Ideological Structures Research Articles

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (CDA) OF THE 16TH VENICE ARCHITECTURE BIENNALE MANIFESTO

The Venice Architecture Biennale emerged with post-modern thought in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It is a medium where political, economic and cultural transformations are experienced in the field of architecture and where mainstream global architecture is discussed and shared. Over time, the Venice Architecture Biennale has created a global focal point with the manifestos produced, while bringing together the architectural products and ideas in the ambiguity of the boundaries of local architecture. Biennial manifestos have an ideological structure that is oriented towards social relations in the field of architecture. Looking at the recent Venice Architecture Biennale, it can be said that knowledge production is at the forefront in discourses and products which develops critical thinking. In this context, the study deals with the manifesto1 of the 16th Venice Architecture Biennale. The 2018’s manifesto which was produced within the scope of the biennial; the curator’s ideology is worth examining because of its subjective and objective judgments. For this reason, Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) was used in the study to make a critical reading of the biennial manifestos. By using the characteristics of CDA, findings and conclusions were reached in the topics of ideology, interpretation and consistency of the discourse. Due to the nature of the analysis, the findings and conclusions have revealed a new discourse that is controversial in this field.

Legal transformation as a component of modern legal development.

The article summarizes, expands and substantiates scientific knowledge about legal transformation as a component of modern legal development. The problems of transformations are understood by scientists of various directions and branches of social knowledge, primarily philosophers, political scientists, sociologists, economists and lawyers, since historical progress is directly determined by the ideas of democracy, freedom, free market, law and statehood. The points of view available in the specialized literature regarding the understanding of social transformation, its types, forms, trends and factors are analyzed. Social transformation covers the entire sphere of relations and interests (needs) in society, is the basis of the material and ideological structure on which both theory and practice of human life are based. Social transformation means the process of transformations in society, in particular in the cultural, political, economic and legal spheres. Qualitative and quantitative indicators of these transformations depend on many reasons and factors – internal and external, purposeful and spontaneous, objective and subjective, etc. Based on the study and systematization of transformational issues in legal science, the essence of legal transformation is revealed, under which it is proposed to understand qualitative and quantitative, substantive and formal, progressive and regressive, rational and irrational, regular, random and tendentious transformations of legal matter, legal life,legal reality, legal phenomena and processes under the action, influence, in the context, in the conditions of internal and external, purposeful and spontaneous, objective and subjective causes and factors (globalization, European integration, digitalization, sustainable development, etc.). The prerequisites for determining the common, distinctive and special features of legal transformation and legal reform within the framework of the development of the theory of the latter are outlined. Legal transformation is a component (component) of legal development along with such legal changes as formation, functioning, destruction, and is also carried out in the form of legal evolution, legal revolution, and legal reform. Turning to transformational (transformative) processes in legal reality is intended to continue the scientific search for an optimal, effective model of legal development, initiated by domestic scientists, in fundamentally new realities – in the conditions of war and post-war state reconstruction. Key words: development, social development, legal development, changes, social changes, legal changes, transformation, social transformation, legal transformation, transformation of legislation, transformation of the legal system, reform, social reform, legal reform, theory of legal reform.

Language learners’ linguistic investment in ideologically framed language institutes: Forms of capital, ideology, and identity

Language learning in Iran is a site of struggle between two ideologically opposed spaces, state schools and non-state language institutes. This study drew on the construct of investment, which combines ideology, capital, and identity, to investigate the investment of Iranian English language learners at A1 and C2 proficiency levels at a non-state language institute. The learners in focus group interviews discussed different language-related resources influencing their investment, their expectations, and their language learning activities. The findings indicated that diverse ideological, cultural, and economic resources and imagined futures had led them toward investing at the institute. They were further found to be invested in diverse language learning activities beyond the pedagogical frame of the institute. Some aspects of investment, language-related beliefs, and identities varied across proficiency levels. Even though the ideological structures of these institutes are learner-centered, there are strong possibilities for enslavement to an extreme globally-oriented pedagogy or native-speakerism. It is hence suggested that state schools and non-state institutes draw upon more flexible language pedagogies embracing both local and global values.

