonstrate the conceptual model and principles of the modern didactic system, which is based on the corpus text-centered approach in the teaching of scientific discourse to language students and the development of their professional language personality. Methodology. In addition to quantitative methods, the pedagogical experiment aimed to find out the characteristics of the formation and development of the scientific discussion skills of students in the field of education “Professional education (according to industry)” a text-centric approach was used. In conclusion, it can be stated that the effectiveness of the corpus text-centered approach in the development of the professional personality of language students has been demonstrated. Recognizing the specifics of scientific communication, this approach helps students improve their reading, writing, speaking skills and understanding of foreign scientific discourse, as well as expand their vocabulary and develop logical thinking and communication skills.

ANALYSIS OF MATHEMATICAL NUMERACY SKILLS ON LINE AND ANGLE MATERIAL IN CLASS VII IN TERMS OF EXTROVERTED INTROVERTED AND AMBIVERT PERSONALITIES

This research aims to analyze the mathematical numeracy abilities of class VII students with introverted, extroverted and ambivert personalities at SMP Negeri 2 Semarang. The method used was descriptive qualitative with research subjects consisting of 34 students, one student was selected from each personality category based on a questionnaire with 70 question items. The results of the questionnaire showed AAE (introvert), LPA (extrovert), and JRA (ambivert) students as research subjects. Mathematical numeracy ability tests and interviews were carried out to test the validity of the test results through technical triangulation. Indicators of mathematical numeracy abilities include the use of mathematical numbers and symbols, analysis of information in the form of tables, graphs and charts, as well as interpretation of analysis results for decision making. The results showed that introvert and ambivert students met all indicators of numeracy ability, while extrovert students did not. Introvert students can solve problems well, extrovert students tend to be in a hurry and lack details, while ambivert students show quite good results but there are still some answers that are less detailed. This research concludes that mathematical numeracy abilities vary based on student personality.

Hubungan Pendidikan Agama Kristen dan Budi Pekerti dengan Etika Kepribadian Siswa Siswi Kelas VII SMP Negeri 4 Balige Kabupaten Toba Tahun 2024

Christian Religious Education and Ethics is the government's effort through education to have a good impact on students' personality ethics. However, in the development of today's times, the ethics of students' personalities are getting worse so that they cause deviations. That is what makes the author feel interested and encouraged to conduct research on the relationship between Christian Religious Education and Ethics with the personality ethics of SMP Negeri 4 Balige students in 2024. This study aims to determine the relationship between Christian Religious Education and Ethics with the personality ethics of students in grade VIII of SMP Negeri 4 Balige in 2024. The research method used is a quantitative approach with inferential statistical data analysis. The population in this study is all grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 4 Balige which totals 208 students consisting of seven classes. Sampling in this study uses the probability sampling technique, which provides the same opportunity for each population to be selected as a sample member. The sample of this study was 62 people. The results of the research obtained using the r test are r_(count) > r_(table), which is 0.658 > 0.254 and the t-test t_(count) > t_(table), which is 6.769 > 2,000, it shows that there is a strong, positive and significant relationship between Christian Religious Education and Ethics and the personality ethics of students in grade VIII of SMP Negeri 4 Balige in 2024. In the determination coefficient test, data results of 43.3% were obtained which could be explained by Christian Religious Education and Ethics, while 56.7% were explained by other variables that were not researched by the researcher. This study is a recommendation for future researchers to research other variables related to student personality ethics using research methods and data collection tools that are more optimal.

Manhaj al-Takamul al-Teknologiya wa Atsaruhu fi Baramij I’dad Mu’allim al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah fi Nigeria

The process of educating Arabic language teachers in the modern era is in great need of digital skills and strategies, and these skills have become diverse, so educational institutions must keep up with these changes, from the rapid changes that are taking place in today's world, which have become part of the reality we live in. This article aims to highlight the importance of using digital applications in training Arabic language teachers, and its impact on the educational process to improve teachers' performance in completing their educational tasks and increasing their level of competence and ability in building the personality of students. This study uses a Qualitative approach with a Literature Review whose data sources come from related books and articles. The results show that Developing teachers' digital skills during training is one of the modern areas that is being discussed intensively in teacher professional development, thanks to the great developments in educational technology and the interest in improving electronic learning and teaching patterns. Although there are differences in defining the digital skills needed by teachers, they revolve around how to use and benefit from technology and its applications in the teaching profession, and this is evolving day by day, which confirms that developing digital skills must be a continuous process. It is also clear to the researcher that the idea of ​​using modern methods and skills in teaching Arabic is not new, but rather an old idea that developed when educators and linguists saw the need for it. This is one of the basic means of teaching Arabic in conditions suitable for every learner, and is an important step that helps in spreading Arabic in various parts of the world, as it makes it easier for those who are interested and interested in Arabic regarding the Islamic religion to learn it

