Stress Distribution Research Articles

Effect of regionalized structures on rock fracture process

The structure of rocks plays a crucial role in their failure process. However, it is ignored that the interactions between rock internal structure and the effect of its own evolution on the rock fracture process. To investigate the effect between the evolution law of rock regionalized structures and their interaction relationships during failure. We conducted an experiment using visual acoustic imaging monitoring to study rock failure, introducing a new concept of characteristics of rock structure—regionalized structures. The findings reveal three main types of regionalized structures in rocks: skeleton regions, variable regions, and damage regions. These structures combine to form four categories of complex rock structures: block-type support skeletons, point column-type support skeletons, suspension-type weak support skeletons, and no skeletons. During the failure process, we found that these regionalized structures worked together synergistically to control rock failure. Although the evolutionary relationships among the structures show some similarities, the final fracture states vary significantly. Stress and strain distribution patterns clearly demonstrate that variations in the force capacities and roles of the regionalized structures influence the synergistic evolutionary relationships, ultimately impacting the mode of rock failure. This work provides new insights for further research on rock failure mechanisms and can significantly contribute to preventing rock engineering disasters related to regionalized structures.

Ship Flow of the Ryuko-maru Calculated by the Reynolds Stress Model Using the Roughness Function at the Full Scale

The k-omega SST turbulence model is extensively employed in Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)-based Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations. However, the accuracy of the estimation of viscous resistance and companion flow distribution for full-sized vessels is not sufficient. This study conducted a computational analysis of the flow around the Ryuko-maru at model-scale and full-scale Reynolds numbers utilizing the Reynolds stress turbulence model (RSM). The obtained Reynolds stress distribution from the model-scale computation was compared against experimental measurements to assess the capability of the RSM. Furthermore, full-scale computations were performed, incorporating the influence of hull surface roughness, with the resulting wake distributions juxtaposed with the actual ship measurements. The full-scale calculation employed the sand-grain roughness function, and an optimal roughness length scale was determined by aligning the computed wake distribution with Ryuko-maru’s measured data. The results of this study will allow for the direct performance estimation of full-scale ships and contribute to the design technology of performance.

Experimental and numerical settlement analysis of railway track over geogrid reinforced ballast

PurposeThe main objective of the present research is to investigate the benefits of using geogrid reinforcement in minimizing the rate of deterioration of ballasted rail track geometry resting on soft clay and to explore the effect of load amplitude, load frequency, presence of geogrid layer in ballast layer and ballast layer thickness on the behavior of track system. These variables are studied both experimentally and numerically. This paper examines the effect of geogrid reinforced ballast laying on a layer of clayey soil as a subgrade layer, where a half full scale railway tests are conducted as well as a theoretical analysis is performed.Design/methodology/approachThe experimental tests work consists of laboratory model tests to investigate the reduction in the compressibility and stress distribution induced in soft clay under a ballast railway reinforced by geogrid reinforcement subjected to dynamic load. Experimental model based on an approximate half scale for general rail track engineering practice is adopted in this study which is used in Iraqi railways. The investigated parameters are load amplitude, load frequency and presence of geogrid reinforcement layer. A half full-scale railway was constructed for carrying out the tests, which consists of two rails 800 mm in length with three wooden sleepers (900 mm × 90 mm × 90 mm). The ballast was overlying 500 mm thick clay layer. The tests were carried out with and without geogrid reinforcement, the tests were carried out in a well tied steel box of 1.5 m length × 1 m width × 1 m height. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the response of the ballast and the clay layers where the ballast was reinforced by a geogrid. Settlement in ballast and clay, was measured in reinforced and unreinforced ballast cases. In addition to the laboratory tests, the application of numerical analysis was made by using the finite element program PLAXIS 3D 2013.FindingsIt was concluded that the settlement increased with increasing the simulated train load amplitude, there is a sharp increase in settlement up to the cycle 500 and after that, there is a gradual increase to level out between, 2,500 and 4,500 cycles depending on the load frequency. There is a little increase in the induced settlement when the load amplitude increased from 0.5 to 1 ton, but it is higher when the load amplitude increased to 2 ton, the increase in settlement depends on the geogrid existence and the other studied parameters. Both experimental and numerical results showed the same behavior. The effect of load frequency on the settlement ratio is almost constant after 500 cycles. In general, for reinforced cases, the effect of load frequency on the settlement ratio is very small ranging between 0.5 and 2% compared with the unreinforced case.Originality/valueIncreasing the ballast layer thickness from 20 cm to 30 cm leads to decrease the settlement by about 50%. This ascertains the efficiency of ballast in spreading the waves induced by the track.