Empowerment by Design

She Said (Maria Schrader, 2022), Women Talking (Sarah Polley, 2022), and Tár (Todd Field, 2022) all address the aftermath of sexual harassment and rape. Notably, these films share a refusal to depict assault, which differentiates them from the prevailing cinematic practice of titillating audiences with sexual violence, ostensibly in order to repudiate it. By eschewing assault scenes, these films turn their audiences’ attention from individual acts to ideological structures. Each film represents a different version of and backlash against rape culture; in so doing each asks the spectator to extend culpability beyond assailants and their immediate enablers to the institutional systems that empower them. By not depicting rape or sexual assault, these movies also suggest that film viewers are complicit in rape culture too. Their representational strategies insinuate that sitting back and watching simulated assault as entertainment carries with it an implicit acceptance of such assault—and thus that audiences should not just demand better but do better themselves.

Islamophobic Discourses in India During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case of Tablighi Jamaat

ABSTRACT Islamophobia is a hot issue in the world nowadays. This study aimed to analyse the discourses which were produced against Muslims and Islam during the novel coronavirus outbreak in India, where the Muslim minority group Tablighi Jamaat was targeted and held responsible for spreading the virus. The study employed Critical Discourse Analysis to analyse selected tweets from Indian politicians, government dignitaries, and common Indian users to find out Islamophobic themes and ideological structures in their discourses. The researcher hypothesizes that Islamophobia is an integral feature of Indian political communication which is also obvious in their discursive and rhetorical devices. The researcher purposively selected 50 of the most controversial tweets by Indian politicians, government officials, and common Indian Twitter users against Muslims and Islam and carried out a critical discourse analysis through political discourse strategies by Wodak’s (2014). The findings of the study reveal that Indians use discriminatory language against Muslims and Islam to create a difference of “us versus them” and by using anti-Islamic strategies and Islamophobic remarks against the Muslims of India and propagating a common belief in Indians that Muslims and Islam are the main culprit of the COVID-19 outbreak in India.

Emi Lo Kan’ Concept in Nigerian Politics: A Critical Discourse Defragmentation

Text and context, mind, and domination are key concepts whenever we consider language and politics. This study examines the ways in which political and ideological undertones were conveyed in political speeches, as well as how texts reproduce and maintain power and unequal power relations. In order to understand how language shapes and maintains power relationships and ideological structures the study employs the principles of critical discourse analysis by Norman Fairclough. Critical Discourse Analysis helps us to see how specific language techniques produce, enact, and legitimise power relations. The study found out that the aspirant used the expression to reflect both good self-ideology and negative self-ideology in order to neutralise the asymmetrical power relationships that exist between his group and the other groups within the APC at the point of liberalising power. It was a declarative. Typically, this resulted in the other aspirants’ power being politically diminished. The aspirant also used discourse structures that have implications for ideology as weapons of persuasion and pleading, positive self-representation of “Emi", meaning "I”, negotiation and personality projection. The researchers conclude that language of politics has the power to weave visions and “imaginaries” that can alter, obfuscate, and politically interpret realities.

The End of Western Marxism? On the Unravelling of an Ideological Structure

The End of Western Marxism? On the Unravelling of an Ideological Structure

A Truncated Marxism: On the Ideological Structure of Western Marxism

A Truncated Marxism: On the Ideological Structure of Western Marxism

The Relationship between Structure of Discourse and Structure of Ideology A Socio-Cognitive Perspective

Whereas theoretical and political thought on the existence of ideologies has a long history, fewer focus has been given to their exact nature, socio-cognitive frameworks, discursive replication, and ideological discourse. This article investigates the relation between the structure of discourse and structure of ideology from the socio-cognitive perspective, adopting van Dijk’s (2006, 2008, and 2009) 'sociocognitive' approach. Moreover, ideologies are Ideologies pertain to the concepts and convictions of a group of individuals and the mental character and the psychological studies of ideologies are rare, the aim is to reveal how such cognitive phenomena are interconnected with discourse structures, verbal engagement, communication events and contexts, as well as society structures like dominance and social inequity. In order to understand the structures of discourse and to examine the nature and functions of ideologies in society, the structure of beliefs should be involved in the same way because they interact and subsequently are mutually related into systems. Ideologies' mental characteristics, including their nature as concepts or beliefs their relationship with views and knowledge, and their position as socially shared interpretations, will be discussed. Discourse structures and social structures are of distinct kinds, and the only way to connect them is through language users' mental representations of themselves as individuals and social members

