Structural Elements Research Articles

Shear performance and strength of reinforced concrete non-prismatic beams with basalt fiber reinforced polymer rebars

Tapered beams, which are horizontal structural elements, possess varying moments of inertia across their length. Among these, the pier cap mode is widely employed in engineering applications. This research explores the influence of incorporating basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars on the shear strength of eight concrete haunched beams. While two of these beams were straight beams, the others have different inclination angles. The study aimed to examine two main factors: the angles of tapered part in the compression chord and the effect of BFRP stirrups. Results from the experiment revealed a direct correlation between increasing tapered angles and the enhancement of shear capacity in haunched beams. Consequently, a comprehensive analysis was conducted using three different codes, leading to the formulation of proposed equations derived from semi-empirical methods. The analysis demonstrated a high level of accuracy in predicting shear strength with a satisfactory safety margin.

Skirt piles in foundation: a structural rehabilitation solution for fixed offshore platforms

An analysis and structural design of strength and ductility level earthquake is presented in this paper. Numerical results show that structural failure under seismic loads is sensitive to the degree of deterioration of structural steel. The structural elements do not present any excess stress, that is, all stress ratios are less than unity. The maximum stress ratio is 0.942, in the superstructure of element 1586-1571, which corresponds to a main deck beam elevation (+) 15,850 m.

RESISTANCE OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF CIVIL PROTECTION BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES TO THE IMPACT OF AN EXPLOSION

The article presents the results of a comparison of the stability of the structural elements of the underground parking lot of an erected multistory civil building. The results of calculation of structural load-bearing elements (monolithic floor slab and pylons) to the impact of an explosion in the Lira CAD software with consideration of the requirements of the state Building standards of Ukraine are presented. It is shown that an increase in the instantaneous load of explosive pressure from 20 kPa (DBN B.2.2-5-97) to 100 kPa (DBN B.2.2-5:2023) will increase the maximum displacement of a monolithic floor slab by 11.9 times and the maximum reinforcement section by 5.8 times. This creates a real opportunity to develop new approaches to the planning of civil protection buildings and structures to ensure their operational reliability and resistance to the effects of an explosion.

Structural Requirements for Reverse Transcription by a Diversity-generating Retroelement.

Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) create massive protein sequence variation in ecologically diverse microbes. Variation occurs during reverse transcription of a protein-encoding RNA template coupled to misincorporation at adenosines. In the prototypical Bordetella bacteriophage DGR, the template must be surrounded by upstream and downstream RNA segments for cDNA synthesis by the reverse transcriptase bRT and associated protein Avd. The function of the surrounding RNA was unknown. Cryo-EM revealed that this RNA enveloped bRT and lay over barrel-shaped Avd, forming an intimate ribonucleoprotein (RNP). An abundance of essential interactions between RNA structural elements and bRT-Avd precisely positioned an RNA homoduplex for initiation of cDNA synthesis by cis -priming. Our results explain how the surrounding RNA primes cDNA synthesis, promotes processivity, terminates polymerization, and strictly limits mutagenesis to select proteins through mechanisms that are likely conserved in DGRs from distant taxa.

Guiding Transient Peptide Assemblies with Structural Elements Embedded in Abiotic Phosphate Fuels

AbstractDespite great progress in the construction of non‐equilibrium systems, most approaches do not consider the structure of the fuel as a critical element to control the processes. Herein, we show that the amino acid side chains (A, F, Nal) in the structure of abiotic phosphates can direct assembly and reactivity during transient structure formation. The fuels bind covalently to substrates and subsequently influence the structures in the assembly process. We focus on the ways in which the phosphate esters guide structure formation and how structures and reactivity cross regulate when constructing assemblies. Through the chemical functionalization of energy‐rich aminoacyl phosphate esters, we are able to control the yield of esters and thioesters upon adding dipeptides containing tyrosine or cysteine residues. The structural elements around the phosphate esters guide the lifetime of the structures formed and their supramolecular assemblies. These properties can be further influenced by the peptide sequence of substrates, incorporating anionic, aliphatic and aromatic residues. Furthermore, we illustrate that oligomerization of esters can be initiated from a single aminoacyl phosphate ester incorporating a tyrosine residue (Y). These findings suggest that activated amino acids with varying reactivity and energy contents can pave the way for designing and fabricating structured fuels.