Stress Distribution within the Peri-Implant Bone for Different Implant Materials Obtained by Digital Image Correlation.

Stress distribution and its magnitude during loading heavily influence the osseointegration of dental implants. Currently, no high-resolution, three-dimensional method of directly measuring these biomechanical processes in the peri-implant bone is available. The aim of this study was to measure the influence of different implant materials on stress distribution in the peri-implant bone. Using the three-dimensional ARAMIS camera system, surface strain in the peri-implant bone area was compared under simulated masticatory forces of 300 N in axial and non-axial directions for titanium implants and zirconia implants. The investigated titanium implants led to a more homogeneous stress distribution than the investigated zirconia implants. Non-axial forces led to greater surface strain on the peri-implant bone than axial forces. Thus, the implant material, implant system, and direction of force could have a significant influence on biomechanical processes and osseointegration within the peri-implant bone.

The effect of the pitch of the boards in the transverse layer on the deformability and stress distribution in a threelayer CLT panel rigidly clamped on both sides

CLT panels are made by gluing several layers of boards crosswise, which provides them with high load-bearing capacity and bending resistance. In addition to the number of layers in the panel, the deformability and bearing capacity are influenced by the geometric parameters of the plate, the way the layers are attached to each other, the way the structure is supported, etc. Due to the fact that the material has recently been used in construction, many issues remain poorly understood, and therefore there is an opportunity and need to optimize some aspects both in the CLT panels themselves and in the way they interact with other building structures.In this article, the influence of the pitch of boards in the transverse layer on the deformability and stress distribution in a three-layer CLT panel rigidly pinched on both sides was studied. Numerical studies of the finite element method (FEM) were carried out using the computing complex SCAD+. The computational model of the plate in this study is a composite orthotropic plate with rigid connections between the layers. The result of the study is numerical data reflecting the dependence of the distribution of normal stresses OX and OY and the transverse deformation of the plate on the pitch of the lamellae (boards) in the bottom layer. Projections of the computational model with normal stress isofields on the stretched and compressed plate layer are also obtained. This makes it possible to identify general patterns of stress distribution and deformation changes with variations in geometric parameters for this type of support for their use in the design of building structures using CLT panels as well as in the optimization of the structure in order to increase the cost efficiency of resources.

Finite Element Modelling and Simulation of Tunnel Gates of Dam Structures in ABAQUS Using Reduced-Integrated 8-Node Hexahedral Solid-Shell Element

Tunnel gates used for water regulation are very important and critical parts of dam safety. This is because they are exposed to the hydrostatic pressure of the total height of the water in the reservoir. In this case study, a nonlinear finite element modelling and simulation of the diversion tunnel gate of the Gokdere Bridge Dam in Adana, Turkey, are performed to investigate the performance and capacity of the structure before collapse. The maximum water level in the reservoir is 85 meters. A 3D finite element modelling of the gate structure was created, considering the details of the construction project. Both the concrete structure and the anchorages between the concrete of the first and second phases of the gate structure and the steel profiles in the gate supports are modelled to obtain composite behavior, bond stresses, and a more accurate load and stress distribution. For the nonlinear finite element modelling in ABAQUS, C3D8R reduced-integrated 8-node hexahedral solid elements with concrete damage and tension stiffening are used. For the simulation, linear and nonlinear capacity analyses of the gate structure are performed, and the stresses, strains, deformations, and crack propagation in concrete and steel are investigated. It is found that nonlinear analysis and finite element modelling of anchors for capacity and load transfer are important in the simulation of gate structures to prevent tunnel collapse. It is suggested that dam monitoring and control systems and the use of multiple gates are recommended when a problem occurs in the operation of a gate in the diversion tunnel gates of a dam structure.

