Strong Inhibition Zone Research Articles

Uji Aktivitas Sediaan Sabun Padat Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Kemangi (Ocimum Sanctum L.) dan Ekstrak Daun Bandotan (Ageratum Conyzoides Sleberex Steud) terhadap Bakteri Propionibacterium Acnes

Solid soap is a preparation used to clean the skin from dirt and bacteria. Basil leaves and bandotan leaves are plants that have secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids that have the potential to be antibacterial. This study was to formulate solid soap from ethanol extract of basil leaf and bandotan leaf as an antibacterial, to determine the formulation of solid soap of bandotan leaf extract and basil extract which has the strongest inhibition zone in the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes. This research method is an experimental method by making basil leaf extract and bandotan leaf extract by maceration with 96% alcohol. Solid soap formulations are made with 3 concentration variations, namely formulation 1 basil extract 7.5% and bandotan extract 12.5%, formulation 2 basil extract 10% and bandotan extract 10% and formulation 3 basil extract 12.5% and bandotan extract 7.5%. Then the antibacterial activity of solid soap was tested with Propionibacterium acnes bacteria by the well dilution method. Conclusion The formulation of basil leaf extract and bandotan leaf extract has antibacterial activity, solid soap preparations from basil leaf extract and bandotan leaf extract have met the quality requirements, in formulations 2 and 3 basil leaf extract and bandotan leaf extract have a strong inhibition zone of 6.7 mm. Then the data was analyzed using one way ANOVA.

The Potential of Daruju Leaf Extract (Acanthus Ilicifolius) as a Bioreductor in the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Antibacterial Activity Test

Silver nanoparticles had been synthesized through the bioreduction process using daruju (Acanthus ilicifolius) leaf extract as a bioreductant. The variation of the formula used is a mixture of daruju leaf extract with a 0.01 M AgNO3 solution with volume ratios of 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. The research results show that UV-Visible spectrophotometry confirmed that a volume ratio of 1:1 is the optimum formula with an absorption value of 2.346 at the maximum wavelength 440 nm. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles with daruju leaf extract has a strong inhibition zone about 10.42 mm. Proving that the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with extract daruju leaf can be used as an antibacterial agent against E.coli bacteria.

Antibacterial Test of Kedondong Hutan Leaf (Spondias pinnata) Against Salmonella typhi

Kedondong hutan (Spondias pinnata) is a plant belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, plant that grows a lot in the Sulawesi area, one of which is in the Poso area, Central Sulawesi. The surrounding community uses this plant as a traditional food preparation which is often called the "Arogo Onco" by the community. Kedondong hutan contains active compounds that have the potential as antibacterial, namely flavonoids, saponins and tannins. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of forest kedondong leaves in inhibiting the growth of Salmonella typhi bacteria. The extraction process was done the decoctation method using aquadest and while the antibacterial test was done using the diffusion method against three bacterial strains namely Salmonella typhi BPE 127.1 MC, BPE 122.4 CCA and NCTC 786. The results showed that the leaf extract of kedondong hutan (Spondias pinnata) contained flavonoids, saponins and tannins with the results of the analysis of total flavonoids 1514,9 mgQE/g, saponins 0.613% and tannins 8,94 mgTA/g. The results of the antibacterial test showed the greatest inhibitory power at a concentration of 100%. Salmonella typhi BPE 127.1 MC, BPE 122.4 CCA, NCTC 786, was the inhibition zone 17.67±0.58 mm, 15.67±0.58 mm and 20.33±0.58 mm were included in the category of strong inhibition zone.

Antibacterial activity of Seaweed extracts against human pathogenic bacteria

Seaweeds are screened extensively for their activity against human bacterial pathogens. In the present study, the petroleum ether, butanol, chloroform, acetone and methanol extracts of seaweed species, viz., Caulerpa racemosa, Padina gymnospora, Sargassum wightii and Ulva fasciata were investigated for their antibacterial properties by well diffusion method against human pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans). Preliminary qualitative analysis on the chemical constituents of the twenty seaweed crude extracts revealed the predominant presence of phenols and tannins. Antibacterial activity of the seaweed extracts were represented by zone of inhibition. The order of maximum antibacterial activity (represented by very strong zone of inhibition) was exhibited by Padina gymnospora petroleum ether extract against Staphylococcus aureus (23.6mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.6mm), and its butanol extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.5mm). From the overall results of the present study, it was observed that Padina gymnospora extracts exhibited maximum antibacterial activity, attributed to the presence of the active chemical constituents, especially phenols and tannins. Further in depth studies are recommended, as Padina gymnospora extracts could serve as an additional implement to natural antibacterial agents.

