Residential Building Structures Research Articles

Architectural-planning and constructive structures of residential buildings and buildings on complex terrain

The article deals with the features of designing and improving the spatial and planning structure of the dwelling and residential development in conditions of complex terrain, taking into account orographic features of the structure and climatic conditions. The problem of developing a mountainous complex region is studied with the aim of developing the planning structure of residential units and the development of settlements, taking into account local climatic features of the terrain. Based on the study of the orographic relief structure, there was determined a classification of the relief in terms of form, types of planning structure of settlements, types of planning schemes for building up, as well as the structure of the dwelling depending on the indices of natural and climatic discomfort. The role of insolation in the regulation of micro- and eco-climates of complex relief has been identified. In connection with this, a typology of buildings constructed in various forms of a complex relief, as well as their space-planning and architectural-constructive solutions has been determined.

LOW-RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AND PLANNING DEVELOPMENT OF LIEPAJA “NEW WORLD” AND THE LAKE TOSMARE SHORE TILL WORLD WAR II

Russian Army Headquarters and Maritime Fleet planned to build a sea and land fortress, and Major General Ivan Alfred McDonald developed a project on August 30, 1892. Near Naval Port and the Lake Tosmare Apparent Heir’s Grove and residential buildings with streets were built. Residential buildings were built in “New World” – land between Romny Railway and Grobin Highway. In Liepaja 1922 administrative border plan development was started to include the Lake Liepaja’s northern part into the urban territory. Low-rise residential buildings of Aspazija’s (former Apparent Heir’s) Grove were supplemented. Research issue – building structure and development of residential buildings of Libava Maritime fortress territory has been studied insufficiently. Novelty characteristics – low-rise residential buildings’ construction and street network of Apparent Heir’s Grove has been analysed. Research goal – analyse “New World” and low-rise residential building and planning of the Lake Tosmare surroundings till World War II. Principal research methods – planning and construction observation in nature, archive and cartographic material analysis. Brief description of research outcomes: fortress built on the Baltic Seacoast affected further development of the territory. Nowadays development of qualitative architectonic space without historical development analysis is impossible.

Seismic Damage to RC Low-rise Building Structures Having Irregularities at the Ground Story During the 15 November 2017 Pohang, Korea, Earthquake

This study examines the seismic failure of RC low-rise building structures having irregularities at the ground story during the 15 November 2017 Pohang, Korea, earthquake, Mw = 5.4, which is the second strongest since the government began monitoring them in 1978 in South Korea. Some 2,000 private houses were damaged or destroyed in this earthquake. Particularly, serious damage to the piloti story of RC low-rise residential building structures of fewer than five stories was observed within 3 km of the epicenter with brittle shear failure of columns and walls due to severe torsional behavior. Buildings below six stories constructed before 2005 did not have to comply with seismic design requirements, so confinement detailing of columns and walls also led to inadequate performance. However, some buildings constructed after 2005 were damaged at the flexible side of the piloti story due to the high torsional irregularity. Based on these results, this study focuses on the problems of the seismic torsion design approach in current building codes.

LOW-RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AND PLANNING DEVELOPMENT OF LIEPAJA “NEW WORLD” AND THE LAKE TOSMARE SHORE TILL WORLD WAR II

Russian Army Headquarters and Maritime Fleet planned to build a sea and land fortress, and Major General Ivan Alfred McDonald developed a project on August 30, 1892. Near Naval Port and the Lake Tosmare Apparent Heir’s Grove and residential buildings with streets were built. Residential buildings were built in “New World” – land between Romny Railway and Grobin Highway. In Liepaja 1922 administrative border plan development was started to include the Lake Liepaja’s northern part into the urban territory. Low-rise residential buildings of Aspazija’s (former Apparent Heir’s) Grove were supplemented. Research issue – building structure and development of residential buildings of Libava Maritime fortress territory has been studied insufficiently. Novelty characteristics – low-rise residential buildings’ construction and street network of Apparent Heir’s Grove has been analysed. Research goal – analyse “New World” and low-rise residential building and planning of the Lake Tosmare surroundings till World War II. Principal research methods – planning and construction observation in nature, archive and cartographic material analysis. Brief description of research outcomes: fortress built on the Baltic Seacoast affected further development of the territory. Nowadays development of qualitative architectonic space without historical development analysis is impossible.

