Strength Training Program Research Articles

Comparing preferences to evaluations of barrier self-efficacy for two strength training programs in US older adults.

Engagement in regular physical activity is one of the best strategies for older adults to remain healthy. Unfortunately, only 35% of older adults meet guidelines for muscle strengthening activities. Eliciting participant preferences is one possible way to improve physical activity engagement. However, other sources of participant input to improve uptake and maintenance remain uninvestigated. This study compared preferences to self-efficacy ratings for two strength training programs. We conducted a national cross-sectional survey of 611 US adults over age 65. We compared two participant evaluations (the preferred program and the program for which they had higher barrier self-efficacy) of two hypothetical strength training programs (45 minutes performed three times per week (traditional) and 5 minutes performed daily (brief)). Most participants (68%) preferred the brief strength training program. The difference in self-efficacy ratings was an average of 1.2 (SD = 0.92). One in five participants preferred a strength training program for which they had less self-efficacy; nearly all of these participants (92%) preferred the traditional strength training program but had more self-efficacy for the brief strength training program. Older adults reported preferring and having more self-efficacy for a brief compared to a traditional strength training program. Differences in self-efficacy ratings between the two strength training programs were large. Preferences were often not congruent with ratings of self-efficacy. Preferences for strength training programming may not always reflect the program most likely to be maintained. Future investigations should evaluate differences in behavioral uptake, maintenance, and outcomes from two comparative strength training interventions using preferences and self-efficacy.

Effects of Vertical and Horizontal Jumping Asymmetries on Linear and Change-of-Direction Speed Performance of Female Soccer Players

In recent years, along with the remarkable development of women’s soccer, significant attention has been given to the study of asymmetry in lower limbs. However, there is uncertainty about whether and to what extent jumping asymmetries affect the performance of female soccer players. The aims of this study were to examine (a) possible asymmetries in jumping ability and (b) the correlations between asymmetries and performance of female soccer players in 10 m and 30 m speed tests, as well as in change-of-direction speed tests. The study involved 12 adolescent (age: 15.8 ± 0.8 years, body mass: 59.4 ± 7 kg and height: 160.5 ± 5.1 cm) and 10 adult female soccer players (age: 22.3 ± 4.4 years, body mass: 62.2 ± 7.5 kg and height: 165.7 ± 6.1 cm). Pearson’s correlations showed no statistically significant relationships between vertical and horizontal asymmetries and time in 10 m, 30 m and 505 change-of-direction speed tests for adolescent players. In adult players, a significantly high correlation was found between asymmetries in single-leg hop tests (for distance) and time in 505 change-of-direction speed tests (r = 0.68, p < 0.05). Adult players showed higher asymmetry values in vertical and horizontal jump tests, but these asymmetries were not significant (p > 0.05). Practitioners are recommended to implement strength and power training programs, as well as injury prevention protocols, aiming to reduce asymmetries, in order to minimize the risk of injuries, and potentially improve performance of female soccer players in certain fitness tests.

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF A COMBINED AEROBIC AND STRENGTH TRAINING PROGRAM IN PATIENTS WITH MOTOR NEURON DISEASE

INTRODUCTION & AIMS Motor Neuron Disease (MND) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by the progressive degeneration and death of motor neurons, which leads to a reduction in muscle strength and physical function. Although “Exercise as Medicine” is accepted for many diseases, the role of exercise in individuals with MND is still debated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a combined, moderate-intensity, aerobic and strength training program on aerobic capacities, strength and physical function in individuals with MND. METHODS Fifteen individuals with MND were randomly assigned to either a training (3 times/week for 12 weeks; TRAIN, n=8) or a control (continued their usual standard of care; CTRL, n=7) group. The peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak) and the maximal capacity of oxygen extraction (via Near-Infrared Spectroscopy) were evaluated during an incremental test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. The strength of both the lower- and upper-limb muscles was evaluated with a 1-Repetition Maximum (1RM) test on the leg press, leg extension, biceps curl, and vertical chest press. Participants also performed the “Timed Up and Go” test (TUG) and the 6-min walking test (6MWT). RESULTS The adherence to training was 86 ± 6%, and the satisfaction with the exercise program was 9.6 out of 10. VO2peak did not change significantly in both groups, but the maximal capacity of O2 extraction improved significantly in TRAIN (from 44 ± 3 to 67 ± 4%). In TRAIN, the 1RM for the leg press and leg extension increased significantly by 47 ± 8% and 50 ± 13%, respectively, while this parameter did not change in CTRL. While the 6MWT increased by 5% in TRAIN and decreased by 3% in CTRL, the change was not significant. CONCLUSION These preliminary results support the beneficial role of a combined aerobic and strength training program in individuals with MND.