Antibacterial Compounds Towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of the Stem Bark of Inocarpus Fagigerus FoSB

This study aimed to screen the antibacterial compounds of S. aureus and E. coli on the stem bark of Inocarpus fagiferus Fosb. Extraction of active antibacterial compounds by maceration and partitioning, antibacterial tests were carried out by diffusion method, separation of compounds by column chromatography method, and identification of active fractions using LSMS/MS. The results of maceration of 350 g of Inocarpus fagiferus Fosb stem bark produced 22.97 g of methanol viscous extract which was able to strongly inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria (14.75mm) and medium inhibit (8.50 mm) towards E. coli. The partition results of the methanol concentrated extract respectively with n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, and water yielded 0.01; 0.01; 2.75, and 0.07 g extracts. Based on extract weight only n-butanol extract allows further separation. The result of antibacterial activity has shown a strong inhibition zone toward S. aureus and E. coli (16.50 mm) and with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5%. The result of separation n-butanol extract by gradient column chromatography (silica gel 60; methanol: chloroform (5:5; 6:4; 7:3; 8:4; 9:1; and 10:0)) yielded 4 fractions (FA, FB, FC, and FD) with FC the most active antibacterial toward S. aureus and E. coli with an inhibition zone 7.25 mm and 6.25 mm respectively at 5%. The results of LCMS/MS show 5 identified compounds known are maltol, nicotinamide, bioachanin A, L-proline, and 2,3-diamino propionic acid, as well as one unidentified compound with a molecular weight of 95.8066 g/mol. Maltol, nicotinamide, bioachanin A, and L-proline are compounds potents to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and E. coli bacteria.

Isolation and identification of grapevine trunk diseases in Palestine and possible use of bacteria as biocontrol agents against the disease

The grapevine trunk disease (GTD) has been considered a real threat on grape production. This study aimed to identify the GTD causing agents in Palestinian grapevine orchards and to evaluate the efficacy of bacteria to control the disease under in vitro conditions. Two fungal isolates; Fusarium solani isolate GR and Neofusicoccum parvum isolate GR3 were identified and diagnosed using PCR and BLASTn analysis. After that, five bacterial isolates were tested for their efficacy against the growth of the fungi. Pseudomonas fluorescence isolate ORS3 and Pseudomonas fluorescence isolate PFL showed very strong inhibition zones (> 10 mm, ++++) against both fungi under in vitro conditions. The other bacterial isolates were able to inhibit the fungi but the inhibition was less and varied among the bacteria. The effect of the bacteria on F. solani isolate GR was greater than that on N. parvum isolate GR3. Up to our knowledge, this study was the first of its kind in Palestine that identifies GTD. Further studies are needed to test the efficacy of the bacterial isolates under field conditions.

Fabrication of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles with Improved Antibacterial Potential and Antioxidant Activity

Recent years have seen a dramatic uptick in both research into and practical application of nanoparticles (NPs). Many biomedical applications have found success with the use of nanoparticles due to their wide spectrum of significant biological effects, including antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Nanoparticles that aren't harmful are gaining traction as a promising new class of antioxidants. Cerium oxide is a lanthanide rare-earth element. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) exhibit a large surface area and good catalytic activity, the result of the dual oxidation state of CNPs, Ce3+ and Ce4+, has good antibacterial and antioxidant activity. CNPs were characterised by using analytical techniques such as the UVVisible spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). CNPs exhibited a strong zone of inhibition against S. aureus (15mm) and E. coli (14mm). In vitro antioxidant activity of CNPs was investigated using the DPPH and ABTS techniques, with 50% of their radical scavenging potential being observed at concentrations of 47.61µg/mL and 49.26µg/mL respectively. Thus, our study reports that CNPS could be used as a prominent and efficient antioxidant and antibacterial agent. However, further studies are needed to understand the possible mechanisms of toxicity assessment.