Analysis of cumulative energy demand and carbon footprint in residential building structures

This paper assesses the impact of the arrangement of pillars and building height in residential building structures and its effect on the environmental impacts of the structural solution. Impacts are analysed in the elements of the structure: foundations, pillars (or columns), and slabs. The manufacturing process of materials and the process of implementation of the proposed structure are measured by using both embodied energy and carbon footprint. The results are obtained per executed square meter. The analysis provides the optimal arrangement for the pillars and the height of the building; the increase in separation of the pillars causes greater impacts, and the design of tall buildings also drives to an important increase of resource consumption. The blocks in which the structures were split have different weights. The most representative are the slabs, around 80% compared to 7% of the pillars and 13% of the foundations. The decisions made in the layout of pillars in the design phase have a different impact on the items of the structure, and their analysis and assessment are developed in this work.

Analysis of cumulative energy demand and carbon footprint in residential building structures

This paper assesses the impact of the arrangement of pillars and building height in residential building structures and its effect on the environmental impacts of the structural solution. Impacts are analysed in the elements of the structure: foundations, pillars (or columns), and slabs. The manufacturing process of materials and the process of implementation of the proposed structure are measured by using both embodied energy and carbon footprint. The results are obtained per executed square meter. The analysis provides the optimal arrangement for the pillars and the height of the building; the increase in separation of the pillars causes greater impacts, and the design of tall buildings also drives to an important increase of resource consumption. The blocks in which the structures were split have different weights. The most representative are the slabs, around 80% compared to 7% of the pillars and 13% of the foundations. The decisions made in the layout of pillars in the design phase have a different impact on the items of the structure, and their analysis and assessment are developed in this work.

Systematic Indoor Room Temperature Forecasting for Smart Buildings Using Machine Learning

The growing trend within corporate and residential building structures in India is moving towards self-sustainable techniques like intelligent temperature control, usage of renewable sources of energy and efficient load forecasting. Out of the multiple factors governing the smart buildings, controlled indoor room temperature is considered important, as it drives the need of cooling or heating through air conditioners or heat pumps. Increase in need of self sustainability of building structures and considering Indian climatic and geographical conditions, existing literature suggests that there is a demand to contribute further in this area. This paper explores the application of efficient computational data analysis techniques like Machine Learning to linear time series forecasting methods. It presents the results of a pilot study conducted to perform systematic indoor room temperature forecasting of a corporate building structure, considering Indian climatic and geographical conditions in mind. Out of three models selected for the study, the results show that Multiple Exogenous Inputs fed Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average model is the best fit model.

Graphene Oxide‐Based Lamella Network for Enhanced Sound Absorption

AbstractNoise is an environmental pollutant with recognized impacts on the psychological and physiological health of humans. Many porous materials are often limited by low sound absorption over a broad frequency range, delicacy, excessive weight and thickness, poor moisture insulation, high temperature instability, and lack of readiness for high volume commercialization. Herein, an efficient and robust lamella‐structure is reported as an acoustic absorber based on self‐assembled interconnected graphene oxide (GO) sheets supported by a grill‐shaped melamine skeleton. The fabricated lamella structure exhibits ≈60.3% enhancement over a broad absorption band between 128 and 4000 Hz (≈100% at lower frequencies) compared to the melamine foam. The enhanced acoustic absorption is identified to be structure dependent regardless of the density. The sound dissipation in the open‐celled structure is due to the viscous and thermal losses, whereas it is predominantly tortuosity in wave propagation and enhanced surface area for the GO‐based lamella. In addition to the enhanced acoustic absorption and mechanical robustness, the lamella provides superior structural functionality over many conventional sound absorbers including, moisture/mist insulation and fire retardancy. The fabrication of this new sound absorber is inexpensive, scalable and can be adapted for extensive applications in commercial, residential, and industrial building structures.

Determination of the heat exchange coefficient of outer shells in residential buildings

The article performs the analysis of normalized values of heat exchange coefficient for internal surfaces of outer shells in residential buildings of the Russian Federation. The author introduces the estimation technique and calculated dependences for the coefficient of heat transfer of the internal surface of external walls, claddings and floors of buildings. The author determined numerical values of the heat exchange coefficients of the inner surface of the enclosing structures and temperature differences between the temperature of the internal air and the temperature of the inner surface of the enclosing structure. It was concluded that there is a need to correct the values of the heat exchange coefficient of the inner surface of the enclosing structures of residential buildings in Russian construction regulations SP 50.13330.2012 “Thermal protection of buildings”.