Guiding Transient Peptide Assemblies with Structural Elements Embedded in Abiotic Phosphate Fuels.

Despite great progress in the construction of non-equilibrium systems, most approaches do not consider the structure of the fuel as a critical element to control the processes. Herein, we show that the amino acid side chains (A, F, Nal) in the structure of abiotic phosphates can direct assembly and reactivity during transient structure formation. The fuels bind covalently to substrates and subsequently influence the structures in the assembly process. We focus on the ways in which the phosphate esters guide structure formation and how structures and reactivity cross regulate when constructing assemblies. Through the chemical functionalization of energy-rich aminoacyl phosphate esters, we are able to control the yield of esters and thioesters upon adding dipeptides containing tyrosine or cysteine residues. The structural elements around the phosphate esters guide the lifetime of the structures formed and their supramolecular assemblies. These properties can be further influenced by the peptide sequence of substrates, incorporating anionic, aliphatic and aromatic residues. Furthermore, we illustrate that oligomerization of esters can be initiated from a single aminoacyl phosphate ester incorporating a tyrosine residue (Y). These findings suggest that activated amino acids with varying reactivity and energy contents can pave the way for designing and fabricating structured fuels.

Divine Insights: Religious Influences in Albanian Literature

This paper aims to investigate the profound influences of Biblical and Koranic discourse on Albanian literature during a specific period, with a focus on the principal authors. The study adopts on applied research approach, employing textual analysis and comparative literary studies to examine the integration of oriental and occidental themes, motifs and conceptions in Albanian literature. By delving into the structural elements and elements of discourse influenced by codified beliefs, the research explores religious interplay within the literature.Through a thorough analysis of literary works, this study reveals that the Bible and Koran hold significant literary importance, with numerous authors drawing inspiration from these sacred texts. The research findings demonstrate the extensive utilization of motifs, literary figures, stylistic elements, events and characters from the Bible and the Koran in Albanian literature. Holy Scripture, embodying a noble and holy spirit, serves as inexhaustible source of artistic inspiration, vitality and creativity for prominent authors. Notably, the research highlights the prominence of Biblical events that portray the struggle for freedom, which have found expression in Albanian literature. This exploration sheds light on enduring influence of the Bible and the Koran on the cultural fabric of Albanian society.Based on the research findings, this study concludes that the integration of Biblical and Koranic discourse in Albanian literature reflects the deep-rooted Islamic and Christian culture within the Albanian psyche. The research underscores the significance of these sacred texts as sources of artistic inspiration and creativity, shaping the cultural tradition and civilization of Albanians. By uncovering the profound interplay between religion and literature, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the cultural and religious dynamics within Albanian literary works.

Genome-wide identification and investigation of monosaccharide transporter gene family based on their evolution and expression analysis under abiotic stress and hormone treatments in maize (Zea mays L.)

BackgroundMonosaccharide transporter (MST) family, as a carrier for monosaccharide transport, plays an important role in carbon partitioning and widely involves in plant growth and development, stress response, and signaling transduction. However, little information on the MST family genes is reported in maize (Zea mays), especially in response to abiotic stresses. In this study, the genome-wide identification of MST family genes was performed in maize.ResultA total of sixty-six putative members of MST gene family were identified and divided into seven subfamilies (including SPT, PMT, VGT, INT, pGlcT, TMT, and ERD) using bioinformatics approaches, and gene information, phylogenetic tree, chromosomal location, gene structure, motif composition, and cis-acting elements were investigated. Eight tandem and twelve segmental duplication events were identified, which played an important role in the expansion of the ZmMST family. Synteny analysis revealed the evolutionary features of MST genes in three gramineous crop species. The expression analysis indicated that most of the PMT, VGT, and ERD subfamilies members responded to osmotic and cadmium stresses, and some of them were regulated by ABA signaling, while only a few members of other subfamilies responded to stresses. In addition, only five genes were induced by NaCl stress in MST family.ConclusionThese results serve to understand the evolutionary relationships of the ZmMST family genes and supply some insight into the processes of monosaccharide transport and carbon partitioning on the balance between plant growth and development and stress response in maize.

Conformational Dynamics of the Hepatitis C Virus 3'X RNA.