The Potential of Sponge-Associated Bacillus spp. as A Biocontrol Agent to Inhibit Several Bacteria from Infected Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burch)

Catfish is one of the freshwater aquaculture commodities with a high level of consumption and production in Indonesia. Disease outbreaks could occur in catfish farming activities caused by pathogenic bacteria. Several species of pathogenic bacteria can cause disease in catfish, resulting in mass death. This can lead to decrease in the food quality of freshwater fishery products, especially catfish. In cultured system, aquaculture occurrence of diseases can cause severe financial losses. Catfish samples were obtained from catfish farming with clinical symptoms of reddish spots on the outside of the body. Bacteria were isolated from the kidney and liver under aseptic conditions. These bacteria isolates were identified through their colony morphology, Gram staining, biochemical tests, molecular test, and antibacterial test of Bacillus spp. using spot and disc diffusion test. Identification based on 16S rRNA gene showed that GL1 was 99.92% closely related to Aeromonas widowei, HL1 was 100% closely to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and GL2 and HL2 was closely related to Bacillus cereus. The antibacterial test results of APD10 isolates of Bacillus velenzensis species inhibited GL2 pathogenic bacteria with an inhibition zone of 22.15 mm in the very strong inhibition zone and HL2 pathogenic bacteria with an inhibition zone of 8.5 mm in the moderate inhibition zone. Bacillus velezensis was isolated from the sponge Aplysina sp. could be further utilized as a biocontrol agent for the pathogenic bacteria, Bacillus cereus, that infects catfish.

The Potential of Sponge-Associated Bacillus spp. as A Biocontrol Agent to Inhibit Several Bacteria from Infected Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burch)

Catfish is one of the freshwater aquaculture commodities with a high level of consumption and production in Indonesia. Disease outbreaks could occur in catfish farming activities caused by pathogenic bacteria. Several species of pathogenic bacteria can cause disease in catfish, resulting in mass death. This can lead to decrease in the food quality of freshwater fishery products, especially catfish. In cultured system, aquaculture occurrence of diseases can cause severe financial losses. Catfish samples were obtained from catfish farming with clinical symptoms of reddish spots on the outside of the body. Bacteria were isolated from the kidney and liver under aseptic conditions. These bacteria isolates were identified through their colony morphology, Gram staining, biochemical tests, molecular test, and antibacterial test of Bacillus spp. using spot and disc diffusion test. Identification based on 16S rRNA gene showed that GL1 was 99.92% closely related to Aeromonas widowei, HL1 was 100% closely to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and GL2 and HL2 was closely related to Bacillus cereus. The antibacterial test results of APD10 isolates of Bacillus velenzensis species inhibited GL2 pathogenic bacteria with an inhibition zone of 22.15 mm in the very strong inhibition zone and HL2 pathogenic bacteria with an inhibition zone of 8.5 mm in the moderate inhibition zone. Bacillus velezensis was isolated from the sponge Aplysina sp. could be further utilized as a biocontrol agent for the pathogenic bacteria, Bacillus cereus, that infects catfish.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Tembelekan Leaf Extract (Lantana camara linn) against Edwardsiella tarda bacteria

The purpose of this study was to analyze the optimal dose of Tembelekan leaf extract (Lantana camara Linn) which has antibacterial properties in inhibiting or killing Edwardsiella tarda bacteria. The method used in this research is Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The results of the research yield obtained from tembelakan leaf extract amounted to 8.9%. The positive phytochemical test results contained active compounds, namely flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids, and saponins. GC MS analysis of tembelekan leaf extract showed that the most components were 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-,2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole, Benzisot hiadiazole , 3,4-Benzo-1,2,5-thia diazole. This compound is a class of isoflavonoids compounds. The MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) test results obtained the lowest absorbance value at a concentration of 100 mg/L with a value of 0.602 close to the positive control. Results of discs with doses of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/L. The disc results showed that the dose of 200 mg/L had the strongest inhibition zone with a value of 12.63 mm. Tembelekan leaf extract which contains dominant compounds such as flavonoids and alkaloids can be useful as an antibacterial which inhibits the growth of E. tarda bacteria

Formulation of Natural, Antiseptic Liquid from Jujube Leaf Extract for Islamic Dead Body Bathing Procedures