Experimental study on the shading performance of a window integrated with grid shading configuration

The aim of the current article is to investigate the shading performance resulted from windows integrated with grid shading configuration and air gap. First, a geometric method based on a light tracing algorithm was presented in order to evaluate the shading performance of complex fenestration system. The consequential energy consumption of a typical residential building structure with complex window system was analyzed. Then a scale experiment setup was built to validate the geometric method. Transient System Simulation Program (TRNSYS) or experiment method is not applicable in the case of complex configurations, and, therefore, the geometric method is an acceptable alternative way to evaluate the shading performance of such window systems. According to the comparison between window surface temperature and indoor air temperature, the window with an air gap and grid shading configuration were proved to be capable of achieving a better thermal insulation in buildings and be more energy efficient. Finally, based on the geometric method, a detailed parameter analysis on grid shading configuration was also conducted. The optimal shading configuration size was discussed, for the specified typical residential building structure applied in the current article, the optimal grid shading configuration in Shanghai (warm–humid climate zone) is pitch to width ratio = 6, which could efficiently improve the energy systems by 38%.

Decomposing core energy factor structure of U.S. residential buildings through principal component analysis with variable clustering on high-dimensional mixed data

Numerous energy computing frameworks were created with the aim of sustaining energy efficiency strategy to achieve residential sustainability in the U.S. While beneficial, without generic information on factor structure within building energy systems, most extant instruments are inclined to scope explanatory factor variables subjectively and diversely. Consequently, their intended utility often decreases with potential unstableness and limited generalizability among complicated energy system interactions. To overcome these issues, this paper develops a novel systematic homogeneity decomposition approach combining variable clustering and principal component analysis to identify key energy factor structure of residential buildings at the U.S. nation level. This study quantitatively results that, 32 key inter-heterogeneous energy variables (mean variance inflation factor=1.21) appear sufficient to robustly profile the U.S. residential systems with an average Pearson correlation of 0.86 while reducing data burden by 68%. Top three significant variables relate to heating degree days, indoor environment and building vintage, respectively explaining 13%, 11% and 9% of energy variations. Thus, two major contributions are expected as follows. (1) These above obtained quantitative results can provide objective information for decision makers to sensibly select critical variables for robust energy computing with improved interpretability and generalizability by commonly using the above simplified 32-factor space (extracted from a 99-factor space) while saving data cost. (2) The developed novel approach can be useful in other countries for energy factor structure decomposing purpose since it has no geographical restrictions.

Investigation on Passive Energy-saving Technologies of Demonstration Houses in Taohai Pasture

With the construction of new villages in China, energy-saving technologies for rural buildings have been attracted extensive attention. According to the characteristic of severe cold climate in Hailar, Inner Mongolia, and the structure of rural residential buildings in Taohai Pasture and the energy use customs in these houses, the energy efficiencies of passive energy-saving technologies which are applied to demonstration houses in Taohai Pasture are analyzed. Based on BIM, the calculation models of three types of houses, including the demonstration house applied passive energy-saving technologies, the traditional house and the energy-saving standard model based on local rural residential energy-saving design standard, are established. Then energy simulation software is used to calculate dynamic heating loads of these houses. Furthermore some indexes such as heating load and annual energy consumption per unit building area are compared. The calculated results show that the heating load of the demonstration house in Taohai Pasture is decreased obviously through the passive energy-saving strategies of the thermal insulation of building envelopes, the effective setting of a solar room and the reasonable distribution of indoor functional zones. Compared to the annual heating loads of the traditional house and the energy-saving standard model, that of the demonstration house is reduced about 74.8 % and 28.9%, respectively. The investment increase of the envelope of the demonstration house can be recovered within 11.4 years through the reduction of annual energy use for heating.

Numerical estimation of mould growth on common single-family house building envelopes in boreal conditions

Building guidelines vary greatly from one country to another; hence, significant regional variations in climate patterns should be acknowledged in building design. This study applied the mathematical mould-growth model to simulate common residential single-family building structures in different locations across Finland. The aim of this work was to show the degree of significance to which local differences in climate can influence mould-growth risk in the time frame of a few years. The mould-growth scenarios were analysed in common house walls, and numerical hygrothermal simulations were carried out to determine the conditions inside the wall structures. The risk of mould growth on the structures in different locations was modelled during 6–10 years of exposure to local weather conditions. Significantly higher mould-growth risk was observed in coastal locations, whereas the drier inland and northernmost locations performed much better. The local climate conditions were seen to affect the structural mould sensitivity.

The importance of the criteria of residential buildings from the perspective of future users

Abstract The developers need to know what is important to their customers in preparation of new construction of residential buildings. The paper deals with finding the importance of structure, material, cost, time and environmental criteria of residential buildings from the perspective of the future owners. The research methodology that provided the information was questionnaire survey. Research was conducted in two lines. The first line is dedicated to the research of main construction domains of residential building. The second line of the research deals with the specific criteria of main construction domains. The order of importance of the main areas and the specific criteria is determined by analyzing of data through descriptive characteristics: median, modus, variance, average value and by weigh of importance.