Upaya Guru BK Dalam Membina Akhlak di SMK Muhammadiyah 04 Medan

This research aims to explore the efforts of Guidance and Counseling (BK) teachers in developing student morals at SMK Muhammadiyah 04 Medan, which is located in the Mesjid Raya Taqwa Block, Belawan Bahari, Medan Belawan, North Sumatra. This research uses qualitative methods with primary and secondary data. The results of the research show that the steps for moral development by guidance and counseling teachers include direct dialogue with students to solve problems, modeling by providing examples of good behavior, habituation by teaching commendable behavior, as well as providing advice and attention when students are affected by a negative environment. In addition, penalties are applied to violators of madrasa rules and regulations. Factors that influence moral development consist of internal factors, namely from the student's personality such as lazy behavior, and external factors which include the community environment, family, and unmet needs. This research reveals the importance of a holistic approach in moral development that involves direct interaction, role models, and attention to factors that influence students from within and outside themselves.

The Relationship of Emotional Intelligence of Fifth Grade Students to Bullying Behavior in Elementary Schools

Education in Indonesia is experiencing a bullying emergency. Bullying is aggressive behavior that involves an imbalance of power followed by oppression and solely to make others feel uncomfortable or afraid. Bullying cases in educational institutions, especially in elementary schools, are increasing every year. This is caused by various factors, including external and internal factors. External factors include parenting patterns, the environment, and culture from outside. While internal factors come from within the students, including feelings of empathy and student personality related to emotional intelligence. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and bullying behavior in elementary schools. The population in this study was grade V at SDN 12 Pagi Cengkareng Timur with a sample of 30 students. Sampling in this study was determined using a purposive sampling technique because it met certain criteria, such as sample homogeneity which was in the age range of 11-12 years, a sample size sufficient to achieve the desired depth of analysis, and ease of access to members of the population. This study is a quantitative study with a data collection technique using a questionnaire instrument that goes through a statistical test stage, such as validity and reliability tests. This study uses two analysis techniques, namely univariate analysis and bivariate analysis. The results of the correlation test show that the Sig. value is 0.019 <0.05 with r count 0.426> r table 0.361, so there is a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and bullying behavior. The higher the level of emotional intelligence of a student, the lower the tendency of bullying behavior.

The Impact of the Evaluation of Individual's Appearance from Social Media Platforms on Contemporary High School Student's Personality

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of social media on self-perception and personality development of high school students, with an added focus on the positive correlation between social media usage and self-perception. While there are limitations to the data collection process, the analysis suggests that increased social media use is associated with increased pressure to adhere to appearance standards. High school students' self-evaluation of their own appearance, attention to peers' appearance, and media interactions with peers all contributed to changes in perception and personality. Understanding these dynamics is critical for educators, parents, and researchers when it comes to the impact of social media on adolescent development. Future studies should establish a target number for data collection to ensure more robust findings. This study provides insight into the complex relationship between social media, self-perception, and personality development among high school students.

The Role of Islamic Religious Education Teachers in Fostering Students' Morals at State Vocational High School 1 Banyudono

<p>Personality is a crucial factor for the success of students in the learning process. Instilling good habits from an early age is very important for students. Teachers play a significant role in schools, especially Islamic Education (PAI) teachers, who are educators directly responsible for moral development and the inculcation of legal norms concerning right and wrong, as well as responsibility. This study aims to determine the roles, methods, supporting factors, and obstacles faced by PAI teachers in shaping the personalities of students at SMKN 01 Banyudono Boyolali. The approach used is qualitative, employing case study research methods through data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study conclude that PAI teachers play an essential role in the moral development of students at SMKN 1 Banyudono, primarily as educators, guides, habituators, and implementers of religious activities. Efforts made by PAI teachers to cultivate students' morals include encouraging the habit of reciting "basmallah" at the beginning of learning activities, saying "hamdallah" at the end, starting lessons by reciting Asma’ul Husna, maintaining classroom cleanliness, assigning additional tasks to memorize prayer recitations, promoting Quranic literacy, guiding and setting an example for students to perform congregational prayers, and actively participating in the execution of religious activities.</p>

Quiz as an effective technology for forming the professional personality of medical students in the aspect of the basic values of Zhana Kazakstan