The experimental and numerical investigation of fracture behaviour in PMMA notched specimens under biaxial loading conditions – Tension with torsion

This paper presents the results of experimental fracture test of flat PMMA specimens under biaxial loading condition tension with torsion (proportional). The specimens were made in two thicknesses: 5 and 15 mm and were weakened with V-type edge notches with different root radii: 0.5; 2 and 10 mm. Thanks to the ARAMIS 3D 4 M non-contact vision system, measurement of the elongation and twist angle were recorded. During experimental part all of the deformation processes were observed using PHANTOM cameras. Obtained records made it possible to precisely indicate the moment of crack initiation (tensile force and torsional moment values). Using the microscopic observations the location of crack initiations were determined. Results obtained for biaxial loading were compared with those obtained for uniaxial tension and torsion. Based on experimental data the numerical calculation with FEM were carried out. The principal stress and plastic strain distribution under critical load, were obtained. The points of occurrence of stress maxima and plastic strain were indicated, which were taken as potential crack initiation sites. On the basis of the stress and plastic strain values measured at the critical points, a stress–strain fracture criterion was formulated, which was then positively verified. Additionally, new form of stress–strain fracture criterion was proposed. The bilinear form of the fracture criterion can be successfully used to predict fracture in PMMA flat specimens, regardless of the notch root radius, type of load or element thickness.

Seismic performance of precast steel fiber reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete shear walls assembled with a socket horizontal joint

In the context of constructing a precast shear wall structure, the connection of precast units plays a crucial role in ensuring structural safety and facilitating efficient construction, while the use of conventional concrete for heavy precast units leads to low lifting efficiency. It promotes the study of this paper, which proposed a novel type of socket horizontal joint for precast shear walls made of steel fiber reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete (SFRLAC). Three specimens were tested using the low-cyclic loading test: two reinforced SFRLAC shear walls assembled with a socket horizontal joint and a cast-in-place reinforced SFRLAC shear wall as a reference. The failure patterns and process of the shear walls were observed, while the load-displacement curves were obtained. Additionally, finite element (FE) numerical models were built to conduct parametric analysis on different influencing factors. The bearing capacity, energy dissipation capability, deformation ability, and stiffness degradation of the shear walls were studied. Results indicate that when the precast shear walls failed in bending-shear, the socket horizontal joint remained intact. The three shear walls exhibited fewer differences in seismic behaviors with relatively full hysteretic curves. The seismic mechanisms of the shear walls assembled with a socket horizontal joint are elucidated by analyzing the numerical distribution of stress in both SFRLAC and steel bars at different stress levels. Meanwhile, the study assesses the mechanical properties of precast shear walls by analyzing the impact of the shear to span ratio and the axial compression ratio.

Fatigue life analysis of scraper conveyor chain ring under different chain speeds and loads

This study aims to explore how different chain speeds and loads impact the fatigue life of the scraper conveyor chain ring. To achieve this, the study validates the reliability of a coupled simulation involving multi-body dynamics and the discrete element method. It also acquires time-varying tension load spectra under various operational conditions. The research evaluates the effects of distinct chain speeds and loads on parameters such as chain tension, vibration acceleration in the Y and Z-directions of the chain ring. Furthermore, finite element simulation is employed to examine stress distribution changes and fatigue life trends within the three-chain ring structure. The findings demonstrate that Y and Z-direction vibration accelerations of the chain ring correlate positively with the load. Additionally, the vibration acceleration in the Y-direction correlates positively with the chain speed. Across different chain speeds and loads, the maximum equivalent stress in the chain ring exhibits dynamic variations mirroring the load spectrum. Within the elastic deformation range of the chain ring, the highest stress within the transition region correlates linearly with chain tension. Load has a greater effect on the fatigue life of chain rings than chain speed. The fatigue life within the transition region of the chain ring decreases exponentially with increasing load at a constant chain speed. Conversely, at a constant load, chain ring life correlates positively with chain speed. Specifically, the fatigue life of the chain ring in LS 22 amounts to 32.64 days. When both chain speed and load are adjusted by 25%, the chain ring's lifespan reduces by 51.66% during simultaneous increments and increases by 39.26% with concurrent reductions in speed and load.

Numerical and experimental studies on bending behavior of circular aluminium-concrete-steel double skin tubular cross-sections and bending capacity design approach