Ziziphus spina-christi L. or Jujube, is a plant that has many health benefits, containing metabolite compounds that act as an antibacterial agent such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and polyphenols. This study aimed to make a natural antiseptic liquid from Ziziphus spina-christi L. leaf extract used in Islamic Bathing Procedures for a corpse. The stages of this research included extraction, an assay of the extract’s antiseptic activity using the agar well diffusion method, formulating the antiseptic liquid, evaluating the antiseptic liquid, and examining the antiseptic properties of the liquid. Jujube leaf extract with a concentration of 10% was proven to have the best antibiotic properties with a very strong inhibition zone category. Antiseptic liquid formulations include extracts, DMDM hydantoin, Triethanolamine, and Aqua rose. The organoleptic evaluation results of liquid antiseptic were in the form of a homogeneous concentrate liquid, brown with a rose aroma, pH 9.048, the density of 1.020 g/mL, viscosity of 5.60 m.Pas, and 0.7 cm high foam with high foam stability of 83.33%. The antiseptic test results showed that the antiseptic solution was able to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans ranging from strong to very strong inhibition zone diameters, 17.35 mm, 21.10 mm, and 19.95 mm, respectively.
 Keywords: antiseptic, antimicrobial, corpse bathing, jujube leaf (ziziphus spina christi L.)

Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking and biological evaluation of Schiff Base derivatives of cefpodoxime

Synthesis of new Cefpodoxime derivatives via Schiff Bases mechanism and the efficiency of their antimicrobial and antiviral activities were addressed. They were analyzed for structural validation by using spectroscopic techniques using FTIR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR. Molecular docking against IBV Virus papain-like protease (PLPro) was done with Auto dock tools against compounds having excellent IC50 values against IBV (Corona Class) virus. All derivatives showed strong zone of inhibition ranges from (55 ± 2.0 to 70 ± 0.8 mm) against E. coli. Compounds 1,2,4 and 6 derivatives showed remarkable activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Serratia marcescens. But For most the newly synthesized derivatives C1 (64 ± 1.60), C3 (32 ± 0.80), and C8 (64 ± 1.60) showed potential IC50 values against two variants of Corona class viruses i.e. Avian Influenza (H9) and Avian corona (IBV) viruses. The current study revealed that newly synthesized Schiff Bases possessed strong anti-viral potential. Further studies may make a breakthrough in medical sciences to tackle latest challenges such as Corona Virus Diseases.

Fabrication and characterization of strontium substituted chitosan modify hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications

The present study aimed to preparation of hydroxyapatite using strontium (Sr2+) and chitosan (CS) for the preparation of porous scaffold material like SrHA-CS. These synthesized nano-materials were alsofurther characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis to confirm the phase purity and crystallinity. The crystal-like morphology of the SrHA-CS was observed using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) which revealed rod-like morphology with the major elements confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The size of the synthesized nanomaterial and their stability were analyzed through dynamic light scattering (DLS)and zeta potential. The hemolytic study indicates that SrHA-CS is non-toxic red blood cells of the humans. Besides, SrHA-CS is also active on disease-causing microorganisms and exhibit a strong zone of inhibition. The cytotoxic (MTT) assay systemically investigatedthe synthesized samplesagainst SaOS-2 human osteosarcoma cell lines it resulting in effectively induce cell proliferation without generating any harmful effect. The acridine orange/Ethidium bromide dual staining (AO/EB) under the fluorescence microscope data suggests that apoptotic cell nuclei became irregularly changed. Our present study findings concluded that the strongly recommend the developed SrHA-CSscaffold excellent materialhas mechanical and functional properties including biological activities while compared to other synthetic nano-materials. Hence, the synthesizedSrHA-CSmaterial can be considered as a promising cost-effective nano-material for human bone regenerative applications.

Osteoblastic differentiation and bactericidal activity are enhanced by erythromycin released from PCL/PLGA-PVA coaxial nanofibers.