The article is devoted to the current problem of the formation of the professional personality of medical students from the point of view of basic values, such as citizenship and responsibility, corresponding to the new demands of society, lying in the plane of the modern Concept of Zhana Kazakhstan. The purpose of the article is to formulate the principle of the effectiveness of using a quiz in classroom and extracurricular work with students of medical specialties. The authors offer a specific scenario for the quiz «Medical Karaganda», and at the same time describe in detail the tasks and the course of the game. The tasks are based on materials on the history of medicine in Karaganda, including unique archival sources, materials collected in museums and other sources. The quiz also involves conducting it in the second language that the students are studying (in this case, Russian for students in groups with Kazakh as the language of tuition). The article analyzes both the effectiveness of individual tasks and the quiz as a whole. The analysis was carried out based on the results of testing a quiz in the classroom (NС JSC «Karaganda Medical University», 1st year students) and as part of the «City Day» event at the private institution «Bolashaq Academy» with students of the specialty «Pharmacy». Analysis of the results obtained during feedback and questioning proved the effectiveness of the quiz in the formation of basic values (patriotism, responsibility, critical thinking) and allowed us to formulate the principle of effectiveness based on a careful selection of tasks and interdisciplinary connections.

The Effectiveness of Contextual Problem Based Learning Model and Personality Types on Students History Learning Outcomes

Learning outcomes are one of the important factors that used to measure persons success in learning. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of contextual problem-based history learning models and personality types on student history learning outcomes between groups of students using contextual problem-based learning models and groups of students using conventional learning models involving personality types in XI IPS class at senior high school. The method used in this study was a quasi-experimental quantitative with a 2x2 treatment design model. The population in this study was all students of XI IPS class consisting of four class, totaling 124 students. The research sample was determined by purposive random sampling technique. The data were collected using the test method to measure student learning outcomes and the questionnaire was used to measure the student's personality type. The results showed that the learning outcomes of students who use contextual problem-based learning models are higher than students who use conventional learning models. There is an interaction effect between contextual problem-based learning models and personality types on history learning outcomes. The learning outcomes of students with extrovert personality types who use contextual problem-based learning models are higher than students who use conventional learning models. The learning outcomes of students with introverted personality types who use contextual problem-based learning models are lower than students who use conventional learning models.

Dental students' Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality profile in the past 50 years: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Dental students' personalities are strongly correlated with their didactic and clinical performances. With the significant changes in the social environment in the past decades, students' personalities may also change dramatically. Additionally, with the increasing number of international students admitted into US dental programs, educators must pay attention to the potential personality differences between domestic and international students. A systematic review focusing on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality types of dental students was conducted with 11 literature databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline. The quality assessment of each included article was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool. Meta-analyses were conducted for each personality type within the United States in the past 50 years, and in each country in the past 20 years. Eighteen articles (17 reports) were included after the eligibility assessment. The longitudinal trends within the United States showed the predominant two personality types have changed from Extraversion, Sensing, Feeling, and Judging (ESFJ) and Extraversion, Sensing, Thinking, and Judging (ESTJ) to ESTJ and Introversion, Sensing, Thinking, and Judging (ISTJ) during the past 50 years. When comparing different countries, the United States, China, Korea, and Iran have the same two dominant personality types (ESTJ and ISTJ) but not the Philippines (Extraversion, Intuition, Feeling, and Perceiving and Introversion, Intuition, Feeling, and Perceiving). However, there are large variations in the prevalence of other personality types. There have been constant changes in the predominant personalities of dental students over the years. Additionally, understanding the diversity of personality types within the United States as well as among different countries could serve as the foundation for further improvements in teaching strategies and student support services.

The Impact of Moral Learning on Students’ Morality at Islamic Junior High School Baiturrahman Teluk Kuantan

Moral education has a significant role in shaping the noble character of students. Good morals reflect a noble personality and are the foundation for a dignified civilization. However, many students’ morals still do not follow what is expected in the field. Therefore, this research aims to find and analyze how Islamic Junior High School Baiturrahman Teluk Kuantan builds the noble character of students through moral education. The research method used by the author is a qualitative approach to deepen the understanding of noble character through moral education. These methods can involve interviews, observations, and documentation. Based on the results of the research show that Islamic Junior High School Baiturrahman Taluk Kuantan emphasizes the importance of moral education or character education in developing personality and noble character in students, which includes the development of positive qualities such as honesty, responsibility, respect, tolerance, kindness, and in the end can bring positive benefits to the Islamic Junior High School Baiturrahman extended family.