Considering the excellent corrosion resistance of aluminium alloy, a new-type aluminium-concrete-steel double skin tubular (ACSDST) member is proposed by replacing the outer steel tube of concrete-filled double skin steel tubular members with an aluminium alloy tube to improve structures' corrosion resistance and durability. Until now, no literature has been available on ACSDST cross-section in bending. This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations on the flexural behaviour of circular ACSDST cross-sections in bending. Broad parameters are examined in this research, including varying diameter-to-thickness ratios of the outer tube (20–120), hollow ratio (0.2–0.75), concrete compressive strength (30–70 MPa) and steel yield strength (235–355 MPa). The experimental results show that the final failure is controlled by the tensile rupture of aluminium alloy tubes, but it generally happens after the maximum moment, and the composite section behaves in good curvature ductility. The parametric analysis based on the developed finite element (FE) model discloses the different influences of diameter-to-thickness ratios of the outer tube, hollow ratio, and concrete and steel strengths on the bending moment capacity. Among them, the diameter-to-thickness ratio of the outer tube and hollow ratio significantly affect the bending moment capacity. The design equations for bending moment capacity are induced based on the plastic stress distribution method. Those equations are safe and accurate for the maximum moment (a widely used definition of bending moment capacity) within a certain range of parameters. However, a reduction factor 0.9 is proposed for the equations to predict the moment at a longitudinal flexural tensile strain of 1% (another widely used definition of bending moment capacity). Moreover, the cross-section slenderness limit for the compact ACSDST section is recommended based on the analysis of the experimental and FE results.

Numerical Study on the Dynamic Response and Damage Cumulative of Bolt-Supported Cavern under Adjacent Cyclic Explosion

Adjacent cyclic explosions significantly impact the stability of underground anchored caverns. Based on the similar model test of the vault explosion of the anchored cavern, the dynamic analysis finite element software ANSYS/LSDYNA(18.0) was used to establish a model of the straight wall side explosion of the underground anchored cavern and conduct a numerical simulation. When the total amount of explosion load is the same, we compared the stress time history curve, displacement time history curve, tunnel wall displacement, and circumferential strain curve of the surrounding rock in the underground anchored cavern (under both a high-level single-side blast and a low-level cyclic side blast). We obtained the dynamic response rules of the surrounding rock. By comparing the damage evolution process of the surrounding rock in the two situations, the damage accumulation law of the surrounding rock was analyzed. At the same time, the axial stress distribution characteristics of underground anchor cavern anchors under the action of cyclic explosion were studied. The findings demonstrate that when the total level of blast load adjacent to the cavern is the same, the displacement and circumferential peak strain of surrounding rock and the axial stress of rock bolt in the high-level single explosion are greater than those in the low-level cyclic explosion. However, compared to a single explosion, the rock mass suffers more damage in the cyclic explosion. This study will provide engineers with information that will assist them with a better understanding of the cumulative damage mechanisms of surrounding rock, as well as the stress characteristics of rock bolts under dynamic loads near the explosion site, which will be used to design underground caves with anti-blast features.

Improvement of fatigue life of Ti-6Al-4V alloy treated by double-sided symmetric oblique laser shock peening

To improve the anti-foreign object damage (FOD) ability of Ti-6Al-4V alloy blisk blades, a blade simulation specimen was designed and subjected to double-sided symmetrical oblique laser shock peening (DSOLSP) treatment. Surface roughness, residual stress distribution, and microstructural evolution of simulated specimens of Ti-6Al-4V alloy without and with DSOLSP were investigated, and the strengthening effect was evaluated by flexural fatigue test. The results showed that after DSOLSP treatment, surface roughness of simulated specimens was reduced from Ra0.97 µm to Ra0.6 µm. DSOLSP treatment generated a compressive residual stress (CRS) field along the entire thickness direction of the simulated specimen. Nanostructures with a depth of ∼500 nm was observed at topmost surface layer, and the average size of the nanograins was about 35.2 nm. Compared with the base material, the flexural average fatigue life of the simulated specimen was increased by 8.45 times. Moreover, mathematical statistical analysis confirms that DSOLSP has a significant effect on the fatigue life of simulated samples. The development of CRS fields throughout the entire thickness direction, the grain refinement on the surface, and the reduction of surface roughness are primarily responsible for the enhancement of the flexural fatigue life of the DSOLSP simulated specimen.

Residual stress relief strategy in thick steel weldments via local induction heat treatment: Simulation and neutron diffraction experiment

This study investigated the effect of local induction post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on residual stress relief in thick submerged arc welded steel plates. A combination of numerical and neutron diffraction methods was used to examine the effect of various PWHT parameters, such as annealing temperature and holding time, on the relief of residual stress in welded plates with various thicknesses. A sequentially coupled thermal–mechanical finite element model was used to calculate the residual stress distribution in welded AH36 steel plates before and after PWHT. The model was validated by comparing its predictions with the experimental measurements, and the results showed good agreement. The residual stress of the thick welded plates was effectively reduced via PWHT with local induction. The primary mechanism for this stress release was identified as stress relaxation caused by creep strain. Furthermore, a process map was established considering the PWHT conditions and plate geometry. This map provides a means of determining the optimal PWHT conditions to achieve desired stress reduction levels.