Effects of different strength and velocity training programs on physical performance in youth futsal players

Futsal is a high intensity team sport with intermittent actions of short duration, so it is necessary to include different training strategies to improve explosive actions. There is a gap in the scientific literature regarding training programs that improve the performance of young futsal players. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different strength and velocity training programs on lower body physical performance in youth futsal players. Forty-two youth futsal players were divided into control group (CG, n = 14) and a strength intervention group (SG, n = 14), which included a weekly session for 8 weeks of eccentric strength training, plyometrics and core strengthening, and a velocity intervention group (VG, n = 14), which included a weekly session during 8 weeks of training with linear speed exercises and with change of direction, accelerations with resistance bands and core strengthening. SG significantly improved horizontal jump (HJ) (p:0.02), V-CUT (p:0.91) and change of direction deficit (CODD) (p:0.01). VG showed significant improvements in HJ (p:0.01), in 25 m sprint (p:0.01), in total repeated sprint ability time (p:0.01), in V-CUT (p:0.01) and in CODD (p:0.01). SG showed significant intergroup differences (p:0.01) in COD variables with respect to CG and VG. In conclusion, SG and VG showed significant improvements in lower body performance variables in youth futsal players. In addition, the SG has substantial changes in COD compared to the other two groups, so it has a greater effect.

Effectiveness of virtual reality-based oral muscle strength training on oral function in older adults

Objectives: This study aimed to develop a virtual reality (VR)-based oral strength training program and apply it to older adults to assess improvements in oral function. Methods: The oral strength training was conducted 12 times over 6 weeks, from late August to early October 2023, at the participants’ institution. Each session lasted approximately 60 minutes. Forty-one participants aged 65 and older were randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. Results: Following the VRbased oral muscle strength training, the O’Leary index decreased by 0.42 (p<0.01), and the Löe & Silness index decreased by 1.11 (p<0.01). Additionally, there was a 1.24 reduction in tongue tie (p<0.01) and a 0.55 increase in salivation (p<0.05). Post hoc comparisons revealed significant differences between the two groups in gingival bacterial film (p<0.001), gingivitis (p<0.001), and tongue plaque (p<0.01). Conclusions: The study found that VR-based oral muscle strength training can improve oral health among older adults. Therefore, the VR-based oral muscle strength training program developed in this study could be beneficial in health promotion programs for the elderly.

Effect of nutritional supplement accompanying functional strength exercises on the special physical abilities and the spiking skill of volleyball players

The process of preparing players and developing their level is of great importance, and it is a comprehensive process that goes beyond the reservoirs of sports training in isolation, but rather seeks to strengthen it with supporting elements, including nutritional supplements. In performing advanced skills in volleyball, including the skill of crushing striking, as well as weakness in special physical abilities. The research aims to: prepare a training program for functional strength that fits the capabilities of the research sample, determine doses of nutritional supplements commensurate with the mass of the players, and identify the effect of the training program for functional strength accompanying nutritional supplements on special physical abilities and the performance of the skill of crushing volleyball.The researchers used the experimental method (designed by the two experimental groups), the first experimental group practiced functional strength exercises with doses of nutritional supplements, and the second group practiced functional strength exercises in isolation from nutritional supplements. The research sample was selected from the specialized school volleyball players. The functional strength-training program was implemented; the researchers concluded the success of the functional strength training program in developing the special physical abilities of volleyball players and the development of the skill of crushing hitting, need for (8) weeks, at a rate of (3) units per week, and a rate of (24) training units.