Multipolar social systems: Measuring polarization beyond dichotomous contexts

Social polarization is a growing concern worldwide, as it strains social relations, erodes trust in institutions, and thus hurts democratic societies. Polarization has been traditionally studied in binary conflicts where two groups support opposite ideas. However, in many social systems, such as multi-party democracies, political conflicts involve multiple dissenting factions. Despite the prevalence of multipolar systems, there is still a lack of suitable analytical tools to study their polarization patterns. In this work, we introduce new polarization metrics for multidimensional scenarios and develop a methodology that extracts the ideological structure of multipolar contexts from social networks. We propose the trace of the covariance matrix (the total variation) of the multipolar opinion distribution as a measure of global polarization, and its eigendecomposition to identify the directions of maximum polarization. Instead of using a pre-conceived opinion space (conservative vs progressive, liberal vs authoritarian, etc.), our framework reveals the natural ideological axes of the system. We apply our methodology to quadripolar and pentapolar real-world democratic processes, finding non-trivial ideological structures with clear connections to the underlying social context. Our framework opens new avenues for understanding multilateral social tensions and facing the challenges of polarization in a unified way.

GOSPEL REMINISCENCES IN S. SNEGOV’S SCIENCE FICTION NOVEL “PEOPLE AS GODS”

The article analyses the novel by S. Snegov, a famous Soviet science fiction writer of the second half of the 20th century, whose work has hardly been studied, and the problem of the evangelical intertext has not been regarded at all. The current study of a fragment of the narrative about the relationship between the protagonist and the “snake girl” allows showing that it is reminiscent of the biblical story about the Fall of the first people. At the same time, Snegov completely modifies the well-known narrative: the plot about the insidious serpent (in the form of which the devil penetrated Eden), which tempted a woman pure as the driven snow, is radically transformed, acquiring a paradoxically inverted form — here a man tempts a naïve and uncorrupt snake girl with his mad infatuation and, parting with her, realizes that he is leaving her soul in a turbulent state. It is determined that in the ideological structure of the novel, the minor “Eli — snake girl” storyline plays an extremely important role: the love of the main character actually equates the star-dwellers with earthlings, completely refuting the idea that man is the highest form of intelligent life in the Universe and can perceive aliens only as inferior beings. The analysis of the epigraph shows that the biblical event described in it becomes a key to understanding the dispute that occurred between the central characters and formed the core of the artistic conflict of the first part of the novel. A clear associative connection is established between Snegov’s hero and the Apostle Paul, and by extrapolating the gospel plot reflected in the epigraph to the situation in question, one can clearly see a parallel with the spread of Christianity among pagans. The incorporation of the gospel text into the artistic structure of a science fiction novel allowed the writer to recall the enduring moral values that do not lose their significance for people of the distant future.

STRUCTURAL LOOKS OF THE CULTURE AND ART AREA IN TURKEY IN THE 1980s

There is a dynamic relationship between the culture/art products of societies and their social, political and economic elements. However, certain periods might come to the forefront in the structural change of the abovementioned relationship. As one of the breaking points of the 20th century, the 1980s was a period in which Turkey experienced a paradigm shift along with the world conjuncture. The rupture that was caused by the military intervention of 12 September 1980 not only have impacts in the economic and political field, but also directly affected the cultural and artistic life in Turkey. The military intervention of 1980 became a milestone in Turkey in every respect and everything, from economy to politics, from the street to culture/art products, became known as before and after the 80’s. These developments, which triggered new searches in the field of art and social sciences, were also the source of important changes in art/cultural products and in the production and exhibition of art. In this context, the field of culture/art can be considered among the observation areas where the process of social change can be observed clearly. Structural aspects that came to the fore in culture/art products in this period were depoliticization, individualization and the process of women’s subjectivation. It became a carrier of the economic, political, social and ideological structuring of the liberalization process of cultural/art products ın these years. Although artists/culture producers tried to produce their works focused on individual subjects as much as possible in this period, some of them tried to express themselves with polychrome, polyphonic and various forms after 1980 under the influence of arabesque culture.