Research on abutment stress distribution of roof-cutting coalface: numerical simulation and field measurement

During the processing of deep mining, revealing the distribution of abutment pressure is significant for controlling stability of the entry. In this study, the abutment pressure distribution of roof-cutting coalface was investigated by FLAC3D and self-developed flexible detection unit (FDU). In the numerical simulation, the double-yield model was built to analyze the goaf abutment pressure under the fracturing roofs to maintain entry (FRME). Compared with the non-fracturing side, the peak value of the advanced abutment pressure on the fracturing side is reduced by 19.29% on average, the influence range (span) increases by 30.78% and the distance between the peak value and the working face increases by 66.7%. The goaf abutment pressure within 23m near the cutting side is significantly higher than other areas along the dip. The FDU was employed in the coalface to record the change of advanced abutment stress. And the field measured results are in well agreement with the numerical results.

Failure Behavior and Vulnerability of Containment Structures Subjected to Overpressure Loads Considering Different Failure Criteria

This paper investigates the failure behavior and vulnerability of the containment structure (CS) under internal pressure according to different functional and structural failure criteria. Through nonlinear numerical analysis, the deformation of the structure, degree of concrete cracking, and the distribution of stresses and strains in the prestressing tendons and steel liner under different failure criteria are compared. Combined with probabilistic analysis methods, the vulnerability curves, HCLPF capacities, and total failure probabilities of CS determined by different failure criteria are systematically discussed. Results show that there are some differences in the failure behavior and pressure capacity of CS under different failure criteria for both functional and structural failure modes. Under the same failure mode, the variability of the pressure capacities obtained using different criteria is relatively small. Generally, the total failure probabilities of CS subjected to overpressure loads determined by different failure criteria exhibit significant differences. If it is considered that all the investigated failure criteria have a certain ability to predict containment failure, the probabilistic assessment results derived from the functional failure criterion based on the fracture strain of steel liners and the structural failure criterion based on the global strain are deemed to be more reasonable.

Seismic analysis of coastal slope stability considering strength nonlinearity and tension cut-off

Tensile stresses may lead to cracks forming at the crest of coastal slopes and subsequent slope failure, particularly under seismic load conditions. Traditional shear strength failure criteria often overestimate the tensile strength of geomaterials, and in turn the factor of safety against sliding. This paper presents an improved nonlinear analysis method for assessing the stability of slopes, while considering tension cut-off in the failure criterion as well as the detrimental effects of inertial seismic loading and pore water pressure. The method employs the principle of energy consumption to obtain solutions for the geometry of the potential sliding surface and stress distribution, while the critical slope height and the stability factor are determined by means of a particle swarm optimization algorithm. Comparison with existing methods is conducted to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of this method. Results showed that the tensile strength of geomaterials had a significant impact on the stability of the slope and its associated failure mechanism, particularly for the vertical slope. This study could avoid the assumptions of the dilatancy angle on the velocity discontinuity and critical slope sliding surface, and reflect the tensile and nonlinear characteristics of the geomaterials well.

Numerical and experimental analysis of edge wave defect control during TA2 circular tube cold roll forming

AbstractThe increasing application of TA2 titanium profiles in marine and petrochemical industries has spurred in a growing demand for diverse forms, including U‐shaped, rectangular, and tubular thin‐walled profiles. Traditional methods like mechanical subtractive processing and extrusion, despite their prevalence, suffer from high production costs and low efficiency. As a metal sheet forming technology, roll forming stands out for its efficiency, accuracy, and capability of producing complex shapes continuously. Nevertheless, the application of cold rolling to TA2 profiles is challenging primarily due to its low elastic modulus and high yield strength. In view of this, this study employed finite element simulation to analyze the stress and strain distribution during the TA2 roll forming process, aiming to have a better understanding of edge wave defect formation mechanism. Orthogonal experiments were performed to assess the influence of frame spacing, forming speed, roll gap, and downhill amount, on edge wave defects. The findings revealed a predominant influence of the downhill amount. Maintaining the downhill volume at 0.6 times the tube diameter kept the longitudinal strain below 0.9%, effectively mitigating edge wave defects. Implementation of these optimized parameters in an actual TA2 roll forming process confirmed the reliability of the simulations. This study establishes a solid foundation for advancing the TA2 tube cold roll forming process, enhancing the production efficiency of titanium profiles, and shedding some light on current energy conservation and emission reduction.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE VESSEL USING DIFFERENT MATERIALS