Composición de la microbiota intestinal en población pediátrica con obesidad: una revisión sistemática

The increasing prevalence of obesity among children and adolescent’s wide is a public health problem, resulting from the interaction of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. Obesity can lead to dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. This systematic review aims to gather scientific information available on the composition of gut microbiota in children/ adolescents with overweight/obesity. Research studies were identified through a scientific database (PubMed). The key words used were “Obese” OR “Overweight” AND “adolescent” OR “children” AND “microbiota”. Observational and intervention studies in children/adolescents having either overweight or obesity were included in this review, belonging to the last ten years – from December 2012 to October 2022. The initial search resulted in 409 references, 379 of them were excluded because the participants had major pathologies other than obesity or overweight. From the remaining articles, others were excluded due to not providing information on the number of participants, or not including data on microbiota composition. A total of 16 articles were selected: 12 observational studies and 4 intervention studies. Among the observational studies that compared overweight/obesity vs. normal weight or metabolically unhealthy obese vs. metabolically healthy obese children/adolescents, at least two studies found higher levels of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidales, Adlercreutzia, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium. Moreover, lower abundances of Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroides, and Akkermansia were observed. Regarding intervention studies consisting of supplementation of oligofructose- enriched inulin and a weight reduction program, higher proportions of Actinobacteria were observed after the intervention. Clostridia was also found in higher abundances after interventions that used a combined strength and endurance training program and a weight reduction program. The findings suggest that obesity decreased microbiota diversity and increases species associated with inflammation. The results are consistent with previous studies in adults. This information will be useful for designing dietary interventions to prevent or reverse dysbiosis in individuals with obesity. Keywords: Obese; Overweight; Adolescents; Children; Microbiota; Intervention studies; Observational studies

Assessing Motor Variability during Squat: The Reliability of Inertial Devices in Resistance Training.

Movement control can be an indicator of how challenging a task is for the athlete, and can provide useful information to improve training efficiency and prevent injuries. This study was carried out to determine whether inertial measurement units (IMU) can provide reliable information on motion variability during strength exercises, focusing on the squat. Sixty-six healthy, strength-trained young adults completed a two-day protocol, where the variability in the squat movement was analyzed at two different loads (30% and 70% of one repetition maximum) using inertial measurement units and a force platform. The time series from IMUs and force platforms were analyzed using linear (standard deviation) and non-linear (detrended fluctuation analysis, sample entropy and fuzzy entropy) measures. Reliability was analyzed for both IMU and force platform using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the standard error of measurement. Standard deviation, detrended fluctuation analysis, sample entropy, and fuzzy entropy from the IMUs time series showed moderate to good reliability values (ICC: 0.50-0.85) and an acceptable error. The study concludes that IMUs are reliable tools for analyzing movement variability in strength exercises, providing accessible options for performance monitoring and training optimization. These findings have implications for the design of more effective strength training programs, emphasizing the importance of movement control in enhancing athletic performance and reducing injury risks.

Impact of a 16-week strength training program on physical performance, body composition and cardiac remodeling in previously untrained women and men.

Even if more and more women are involved in strength-training (ST) programs in fitness centers, studies on strength gain, body composition, and cardiac remodeling were mainly conducted in men and whether they are similar in women remains to be explored. In this context, the aim of our study was to assess the effect of a supervised ST program on strength gains, body composition, and cardiac remodeling in previously untrained women and men. 17 healthy and previously untrained young women and 17 young men participated in a supervised 16-week ST program built according to the recommendation of the American College of Sports Medicine in terms of intensity, and strictly using similar volume and intensity in both groups. Strength performance, body composition, and cardiac remodeling were evaluated every 4weeks. Cardiac adaptations were assessed using resting echocardiography, including regional 2D-Strain analysis of the left atrium and ventricle (LA and LV, respectively). Despite lower values at baseline, women exhibited similar or even higher strength gains compared to men. ST induced a decrease of body and abdominal fat mass and an increase of lean body mass in both groups. Similar cardiac remodeling was observed in women, and women, including an early and progressive LV and LA enlargement throughout the ST program, without any alteration of LV diastolic and systolic functions. These findings underlie that ST programs are highly suitable for women to enhance their strength performance and their cardiovascular health.