The 3' end of the hepatitis C virus genome is terminated by a highly conserved, 98-nucleotide sequence called 3'X. This untranslated structural element is thought to regulate several essential RNA-dependent processes associated with infection. 3'X has two proposed conformations comprised of either three- or two stem-loop structures that result from different base pairing interactions within the first 55 nucleotides. Here, we used single-molecule FRET spectroscopy to monitor the conformational status of fluorescently labeled constructs that isolate this region of the RNA (3'X55). We observed that 3'X55 can adopt both proposed conformations and the relative abundance of them can be modulated by either solution conditions or nucleotide deletions. Furthermore, interconversion between the two conformations is slow and takes place over the course of several hours. The simultaneous existence of two slowly interconverting conformations may help prime individual copies of the viral genome for either viral protein or RNA synthesis, thereby minimizing conflicts between these two competing processes.

UPBEAT1-ROS-POD-PAL System under Different Xylogenesis Scenarios in Karelian Birch [Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Mercl.) Hämet-Ahti

In this study, UPBEAT1 (UPB1), which regulates superoxide radical hydrogen peroxide ratio together with Peroxidase (POD) activity and PAL gene expression, has been studied under apical meristem development during the xylem structural elements' formation in unique woody plants B. pendula var. pendula with straight-grained wood and B. pendula var. carelica with figured wood. The differentiation process has been found to predominate in straight-- grained wood (B. pendula var. pendula) or proliferate in the figured wood. The investigation has been conducted on the radial row (cambial zone-differentiating xylem-mature xylem) during the active cambial growth period. The study aimed to study the xylogenesis processes occurring in the 16-year-old straight-grained silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and Karelian birch (Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Mercl.) Hämet-Ahti)with figured wood. Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical contents and peroxidase activity were determined spectrophotometrically. Gene expression for PAL family genes and the UPBEAT1 gene was assessed using qRT-PCR. Principal component analysis has confirmed trees with straight-grained and figured wood to be different according to UPBEAT1-ROS-POD-PAL system functioning. The higher superoxide radical/hydrogen peroxide ratio in figured Karelian birch, along with UPBEAT1 transcription factor and PAL genes upregulation, distinguished it from straight-grained silver birch. This metabolic picture confirmed the shift of Karelian birch xylogenesis towards proliferation processes, accompanied by ROS and phenolic compounds' flow and POD activity.

IDENTIFICATION OF HIDDEN DAMAGE IN CONSTRUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES TO REDUCE THE RISKS OF THEIR DESTRUCTION

Problem statement. In emergency situations, which are activated by dynamic impacts from explosions, fires and earthquakes, it is necessary to monitor the stability of objects to assess their suitability for further operation. Purpose of the study. ensuring the safe operation of buildings and structures using methods, software and technical means for vibroacoustic monitoring of hidden damage in building structures. Methods. Analysis and generalization of data, computer modeling, experimental studies of the structures stability using the vibroacoustic method. Research results. Considered: loss of concrete stability, reinforced concrete, bricks and other elements of load-bearing structures; risk factors manifested in the gradual weakening of load-bearing building structures due to the accumulation of internal damage. Sudden loss of stability of structures occurs after the accumulation of a critical amount of damage in structural elements or the rapid growth of cracks, which are activated by the sudden unloading of extremely stressed structures as a result of any dynamic influences. By modeling the destruction process using the finite element method, it has been established that long before cracks on the surfaces of structures can be visually identified, zones of hidden damage can actively spread inside the wall structures of buildings. The main parameters for monitoring the condition of buildings and structures using visual and vibroacoustic methods have been determined. Due to the fact that the object of research is the partial destruction of buildings and structures (that is, not the root cause, but the consequences of the influence of a complex of negative main factors), two main groups of risk factors for assess the risks of stability loss have been proposed. The first group is associated with the detection of external structural damage identified by visual inspection methods. The second group is associated with the detection of hidden damage, the parameters of which are determined by the vibroacoustic method. The integral risk of stability loss is determined by comparing and selecting the maximum risk in the group. Scientific novelty. The methodology for identifying hidden damage in structural elements of buildings and structures has been further developed, which is distinguished by taking into account the parameters of vibroacoustic control of the destruction consequences and assessing the risks of the structures stability loss. Practical significance. The research results make it possible to improve the method for assessing changes in the structure of the medium as a result of the occurrence of observed and hidden systems of cracks using vibroacoustic monitoring.

СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ РАЙОНИРОВАНИЕ ТЕРРИТОРИИ ТИХООКЕАНСКОЙ РОССИИ ПО ОСОБЕННОСТЯМ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ПОТЕНЦИАЛОВ РАЗВИТИЯ ПОСЕЛЕНИЙ

The fractional socio-economic areas on the coastal territories of Pacific Russia are outlined according to the peculiarities of the formation of settlements development potential. Within the fractional districts, settlements serve as centers of socio-economic development, where the main demographic, infrastructural and economic potentials are concentrated. The integrity of the fractional districts is ensured by the similarity of development potentials and by links formed between the elements of production and technological structures. The demographic, infrastructural and economic potentials of settlements within fractional economic areas, should provide sustainable development of the economy and a high quality standards of the population living.

The C-BixSnSb composite toward fast-charging and long-life sodium-ion batteries

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) fitted with high-rate and high-capacity anodes are attractive for their higher energy density and faster charging capability. However, it is still a challenge to develop high-energy SIBs with high power and long life, due to the sluggish kinetic and limited Na+ insertion in electrode materials. The inherent crystal structure and constituent element are two important factors to resolve the critical issues faced above. Taking the merits of layer-structure and middle-entropy, herein, we proposed and designed a high ion-conductive composite combing with ternary alloy and layered BixSnSb@C nanofibers, which eliminate ion migration barriers while maintaining the structural framework for superior rate property and cycle stability. Used as anode for SIBs, the multiphase BixSnSb@C with adjustable Bi content exhibits excellent Na storage capability as compared to their single phase counterpart. Specially, up to a rate of 132C (50 A g−1), the capacity is still as high as 400 mAh g−1, meanwhile, after 5000 charge and discharge cycles at a current density of 12C, the capacity still maintains 85 % of its initial capacity, which outperform the individual Bi- or SnSb-based materials. The superior electrochemical performances originate from the middle-entropy nature and layer structure of BiSnSb alloy, which can provide more channels for fast Na+ transport, and accommodate large volume changes. Besides, the activity energy and ions transport resistance of Na+ in different composites were evaluated. Furthermore, the full-cell coupled with NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 as cathode was formed and a capacity retention of ∼80 % is realized in 100 cycles. The results show that the BixSnSb@C is a potential anode for fast-charging Na-ion batteries and could be used to guide the design of multi-component alloy-base anodes.

Development of the Saini-Hodgins Addiction Risk Potential of Games (SHARP-G) Scale: An International Delphi study.

As the gaming industry experiences exponential growth, concerns about gaming disorder (GD) also grow. It is crucial to understand the structural features of games that can interact with individual characteristics of gamers to promote GD. This research consolidates the views of an international body of panelists to create an assessment tool for gauging the addictive potential of distinct games. Utilizing the iterative and structured Delphi method, an international panel ofresearchers, clinicians, and people with lived experience were recruited to offer a multifaceted viewpoint on the addictive risk associated with specific structural elements in games. Two rounds of surveys facilitated consensus. The panel initially included 40 members-ten from research, eight from clinical settings, and 22 with lived experiences. The second round included 27 panelists-seven from research, eight from clinical settings, and 11 with lived experiences. The study identified 25structural features that contribute to potentially addictive gaming patterns. Consensus was found for 25 features, which were distilled into a 23-item evaluation tool. The Saini-Hodgins Addiction Risk Potential of Games Scale (SHARP-G) consists of five overarching categories: 'Social,' 'Gambling-Like Features,' 'Personal Investment,' 'Accessibility,' and 'World Design.' SHARP-G yields atotal score indicating level of addiction risk. A case study applyingthe scale to three games of differing perceived risk levels demonstrated that that score corresponded to game risk as expected. While the SHARP-G scale requires further validation, itprovides significant promise for evaluating gaming experiences and products.