Prosthesis with antibiotic-eluting nanofibrous (NF) coating represents coating alternative to prevent periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). In this study, four formulas of erythromycin (EM)-embedded both in core and sheath components of coaxial PCL/PLGA-PVA NF coatings were developed: EM 0 (no EM), EM 100 (100μg/mL), EM500 (500μg/mL) and EM1000 (1000μg/mL). EM doping altered the physicochemical and structural properties of NFs to some extent, including the increase of NF porosity and surface wettability. A sustained EM release from EM-NFs for >4 weeks was observed. Eluents collected from EM-NFs showed strong zone of inhibition (ZOI) to Staphylococcus aureus growth and the sizes of ZOI positively related to the amount of EM released. EM-NFs were nontoxic to rat bone marrow stem cells (rBMSCs). Cell growth was significantly enhanced when comparing rBMSCs cultured on EM-NFs (EM0 and EM 100) to those cultured on NF-free control. Cell differentiation (ALP activity) was notably enhanced by EM100, compared to control and EM0. Eluents from EM-NFs on rBMSCs were also investigated. The presence of 10% EM-NF eluents inhibited the growth of rBMSCs, which was proportional to the amount of EM doped. The ALP activity was notably enhanced by eluents from EM-NFs with the highest activity in EM100 compared to control and EM0. Our data indicate that EM-doped PCL/PLGA-PVA coaxial NF coatings have a great potential to be applied as a new implant coating matrices. Further in vivo testing in animal models is currently planned that should represent the first step in predicting the clinical outcomes of EM-eluting NF coating approach.

ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY TESTING OF ETHANOL EXTRACT 96% PAINAGE SKIN (ANANAS COMOSUS (L.) MERR) AGAINST ESCHERICHIA COLI BACTERIA)

Pineapple peel (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr) is waste form the pineapple fruit. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of pineapple peel extract and to antibacterial activity in various concentrations effective in inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli is a bacterium that generally lives in the large intestine of humans can become a pathogen when it reaches tissues outside the digestive tract which can cause diarrheal disease. The pineapple peel extract is made by using the ectraction method in the form of meceration. The method used in the inhibitory test using the two replication sampels in each treatment groups. The samples consisted of 6 treatment groups is pineapple peel extract concentration 25mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 75mg/ml, and 100mg/ml, as well as positive and negative control. The results obtained from pineapple screening contain alkaloi, flavonoid, tanin, and saponin compounds. The data analysis showsthat pineanepple peel extract concentrations of 25mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 75mg/ml, and 100mg/ml had inhibitory sones with the medium-strong category while ciproloxacin as the control has a strong inhibition zone. The conclusion that while the extract concentration increases, the diameter of the inhibition zone increases.

Pembuatan Sabun Padat Antiseptik Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Jeruk Lemon (Citrus Limon (L.) Burm. F.)

Lemon peel waste (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.F.) contains secondary metabolites that function as antibacterials, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. This study aims to determine the formulation of antiseptic solid soap and the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of the lemon peel by the diffusion method. The results showed the best formula for making antiseptic solid soap with ethanolic extract of lemon peel based on the requirements of SNI 06-4085-1996 was at a concentration of F3 (15%), homogeneous, had a pH of 8.54-9.82, foam height was around 3.5-4.7 cm, and a strong inhibition zone of about 12.48 mm. The conclusion of this study is that lemon peel has antibacterial properties that can kill the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

In vitro bioactivity of 3D microstructure hydroxyapatite/collagen based-egg white as an antibacterial agent.

The present study aims to design 3D scaffold hydroxyapatite (HA)/collagen (Coll) based egg-white (EW) as antibacterial properties. The calcium source in HA synthesis derived from the Pinctada maxima shell cultivated on Bali Island has proven biocompatibility, and the compressive strength exceeded human bone. HA synthesis by precipitation with heat treatment in oven-dried at 80°C (HA-80) and annealed at 900°C (HA-900), has crystallinity 48% and 85%, respectively, were used for scaffold design. The physicochemical properties of X-ray diffractometer spectra showed that increasing temperature affected the crystallinity and HA phase formed. Furthermore, the crystal structure of HA changed in nanocomposite due to the substitution of Coll and EW, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra confirmed that the absorption peak of the phosphate group (1027-1029 cm-1 ) decreased intensity, presumably by protein binding of EW and Coll. The cell viability of HA/Coll/EW in 24, 48, and 72 h incubation period was 112.34 ± 4.36, 104.89 ± 3.41, 72.88 ± 6.85, respectively. The decreases of cell viability due to high cell density and reduced nutrients in wells. Antibacterial activity of HA/Col/EW exhibited a strong zone of inhibition against bacteria causing periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Making Antiseptic Solid Soap from Ethanol Extract of Lemon Peel (Citrus Limon (L.) Burm. F.)