Kompotensi Guru PPKn dalam Membina Kepribadian Perilaku Disiplin Peserta Didik Kelas X di Sekolah SMK Negeri 8 Samarinda

Teacher competency is a set of mastery of abilities that must exist in teachers in order to realize their performance appropriately and effectively. Discipline is obedience to existing rules, and discipline means obeying rules, and discipline includes all matters related to discipline. The aim of this research is to describe teacher competency in developing students' disciplined behavior at SMKN 8 Samarinda school and to describe the implementation of developing students' disciplined personality at SMKN 8 Samarinda school. Types of qualitative phenomenological research. The research was conducted at SMK Negeri 8 Samarinda in December 2023-January 2024. The research subjects were one principal, two PPKN teachers and five students using observation, interview and documentation techniques. Data analysis techniques are data collection, data reduction, data presentation and data collection. The results of the research show that Teacher Competency in Developing Students' Disciplinary Behavior Personality at SMKN 8 Samarinda School, teachers have teacher competency which includes educating, guiding, teaching, training and evaluating in developing students' disciplined personality at State Vocational School 8 Samarinda. And in its implementation, PPKN teachers use several methods, including habituation, example, creating a conducive atmosphere, regulations, punishments and rewards in developing the disciplined personality of students at SMK Negeri 8 Samarinda.

Teacher Personality Competencies According to Ibnu Sahnun in the Book of Adab Al-Mu'allimin and According to Az-Zarnuji in the Book of Ta'lim Al-Muta'allim

A good teacher is a teacher who has a complete personality, is virtuous, mature, has faith, morals, is disciplined and is responsible. The teacher's personality influences the formation of a student's personality because it is seen as the starting point for someone to become a successful educator. Thus, efforts must continue to be made to increase teacher personality competence. The aim of this research is to determine teacher personality competencies, similarities and differences, and to find the relevance of teacher personality competencies according to Ibnu Sahnun in the book Adab Al-Mu'allimin and according to Az-Zarnuji in the book Ta'lim Al-Muta'allim. This type of research is library research using a philosophical approach. The primary sources for this research were taken from the book Adab Al-Mu'allimin by Ibnu Sahnun and the book Ta'lim Al-Muta'allim by Az-Zarnuji. The validity tests of the data used in this research are testing the degree of trust, testing transferability, testing reliability, testing certainty. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions and verification. The results of this research are; 1) Teacher personality competencies in the book Adab Al-Mu'allimin by Ibnu Sahnun are acting fairly, avoiding discrimination towards students, compassion, not acting when emotional, sincere, responsible, moral and devout. Meanwhile, according to Az Zarnuji, teacher personality competencies in his book Ta'lim Al-Muta'allim are sincere, authoritative, affectionate, wara', and tawadlu'. 2) The similarity in teacher personality competence between the two books lies in sincerity and compassion. Meanwhile, the difference in personality competence between the two books lies in moral development and being fair. 3) The relevance of the teacher's personality competency in the book Adab Al-Mu'allimin by Ibnu Sahnun and Az Zarnuji in their book Ta'lim Al-Muta'allim with the teacher's personality competency according to the Law on Teachers and Lecturers, namely stable, stable and mature, authoritative, and noble character.

The Impact of Digital Competence and Personal Innovativeness on the Learning Behavior of Students: Exploring the Moderating Role of Digitalization in Higher Education Quality

The integration of digitalization in higher education is a key to increasing the number of students getting access to education in the developing world. Inspired by the fast digitalization in higher education institutes and the lack of relevant empirical studies about the impact of this rapid digitalization on the learning behavior of students, we investigated: how does digital competence, along with personal innovativeness and attitudes toward digital learning, affect the learning behavior of students in China? This study also aims to examine the moderating role of the level of digitization at higher educational institutions between students’ personality traits and their learning behavior. For this purpose, cross sectional data were collected from 1,569 Chinese students through purposive and random sampling through a face-to-face survey. The data were analyzed using the partially least square structural equation model. The findings indicate that digital competence (β = .688, p < .01) exerts a robust positive influence on students’ learning behavior. The personal innovativeness had a significant impact on learning behavior (β = .720, p < .01). The study found that the attitude toward digital learning had a significant impact on students’ learning behavior (β = .573, p < .01). The results also indicated that digitalization at higher education institutes moderated positively between student personality traits and their learning behavior. Thus, the enables individuals to cultivate creativity, explore novel concepts, and acquire fresh insights that enhance their intellectual skills. Ultimately, DHEI also cultivates their attitude toward formal as well as informal digital learning, which significantly influences their learning behavior.