Evaluating the Effects of an Enhanced Strength Training Program in Remote Cardiological Rehabilitation: A Shift from Aerobic Dominance-A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

(1) Background: Cardiac rehabilitation often emphasizes aerobic capacity while overlooking the importance of muscle strength. This study evaluated the impact of an enhanced remote strength training program (RCR-ST) on cardiac rehabilitation. (2) Methods: In this randomized prospective study (RCT registration number SMC-9080-22), 50 patients starting cardiac rehabilitation were assessed for muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and self-reported outcomes at baseline and after 16 weeks. Participants were divided into two groups: the RCR-ST group received a targeted resistance training program via a mobile app and smartwatch, while the control group received standard care with general resistance training advice. (3) Results: The RCR-ST group demonstrated significant improvements in muscle endurance, notably in leg extension and chest press exercises, with increases of 92% compared to 25% and 92% compared to 13% in the control group, respectively. Functional assessments (5-STS and TUG tests) also showed marked improvements in agility, coordination, and balance. Both groups improved in cardiorespiratory fitness, similarly. The RCR-ST group reported enhanced physical health and showed increased engagement, as evidenced by more frequent use of the mobile app and longer participation in the rehabilitation program (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Incorporating a focused strength training regimen in remote cardiac rehabilitation significantly improves muscle endurance and patient engagement. The RCR-ST program presents a promising approach for optimizing patient outcomes by addressing a crucial gap in traditional rehabilitation protocols that primarily focus on aerobic training.

Is Quadriceps-Strengthening Exercises (QSE) in Medial-Compartment Knee Osteoarthritis with Neutral and Varus Malalignment a Paradox? - A Risk-Appraisal of Strength-Training on Disease Progression.

The present inquiry seeks to investigate whether the current regimens of QSEs (Quadriceps-Strengthening Exercises) aggravate the disease while mitigating symptoms. A comparative study was conducted on 32 patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis of knees. While the neutral group of 16 patients was constituted of those with an anatomical-lateral-femoro-tibial-angle (aFTA) 176-180º, varus group comprised an equal number of patients with an aFTA >180º. A home-based 12-week strength-training program involving weekly visits to hospital for supervised sessions was administered. The outcome measures were visual-analog-scale (VAS), medial patello-femoral joint tenderness (MPFJT), time-up-and-go-test (TUGT), stair-climb test, step test, WOMAC, IKDC scores, aFTA, hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, lateral-tibio-femoral-joint-separation (LTFJS), and horizontal-distance-from-centre-of-knee-to-Mikulicz-line. There was a significant increase in quadriceps strength (p<0.01) in both groups. Values for neutral group with VAS score (p=0.01), MPFJT (p=0.01), TUGT (p=0.01), timing of the stair climb test (p=0.01), WOMAC (p<0.01), and IKDC (p=0.03) were better compared to varus group with VAS score (p=0.13), MPFJT (p=0.03), TUGT (p=0.90), timing of stair climb test (p=0.68), WOMAC (p<0.02), and IKDC (p=0.05). Varus group also showed an increase in aFTA and LTFJS in 12 patients, increase in HKA in 11, and increase in horizontal distance from the centre of knee to the Mikulicz line in 7 patients. The present study brings to the fore the paradoxical role played by QSEs in management of medial knee OA. While there is a radiological progression of the disease in both neutral and varus mal-aligned knees more so in the latter than the former.

Improvements in Jump Height, Speed, and Quality of Life through an 8-Week Strength Program in Male Adolescents Soccer Players.

This study aimed to assess the enhancement of physical fitness and quality of life through an 8-week strength training program in male adolescent soccer players aged between 12 and 13 years. A lower body muscle group intervention was performed, with 17 players in the experimental group (EG) and 15 players in the control group (CG). The EG carried out soccer training complemented by specific strength work. Pre- and post- intervention assessments included body composition, jump height, speed with change of direction, maximum speed in 20 m, movement velocity in back-squat, perceived fatigue effort, academic performance, and quality of life. A general linear repeated measures model analysis was used considering each variable, the interaction between groups (EG, CG) and time (basal, 8-week), to analyze the differences between and within groups. The results showed a reduction in fat in the upper limbs and trunk, improvements in jump height, maximum speed of 20 m, and changes of direction, and increased quality of life (p < 0.05) in the EG. It was concluded that a strength program could improve some components of physical performance in male adolescent soccer players.