One of the herbal plants with antibacterial properties that it can use in solid antiseptic soap is lemon peel (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.F.). This study aims to determine the optimum composition of antiseptic solid soap preparations from the ethanolic extract of lemon peel based on the requirements set by SNI 06-4085-1996 and the antibacterial activity test. The antibacterial activity test was carried out by the good method. Examination of Simplicia characteristics was carried out by phytochemical screening test. The antiseptic solid soap preparation was performed by organoleptic test, pH test, homogeneity test, high foam test, and antibacterial activity test. The concentration variations of antiseptic solid soap preparations were F1(5%), F2(10%), and F3(15%). Based on the results of research that has been carried out, the results of phytochemical screening tests for lemon peels (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.F.) contain secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids that function as antibacterial. Antiseptic solid soap made from ethanolic extract of lemon peel has met the requirements set by SNI 06-4085-1996, namely a solid and homogeneous soap with a lemon scent with a pH of 8.71-10.52, high foam 4.7-4.9 cm, as well as free alkali in a safe condition against the skin. Based on the results of the antibacterial activity test of solid antiseptic soap, the ethanolic extract of lemon peel (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.F.) can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. At a concentration of F1(5%) has a zone of moderate inhibition of 10.26 mm; at concentration F2(10%) has a strong inhibition zone of 11.78 mm; at the concentration of F3(15%) has a strong inhibition zone of 12.57 mm. Lemon peel extract can be formulated into a solid antiseptic soap with an optimum concentration of F3 (15%).

Formulation of Black Mulberry Fruit (Morus nigra l.) Ethanol Extract as Anti-Acne Cream Against Propionibacterium acne

Various parts of mulberry have been identified consisting of a large number of phenols and flavonoids, which are effective for immunosuppression, antioxidants, and are antibacterial, and anticancer agents. A polysaccharide and an alkaloid related to increased macrophage activity from mulberry fruit extracts. This study aims to formulate black mulberry fruit into cream dosage form and determine the antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. This is an experimental research which varying extract into 4 different concentrations: 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50%. There is two control group which is positive using vitacid cream and the negative control is cream base without extract. The cream was made and examined for its physical characteristic and the cream was tested for antibacterial activity using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The result showed that the cream met the requirements of homogeneity, pH as its requirement, stable during storage, not irritating, and the antibacterial activity of 6,25% concentration has an average inhibition zone diameter of 10.15mm, a concentration of 12,5% is 12.36mm, a concentration of 25% is 13.16mm, and a concentration of 50% is 15.5 mm. From this study can be concluded that the cream preparation from an ethanol extract of black mulberry has good antibacterial activity against P.acne bacteria with a very strong inhibition zone.

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 Against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Identification of Novel Probiotic-Derived Bioactive Peptides.

Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), an extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), causes colibacillosis in poultry and is also a potential foodborne zoonotic pathogen. Currently, APEC infections in poultry are controlled by antibiotic medication; however, the emergence of multi-drug-resistant APEC strains and increased restrictions on the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals necessitate the development of new antibiotic alternative therapies. Here, we tested the anti-APEC activity of multiple commensal and probiotic bacteria in an agar-well diffusion assay and identified Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 producing strong zone of inhibition against APEC. In co-culture assay, L. rhamnosus GG and B. lactis Bb12 completely inhibited the APEC growth by 24h. Further investigation revealed that antibacterial product(s) in the culture supernatants of L. rhamnosus GG and B. lactis Bb12 were responsible for the anti-APEC activity. The analysis of culture supernatants using LC-MS/MS identified multiple novel bioactive peptides (VQAAQAGDTKPIEV, AFDNTDTSLDSTFKSA, VTDTSGKAGTTKISNV, and AESSDTNLVNAKAA) in addition to the production of lactic acid. The oral administration (108CFU/chicken) of L. rhamnosus GG significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the colonization (~ 1.6 logs) of APEC in the cecum of chickens. Cecal microbiota analysis revealed that L. rhamnosus GG moderated the APEC-induced alterations of the microbial community in the cecum of chickens. Further, L. rhamnosus GG decreased (P < 0.05) the abundance of phylum Proteobacteria, particularly those belonging to Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia-Shigella) family. These studies indicate that L. rhamnosus GG is a promising probiotic to control APEC infections in chickens. Further studies are needed to optimize the delivery of L. rhamnosus GG in feed or water and in conditions simulating the field to facilitate its development for commercial applications.