MODELING OF A LIGHTWEIGHT FLAT FLOOR WITH VOIDS MADE OF PLASTIC BALLS

Formulation of the problem. Prefabricated monolithic construction in domestic and global practice in recent years has occupied a small share in the field of construction. A fairly large number of designs of prefabricated monolithic lightweight floors, as well as its individual structural elements, have been proposed. The use of lightweight floors in the construction of residential and public buildings can significantly reduce the consumption of materials and the dead weight of structures and increase the size of live loads and overlapping spans. Despite this, it cannot be said that effective design solutions have been found that can maximally satisfy the requirements of consumers, architects and builders. Based on this, a constructive solution for a lightweight prefabricated monolithic floor with voids made of plastic balls, quite effective from the point of view of construction and subsequent operation, was proposed and investigated. The proposed design solution for a lightweight prefabricated monolithic flat floor with voids made of plastic balls has less mass than solid floors and optimal use of material resources, namely the consumption of concrete and reinforcement. Therefore, research to determine the optimal design parameters of a flat lightweight floor with void formers made of plastic balls is relevant. The purpose of the article is to conduct numerous studies of the stress-strain state of the proposed design of a prefabricated monolithic floor with voids made of plastic balls. Conclusion. As a result of the research, it was established that it is rational to use hollow balls made from recycled materials as a material for making voids from balls in flat floors. Moreover, all studied floor options with spans of 6 m, 7 m, 8 m and void sizes made of balls with diameters of 180 mm, 315 mm and 500 mm meet the requirements of the first and second groups of limit states.

METHODS OF INFLUENCE ON THE SYSTEM TO CHANGE THE ENERGY STATE OF SUBSTANCE: EXPERIENCE, STATE OF THE ISSUE

Methods of influencing the system, the ultimate goal of which is to destruct the natural structure of the material, can be divided as mechanical, physical, chemical, biological and complex. The changing the energy state of a substance is called activation. The current scientific field of ultradispersed materials and physical and chemical processes caused by dispersion is created by the researches of many scientists. Detailed consideration for the increasing reactivity of a solid substance compared to the change in its specific surface area during its mechanical activation showed that the share attributable to the growth of the specific surface area is only a few percent of the mechanical activation effect. The other part is due to the accumulation of defects in the crystals during the grinding process. According to the law of conservation of energy, when a crystal splits, the potential energy of interaction between lattice nodes is transferred to uncompensated surface energy. In addition, the value of the specific surface energy depends on the type of flat lattice used to split the crystal. Therefore, the activation processes and the application of the substance in the active state are relevant in the development of modern binders and concretes. The purpose of the article is to analyse the advantages and disadvantages of the existing methods of influencing the system with the ultimate goal of destruction of the natural structure of the material to changing the energy state of the substance, i.e. its activation. Conclusions. During the destruction of solids, the formation of new cleavage surfaces is accompanied by the breaking of bonds between the substance structural elements and the transition of the potential bond energy into surface energy. Ceteris paribus, the higher the ionic charges and the smaller the distance between them (between adjacent flat grids in the lattice), the greater the value of σ. In addition, the value of the specific surface energy depends on the type of flat grids used to split the crystal. It is worth mentioning that not all methods of activation for binder and concrete (soluble) mixtures are currently implemented on an i industry level. This is due to various reasons. The main method of activation used on an industry level is mechanochemical activation in various types of mills.

Impact of Bi2O3 on the Structural, Optical, Radiation Shielding, and Dielectric Analysis of Lead Borosilicate Glasses Doped with TiO2

Objective: The principal aim of this investigation was to assess the impact of bismuth oxide on the optical properties, radiation shielding characteristics, and dielectric behavior of lead borosilicate glasses doped with titanium oxide at a low concentration. Method: We intended to utilize the conventional rapid melt quenching method to produce glasses with the following chemical composition: 25 PbO+ 15 B2O3 + 0.1 TiO2 + (59.9-x) SiO2 : x Bi2O3(0≤x≤12). Findings: XRD and SEM analyses were used to confirm the samples' non-crystalline properties, while DTA investigations were used to evaluate the samples' ability to form glass. The numerous structural elements were identified through the utilization of FT–IR and Raman analyses. The optical characteristics of glasses are determined by optical absorption studies. The findings derived from optical absorption spectral analyses revealed a progressive increase in the concentration of octahedral Ti4+ ions with the mol% Bi2O3 concentration. In order to analyse the glasses' dielectric properties, an impudence analyser was employed. The results obtained from these inquiries indicate that glasses do contain Bi2O3 at concentrations lower than 12 mol% experience a progressive increase in dielectric constant values. Further investigation is conducted into the radiation shielding properties of the glasses. Novelty: The findings indicate that the values of the glasses' optical band gap, radiation shielding ability, dielectric constant, and thermal stability are all directly correlated with their Bi2O3 concentration. Keywords: FT­IR, Raman, OBG, MAC, Activation Energy