Isokinetic Knee Muscle Strength Parameters and Anthropometric Indices in Athletes with and without Hyperextended Knees.

Background and Objectives: Hypermobility has been linked to decreased knee performance, including isokinetic and isometric knee strength. This study aimed to determine whether athletes with and without knee hyperextension have different hamstring-to-quadriceps strength (H/Q) ratios and to investigate the associations between knee hyperextension indices and H/Q ratios and anthropometric characteristics. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 47 healthy male athletes without knee injuries aged 23.48 ± 3.54 years. The variables included the degree of knee hypermobility, isokinetic parameters of the leg musculature, and anthropometric indices. Differences between athletes with and without hyperextension were calculated using an independent sample t-test, effect sizes, and discriminant analysis, while associations between the variables were checked by Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Results: Athletes with hyperextended knees had shorter legs (t value = -2.23, p = 0.03, moderate ES) and shins (t = -2.64, p = 0.01, moderate ES) and a lower H/Q ratio at an angular velocity of 60°/s (t = -2.11, p = 0.04, moderate ES) than those in the nonhyperextended group did; these differences were supported by discriminant analysis (Wilks' L = 0.60, p = 0.01). An increase in the H/Q ratio at an angular velocity of 60°/s was associated with the degree of knee hypermobility (R = -0.29, p = 0.04). Conclusions: This research showed that athletes with knee hypermobility have weaker hamstring strength and thus a lower H/Q strength ratio at lower angular velocities. These findings suggest that targeted strength training programs for leg (i.e., hamstrings) muscles should help individuals with knee hypermobility.

Strength training improves heart function, collagen and strength in rats with heart failure

Background/objectivesMyocardial infarction (MI) frequently leads to cardiac remodeling and failure with impaired life quality, playing an important role in cardiovascular deaths. Although physical exercise is a well-recognized effective non-pharmacological therapy for cardiovascular diseases, the effects of strength training (ST) on the structural and functional aspects of cardiac remodeling need to be further documented. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of a linear block ST protocol in the rat model of MI.Methods and resultsAfter 6 weeks of MI induction or sham surgery, male adult rats performed ST for the following 12 weeks. The ladder-based ST program was organized in three mesocycles of 4 weeks, with one load increment for each block according to the maximal carrying load test. After 12 weeks, the infarcted-trained rats exhibited an increase in performance, associated with reduced cardiac hypertrophy and pulmonary congestion compared with the untrained group. Despite not changing MI size, the ST program partially prevented cardiac dilatation and ventricular dysfunction assessed by echocardiography and hemodynamics, and interstitial fibrosis evaluated by histology. In addition, isolated cardiac muscles from infarcted-trained rats had improved contractility parameters in a steady state, and in response to calcium or stimuli pauses.ConclusionsThe ST in infarcted rats increased the capacity to carry mass, associated with attenuation of cardiac remodeling and pulmonary congestion with improving cardiac function that could be attributed, at least in part, to the improvement of myocardial contractility.

Effects of strength training program in the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain

Low back pain is defined as any pain that occurs between the last costal arch and the lower gluteal fold, and may have different intensities and durations, being considered chronic if it lasts for more than 12 weeks, becoming non-specific if its cause is not identified, compromising the quality of life of affected individuals. Currently, Strength Training (TF) has been included in the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain, in order to improve the condition of people suffering from this condition. Thus, the objective of this research was to verify the impact of PT on the treatment of low back pain, highlighting the main aspects based on the inclusion of this practice in everyday life, showing the benefits arising from this method. For the present study, a review of scientific articles was carried out using the PubMed, Scielo and Google Scholar databases to complement information on low back pain and PD. Several evidences were found that positively contribute to the improvement of low back pain with the use of PT in pain conditions, increased functional capacity, improvement in activities of daily living (ADL), gain in muscular resistance, strength and hypertrophy, in addition to individuals showing themselves more active. It is concluded that TF proved to be effective in the treatment of non-specific chronic low back pain, improving its symptoms such as pain and disability, however, if applied by an unqualified professional and incorrectly, it can be harmful to health.