Towards glitch pedagogy

ABSTRACT Borrowing from computing via media art, we introduce the concept of ‘glitch’ pedagogy to insert unexpected tension into the marketing curriculum, offering learners a glimpse into the underlying ideological structures of neoliberal higher education and opening up spaces of resistance and affirmation. We draw on neoliberal, marketised educational discourses and the bureaucratic systems they engender to illustrate glitches within the employability agenda, providing students conceptual space to leverage the contradictions and inequalities implicit in this agenda. As a genre of post-critical pedagogy, we argue that glitch pedagogy can move us beyond some of the noted dualisms of critical pedagogy to recognise the complexity of students’ emotional investments, in particular socio-cultural and political positions by way of affective relations.

Fostering a Dark Side: The Role of Adopting-out in Contemporary Portrayals of Abandoned or Lost Children in Star Wars

abstract: The following paper draws attention to a lesser-studied subject in Critical Adoption Studies: foster care. I argue that this lack of attentiveness towards systems of care and the experiences of fostered children mirror a societal trend in which traditional ideals of the biological family and more recent post-biological ideals in the form of adoptive practices have created an ideological construct in which foster subjectivities are seen as identity-less. That is, the two poles of "biological family" and "adoptive family" support a particular normativity centered on a nuclear family ideal which then excludes foster families/children from membership—stereotyping foster care as inherently incapable of providing children a full and meaningful life. Ultimately, this ideological system prefers adoption, presenting it as the solution to all experiences of fostered and orphaned children. And nowhere is this ideology more present than in our society's most revered cultural productions—where orphans and foster children are continuously disparaged or misrepresented. My target for analysis in this paper will be the monumental Star Wars franchise, and in particular its three main trilogies, The Skywalker Saga . I will show how its most recent trilogy (2015–2019) embodies the transition from a biocentric normativity excluding all nonbiological families, to a status quo which has normalized adoptive-family making. Alongside a traditional biological familial ideal, adoptive families are regarded as a conventional family , and are thus capable of offering otherwise down-and-out children with meaningful lives and full identities. As this new ideological structure (what I refer to below as the ideological dyad ) becomes more entrenched in our culture, little room is left for an alternative understanding for how the systemic issues associated with a system like foster care might be addressed.

Fantasy Fatigue

Fantasies have the power in the very midst of political communities, consciously and unconsciously alike, to suppress internal antagonisms in times of crises. More specifically, they help to blur aporias of a community’s ideological structures by invoking a common sense that reconstitutes the community, similar to an act of religious conversion. Their impact on the “space of reasons” is analyzed in this article because fantasies, and specifically excessive and radical fantasies, suspend the game of giving and asking for reasons. They do so in order to ground premises of contestation in the background of communal reason via an emotional and secret “code” of what it means to be a “we.” Totalitarian, monarchical, and democratic societies need this “code” to purge society of the pure formalities of political reason, or, in other words: to get rid of fantasy fatigue.

Neo-Victorian

Despite neo-Victorianism's theoretical awareness of how colonial structures continue to infuse imaginations of the long nineteenth century, and how neo-Victorian culture might challenge both Victorian and contemporary ideological structures, common practices of neo-Victorian scholarship too often remain constricted in their geographical and conceptual breadth. In thinking about the structural convergences and challenges between Victorian studies and neo-Victorian studies, this keyword entry emphasizes texts and cultural traditions that have rarely been the purview of the neo-Victorian. Informed by Ronjaunee Chatterjee, Alicia Mireles Christoff, and Amy R. Wong's analysis of race as a central function in Victorian studies, it charts alternative neo-Victorian genealogies in anglophone African and Black British literatures and cultures. On this basis, it asks how conceptions of the neo-Victorian will need to change if the field is to take seriously its anticolonial potential.