DIFFERENTIATION OF WORD MEANINGS IN TRANSLATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF RUSSIAN AND TURKISH LANGUAGES)

The relevance of the study of lexical transformations in the process of translation is associated with the need to ensure communication between the author and recipients in terms of recreating the lexical, structural and stylistic richness of the original in the translated text. Since today far from all the methods and mechanisms for eliminating language inaccuracies have been studied, this direction occupies an important role in the translation science branch of knowledge. The purpose of the study is to examine the role and functions of differentiation of meanings in the process of literary translation from Russian into Turkish by analysing the lexico-semantic means used in the context of literary works. This paper uses the methods of contextual, lexico-semantic, comparative, linguoculturological and analytical-synthetic analysis are used in the paper. This study is aimed at studying lexical transformations in the translated text, mechanisms for transferring the semantic subtleties of the source with minimization of lexical losses and combining techniques to obtain a translated text that is as accessible to the readership as possible. The work is focused on contextual and lexico-semantic analysis, search, and comparison of lexical variants and structural patterns in the original and translation. Attention was drawn to the mechanisms of differentiation and generalization of meanings, as well as the semantic unfolding of events. When analysing lexico-semantic and syntactic constructions, as well as phraseological phrases, the topic of national linguistic features and cultural specifics, which play an important role in the translation of literary texts, was touched upon. In the future, this work can be used in the field of translation studies, cultural linguistics, automatic text processing, the creation of lexicographic thesauri, and the study of semantic patterns and equivalents. The study examined the nuances of word usage in translations from Russian to Turkish, underscoring the inevitability of lexical transformations. Strategies primarily involved expanding, narrowing, and clarifying the source text’s semantics. Russian-Turkish translations also frequently employed semantic deployment and structural element transformations to elucidate intricate meanings. Stable, often phraseological turns were highlighted, emphasizing their non-equivalent nature. Such techniques reconstruct the original’s cultural essence and authorial style. While there exist discrepancies between the Russian and Turkish contexts, lexical transformations often simplify complex structures for clarity in Turkish. Idiomatic expressions in Turkish involve detailing meanings or unfolding specific events descriptively. The study demonstrated the interplay between the original and its translation, revealing strategies and issues within linguistics and translation studies.

Cluster market of civil aviation training complex services

Classification and features of the educational services market are of interest due to the commercialisation of education and the widespread increase in the level of requirements for staff qualification. Vocational education represents a special segment of this market. The market of professional education of aviation specialists is an important and dynamically developing segment of the educational industry that can offer promising opportunities for training and career development in aviation. According to many researchers, the special importance of this element of the educational services market structure should be based on the integration of joint efforts of corporate training centres, industry agencies and the government with the needs of customers and industry standards. Personnel training itself is a complex multi-disciplinary system. Based on the research in the field of professional education of aviation specialists, the authors define the market of civil aviation simulator complexes services, characterise the market products and identify other features of the market and propose the concept of "cluster market of aviation simulator complexes services".

A new analytical tool for the elastic/plastic buckling design of pressure vessels subjected to external pressure

This paper deals with the elastic/plastic buckling design of pressure vessels under external pressure loading. The objective is to build a simple analytical tool devoted to the elastic and elastoplastic buckling analysis of pressure equipments. This tool is aimed to provide the critical external pressure of cylindrical pressure vessels with ellipsoidal (or possibly hemispherical) heads. Depending on the geometry of the equipment and material parameters, the first buckling pressure may involve either the cylindrical shell or the closure ends, in the elastic or plastic range. The calculation tool will be thus based on a series of exact or approximate analytical solutions of the critical pressure of each part of the considered equipment. In this paper, the elementary shell structures involved in such pressure equipments are first individually examined. The fundamental critical pressures for each of them are recalled or introduced, both in elasticity and plasticity. The new solutions are validated against reference numerical results obtained through finite element computations. Then, approximate solutions of the critical pressure are derived for the same shells, taking account of specific boundary conditions (and not idealized ones, as before) due to the presence of the remaining part of the equipment. In the end, a VBA Excel software is developed. It is able to provide the mappings of the buckling mode type and the corresponding critical pressures for large ranges of geometric and material parameters in a very efficient way. These analytical solutions are finally confronted to numerical calculations performed on complete pressure equipments and they are shown to give quite reliable results. A discussion is also initiated on the use of such a program to update the current design rules in this scope of application.