Five weeks of dynamic finger flexor strength training on bouldering performance and climbing-specific strength tests. A randomized controlled trial.

The aim of the study was to examine the effects of a 5-week dynamic finger flexor strength training program on bouldering performance and climbing-specific strength tests. Advanced to elite level boulderers (n = 31) were randomized to a dynamic finger strength training group (DFS) or a control group (CON). The DFS training program consisted of 3 weekly sessions (3-5 sets, 4-10 repetitions per session). Both groups continued bouldering training as usual throughout the intervention period. Pre- and post-intervention measures included bouldering performance, maximal dynamic finger strength, isometric finger strength (peak and average force), and rate of force development (RFD). The DFS demonstrated greater improvement in dynamic finger strength (11.5%, 3.9kg) than the CON (5.3%, 1.7kg; p = 0.075, ES = 0.90), but there were no differences between the groups in 1RM (p = 0.075, ES = 0.67), bouldering performance (p = 0.39, ES = 0.35), isometric finger strength (p = 0.42-0.56, ES = 0.20-0.22) or RFD (p = 0.30, ES = 0.46). The DFS improved dynamic (p < 0.01, ES = 1.83) and isometric peak and average (p < 0.01, ES = 0.98, and p < 0.01, ES = 0.75, respectively) finger strength, while the CON only increased dynamic finger strength (p < 0.05, ES = 0.58). None of groups improved bouldering performance or RFD (p = 0.07-0.58). In conclusion, 5weeks of DFS training improving dynamic strength to a greater extent than bouldering alone in addition to improving isometric finger strength among advanced boulderers. Isolated bouldering improved dynamic finger flexor strength, but importantly, increased finger strength (dynamic or isometric) did not improve bouldering performance.

RESP-FIT: A Technology-Enhanced Combined Inspiratory and Expiratory Muscle Strength Training Intervention for Adults With COPD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disease associated with respiratory muscle weakness and activity-limiting symptoms such as dyspnea. Respiratory muscle strength training (RMST) is an empirically validated therapy to increase respiratory muscle strength. The theoretically-informed, technology-enhanced RESP-FIT intervention for COPD is a 6-week combined inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength training program with symptom measurement in real time via ecological momentary assessment (EMA). In addition to hypothesis generating purposes, the purpose of this randomized control pilot study was to explore whether observed effects (on symptoms, patient-reported outcomes, and respiratory muscle strength) support carrying out a future large-scale trial of RESP-FIT. Thirty adults with COPD were randomized to intervention (n=15) or control, with intervention group undergoing 6 weeks of mHealth-enhanced RMST. Daily symptom data were collected in real time over the 6-week intervention period using EMA. Compared to the control group, participants in the intervention group reported decreased dyspnea and anxiety, increased happiness, and improved respiratory muscle strength (PIMax). However, reports of fatigue and sleep disturbance increased in the intervention group compared to the control group. Results support the hypothesis that the 6-week RESP-FIT program will improve respiratory muscle strength, emotional state (anxiety and happiness), and breathlessness in COPD but may contribute to fatigue, at least in the short-term. Future work is needed to determine efficacy of RESP-FIT, determine mechanisms of action on dyspnea and fatigue, and conduct within-subject comparisons of EMA data to explore individual or environmental fluctuations in COPD symptoms.

Therapeutic Putty-based Hand Strengthening Exercises to Improve Hand Function and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Rheumatoid Arthritis

Context: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) primarily affects the hands, leading to disabling joint abnormalities and reduced muscle strength, profoundly impacting hand function and overall quality of life (QOL). Aim: The aim of this study was to find the effect of therapeutic putty-based hand exercises on hand function and QOL in patients with chronic RA. Setting and Design: It was an experimental study conducted at the College of Physiotherapy, Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak. Subjects and Methods: In this study, 206 chronic RA patients were randomly split into two groups. Group A (control) received conventional physiotherapy care including hot fomentation, joint protection advice, active exercises, and splinting. Group B (experimental) engaged in hand strengthening exercises with 85 g of therapeutic putty alongside conventional physiotherapy. Key outcomes assessed grip and key pinch strength, hand function (Short Form of the Score for the Assessment and Quantification of Chronic Rheumatic Affections of the Hands), and QOL (WHO-BREF) at baseline, 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks. Statistical Analysis: Effect of treatment comparison was done with one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc analysis. Results: The experimental group showed superior outcomes for grip, key strength, and hand function (P = 0.000). Regarding the QOL, improvements were observed in the physical component at the 4th week (P = 0.003) and in both the 8th and 12th weeks (P = 0.000). The psychological, social, and environmental components improved significantly in the 8th and 12th weeks (P &lt; 0.005). Conclusion: A therapeutic putty-based strength training program as an addition to usual care is a worthwhile, low-cost intervention that helps improve function, disability, and QOL.