ОЦЕНКА ВЛИЯНИЯ ФАКТОРОВ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ПРИРОДЫ НА ОШИБКИ ПРОГНОЗОВ ДОХОДОВ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО БЮДЖЕТА РОССИИ

The purpose of the study is assessment of impact of political factors, such as electoral cycles and ideological range of parliament on systematic deviations of actual revenues of the Russian federal budget from its planned values. The study consists of two stages. On the first stage the quality of federal budget revenue forecast on the period from 2000 to 2022 is made (actual value of revenue is compared with planned one in the first version of the budget law). It is shown that official federal revenue forecasts are characterized with statistically significant under-prediction. The second stage is the empirical assessment of potential factors impact on pessimism in revenue forecasting. The following results of the conducted evaluation are proposed: federal electoral cycles are not statistically significant and ideological structure of the parliament is weakly significant factors of revenue forecasts quality. The result of the study gives the motivation for further investigation of key actors’ incentives during budget forecasting.

New Approaches in Soviet Antiquity Studies of the 1950—1970s: Vladislav Andreev’s Case

The article presents the scientific biography of Vladislav Nikolaevich Andreev (1927—1984), associate professor of the A. I. Herzen Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. Based on an extensive set of archival documents, including the personal fund of V. N. Andreev, as well as scientific publications of the scientist and published memoirs about him, it will be shown how the Soviet science of antiquity was integrated into the late Soviet ideological structure, which influenced not only the problems of research, but also communication within the scientific community. Scientific problems of V. N. Andreev was associated with the economic life of classical Athens and, in particular, the history of the origin of wealth in ancient Greece. Interdisciplinary topics using the methods of sociology and mathematics in Soviet antiquity did not formally contradict the rules. However, Andreev nevertheless did not fit into any institutional discourse. The use of methods new to the Soviet science of antiquity, as well as fruitful contacts with foreign scientists (for example, with Moses Finley) also predetermined the "incident" of V. N. Andreev — his difficulties with defending first a candidate's and then a doctoral dissertation caused by complex relationships with the Leningrad Scientific School of Antiquity. Non-recognition of scientific achievements of V. N. Andreev's Leningrad colleagues vividly contrasted with the high assessments of the scientist's research achievements by foreign colleagues and colleagues from the Soviet Academy of Sciences, with a large number of publications not only in Soviet, but also in foreign publications, contacts with world-famous scientists.

Полифония идейно-тематической и мотивно-образной системы в современных текстах (на материале романов М. Шишкина и В. Шарова)

The article provides a detailed analysis of the ideological, thematic, and motif-image system of M. Shishkin’s The Letterbook and V. Sharov’s Return to Egypt from the point of view of a polyphonic vision of artistic reality. We consider the conceptual component of both works, means of dialogizing the ideological field of the texts, as well as means of reflecting the authors’ point of view in the diegetic space of novels. Based on our analysis of the texts, we conclude that behind the thematic dissimilarity of the analyzed works is the commonality of the ideological structure, characterized by a rhizomatic plurality of images, motifs, and symbols, which in one way or another close at some point. The conceptual space of M. Shishkin’s The Letterbook is organized through a dialogue between the ideas of natural and verbal resurrection, embodied in polar, explicitly un-related images and motifs. Comparison showed the fundamental importance of the ideological polyphony in V. Sharov’s Return to Egypt, in which the main intention of the author is to represent characters’ points of view. We conclude that at present, ideological polyphony is developing in tandem with monologue vision

CULTURAL THEORIES IN COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA: A SYNTHESIS PAPER

This paper narrates historical development of cultural theory while traversing through societies in the Western hemisphere. In brief, cultural theory ponders upon cultural, ideological, communication and media-focused narratives affecting intricate human relationships where power structure, for instance, with its strengths and imbalances mirrors discourse that will emancipate individuals and create balance in society. The process of cultural amelioration instigates a deep understanding of ideological structures and symbolisms forming meaningful connections. With societies rising through the passage of time, cultural theory will also embrace upon a complex understanding of the human condition.