ВЛИЯНИЕ КОНСТРУКТИВНЫХ РЕШЕНИЙ ОГРАЖДАЮЩИХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ ЖИЛЫХ ЗДАНИЙ НА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКУЮ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ТЕРМОМОДЕРНИЗАЦИИ ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

ВЛИЯНИЕ КОНСТРУКТИВНЫХ РЕШЕНИЙ ОГРАЖДАЮЩИХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ ЖИЛЫХ ЗДАНИЙ НА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКУЮ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ТЕРМОМОДЕРНИЗАЦИИ ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

Research and Analysis on Recurring Anomalies in Foundations and Structures

AbstractThis paper presents a research study performed to obtain percentage data on building anomalies of and damages to the foundations and structures of residential buildings, as well as to determine their most common causes. This analysis of the building anomalies is aimed at studying damages or construction problems that appear in the building or any of its units after its execution. The pathological process can be divided into three clearly different parts, namely: (1) origin, (2) evolution, and (3) final result. To perform an adequate study of the anomaly or defect as well as to determine the origin and potential causes of the damage, this pathway should be followed in a reverse manner, that is: (1) analysis of the damage, (2) symptoms, and (3) evolution. With the aim of drawing some conclusions regarding the different pathological processes, up to 1,166 judicial files with a firm judgment have been considered within a period of time between 2008 and 2010. A total of 995 anomalies or defects have be...

Estimation of Recycling Capacity of Multi-storey Building Structures Using Artificial Neural Networks

In recent years, we are witnessing a greater tendency towards the use of existing construction waste, in order to reduce the amount of material being disposed of on the one hand, and to limit the exploitation of natural resources necessary for the production of construction materials on the other hand. This paper provides an outline of a process for predicting the recyclable amount of concrete and reinforcement built in structures of residential buildings based on artificial neural networks (ANN). The following analyses are included in the process: an analysis of the optimal network structure, analysis of the effect of training algorithms and a network sensitivity analysis. While analyzing these, networks with one and two hidden layers trained with 5 algorithms (Gradient descent with adaptive lr backpropagation, Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation, quasi-Newton backpropagation, Bayesian regularization and Powell-Beale conjugate gradient backpropagation) for neural network training were observed. The research was carried out with the purpose of observing ANN that will quickly and with adequate precision provide information regarding the amounts of concrete and reinforcement that can be recycled.

The Green Residential Building Evaluation Structural System Based on Gray Clustering

Currently, existing green building assessment system at home and abroad mainly in the planning, construction etc, less involves structural design. Based on the promotion and development of the macro-objectives of green building, from the perspectives of section with outdoor environment, energy-saving and energy utilization, water conservation and utilization of water resources, materials and material resource utilization and indoor environmental quality, the green residential building evaluation system based on gray chustering method has been built. According to the situation of the green residential building structure design, computing green residential building structure evaluation of the gray number albino function and Gray Variable clustering coefficient, summarized the clustering vector of the design of the building structure, finally to evaluate its green level, case study was adopted to verify the practicability and scientificity of the method.

Selection Analysis of Building Envelope with Building Materials in Summer Hot and Winter Cold Area — A Case Study in Xi’an Wall Insulation System

The model of residential buildings is established in allusion to the type of residential building wall exterior insulation system and the characteristics of the various features of the wall enclosure in summer hot and winter cold region. The energy consumption of different types of wall structure is simulated and calculated using energy simulation software DeST-h, the economic characters of the structure of energy consumption of different types were compared and analyzed comprehensively, the conservation and efficiency were quantitative analyzed, the principias for selecting the structure of residential buildings of wre provide based on the principle of maximizing energy efficiency.

Post-Tensioning High-Hardness Rubber Damper System for Vibration Control of Residential Houses and Building Structures

A new vibration control system including viscoelastic or viscoplastic rubber dampers is proposed for residential houses. This system consists of braces and a damper unit including a high-hardness rubber damper or a linear rubber damper. The high-hardness rubber damper possesses many unprecedented properties such as large stiffness, small temperature and frequency dependencies compared to most of usual viscoelastic dampers. Post tensioning forces are introduced into the braces to reduce small gap in joint parts and this system has high damping performance for micro-vibration. The control system can absorb sufficient energy through the high-rubber damper and post tensioning braces. A concept is introduced called an effective deformation ratio, i.e. the ratio of the actual damper deformation to the interstory drift of the frame, as a criterion to measure the damping performance and effectiveness of this system. To find out principal parameters that affect greatly the effective deformation ratio of the proposed new vibration control system, an incremental analysis method taking into account the geometrical and material nonlinearities is developed to simulate the main characteristics of this vibration control system. The accuracy of the analysis method is investigated through the comparison with the results by two simple analysis methods. The comparison with the experimental result is also conducted for further investigation.