This project explores the field of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in relation to pressure vessels that have different head configurations, while ensuring that the cylindrical volume and thickness remain uniform. The project adheres to ASME standards, specifically Section VIII, Division I, and focuses on designing a pressure vessel that can withstand a pressure of 8 bar within a volume of 24 liters. The main objective of using FEA is to identify areas of stress concentration in each head design. In industrial settings, pressure vessels play a crucial role in containing fluids or gases under varying pressures. The choice of head configuration significantly impacts the distribution of stress and the overall structural strength. This project specifically utilizes ANSYS software for static and thermal analyses to compare stress distribution in pressure vessels with flat heads, elliptical heads, and other common head designs. The goal is to identify configurations that exhibit lower stress levels, with a particular emphasis on practical scenarios that favor elliptical heads. Additionally, the project explores finite element modeling techniques to evaluate pressure vessels made from different materials such as Nimonic 80A and SA516 Gr70 under high-stress conditions

Localized Phonon Transport Study of GaN/SiO2 Core/shell Nanowires under Thermal-Stress Coupling.

In order to comprehensively explore the intricate mechanisms of thermo-mechanical interactions, this study employs the molecular dynamics method to investigate the influence of heat flux density, shell thickness and length, as well as stress on the radial interface phonon transport in GaN/SiO2 core/shell nanowire. Additionally, the surface eigenmode decomposition method is employed to analyze the interface phonon dispersion curves. The investigation reveals that with increasing heat flux density, internal thermal stresses intensify, leading to a complex distribution of thermal stresses within the system. Under the influence of thermal stress, the nonlinear acoustic properties interact with phonon scattering, resulting in the pronounced localization of interface phonons. Compressive stress causes an upshift in low-frequency phonons, while tensile stress induces a downward shift in the high-frequency optical branches at the interface. The localized phonon vibrations at the SiO2/GaN interface under nonuniform stress are identified as the primary cause for the abundant presence of nondispersive phonon modes at the radial interface. By elucidating the subtle interplay between lattice vibrations and stress fields, this study offers a novel and profound understanding of thermo-mechanical coupling effects, thereby providing innovative theoretical foundations for the design and performance management of thermoelectric devices.

Identification of key eRNAs for intervertebral disc degeneration by integrated multinomial bioinformatics analysis

BackgroundIntervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a common degenerative condition leading to abnormal stress distribution under load, causing intervertebral stenosis, facet joint degeneration, and foraminal stenosis. Very little is known about the molecular mechanism of eRNAs in IVDD.MethodsGene expression profiles of 38 annulus disc samples composed of 27 less degenerated discs (LDs) and 11 more degenerated discs (MDs) were retrieved from the GEO database. Then, differentially expressed enhancer RNAs (DEeRNAs), differentially expressed target genes (DETGs), and differentially expressed transcription factors (DETFs), hallmark of cancer signalling pathways according to GSVA; the types and quantity of immune cells according to CIBERSORT; and immune gene sets according to ssGSEA were analysed to construct an IVDD-related eRNA network. Then, multidimensional validation was performed to explore the interactions among DEeRNAs, DETFs and DEGs in space.ResultsA total of 53 components, 14 DETGs, 15 DEeRNAs, 3 DETFs, 5 immune cells, 9 hallmarks, and 7 immune gene sets, were selected to construct the regulatory network. After validation by online multidimensional databases, 21 interactive DEeRNA-DEG-DETF axes related to IVDD exacerbation were identified, among which the C1S-CTNNB1-CHD4 axis was the most significant.ConclusionBased upon the results of our study, we theorize that the C1S-CTNNB1-CHD4 axis plays a vital role in IVDD exacerbation. Specifically, C1S recruits CTNNB1 and upregulates the expression of CHD4 in IVDD, and subsequently, CHD4 suppresses glycolysis and activates oxidative phosphorylation, thus generating insoluble collagen fibre deposits and leading to the progression of IVDD. Overall, these DEeRNAs could comprise promising therapeutic targets for IVDD due to their high tissue specificity.