Механізми вдосконалення спеціальної ударної підготовки спортсменів у змішаних єдиноборствах у передзмагальних мезоциклах

The Purpose of the Research is to study the mechanisms for improving the male and female athletes` special strike training for mixed martial arts at the pre-competition mesocycles under the conditions of different strength training programs. Methods of the Research. 44 athletes who were divided into 4 groups took part in the study. The representatives of the examined group used strength training loads of different structure and direction. Using the method of control testing of special strike training, the number of accurate kicks for 30 s to a moving and non-moving manikin was determined among male and female athletes. The Research Results. It was found that the greatest increasing the indicator of special strike training by 103,7 % (р&lt;0,002) was recorded during the performance of the strike with a turn for the target exercise. The smallest positive dynamics by 78,7 % (р&lt;0,002) was found for athletes of B group during a side kick for the target exercise. During the exercise of number of accurate kicks for 30 s to a moving manikin it was found that the controlled indicator for male athletes of B group was 67,6 % lower compared to the results of A group. Comparison of the control results of the female athletes of C and D groups has demonstrated that at the end of the pre- competitive mesocycle, the difference between the indicator of female athletes` accurate number of kicks for 30 s to a moving manikin was 20,7 %, and at the beginning of the research, this difference was 43,6 %. At the end of the pre- competition mesocycle, the difference between the parameters of the indicator the number of accurate kicks for 30 s to a none-moving manikin by the athletes of C and D groups was 7,9 %, when at the beginning of the research this difference was 56,6 %. Findings. It was determined that under the conditions of using isolated exercises during strength training, which make it possible to maximally and simultaneously selectively load individual muscle groups, the stress of adaptation and compensatory mechanisms increases, which leads to arising the indicators of special strike MMA training.

Effect of training load on lower limb power and jumping ability of professional soccer players

Research objective: The main research objective is to analyze the effects of training load on the lower limb power and jumping ability used in the maximum strength phase I during the preparatory period after the fall round league games among professional soccer players. Materials and Methods: The research material was a selected group of soccer players (n = 56) of the first Polish league, representing a similar sports level with a minimum of 4 years of training experience in the league and in the age range of 22 to 28 years. The study is focused on comparing two strength training programs which have been based on varying the intensity of training (% 1 RM). The first group performed training with an external load of 50-60% of 1RM (SG1), while the second group performed training with a load of 70-80% of 1RM (SG2). The training plan ran over 4 weeks (2 sessions per week; 4-number of series; 5-number of repetitions; 3-minute interval time between series; 2-minute interval time between exercise), with pre- and post-tests which included: anthropometry, 1RM, peak power output with 50% (unilateral), 60% (bilateral) (SG1) and 70% (unilateral), 80% 1RM (bilateral) (SG2) in the leg press, squat, and CMJ. The use of pneumatic devices the Keiser Leg Press A420 and Keiser Air Squat A300 (Keiser, Fresno, CA, USA) was used to measure the generated power of the lower limb muscles (leg press, squat). The dynamometric device Force Decks Dual Force Plate System (Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) was used to measure the jumping ability (CMJ). Results: Analyzing the changes in power generated during leg presses and during squats, it should be concluded that the results in both groups improved. However, the changes in the SG1 group, using an external load of 50-60% 1RM, were significantly greater. Interestingly, in the SG2 group, using an external load of 70-80% 1RM, the level of power generated by the right lower limb during the unilateral squat decreased after training. Similarly, to the jumping ability, greater changes were recorded in the SG1 group after completing the training program. The SG1 group with training using an external load of 50-60% 1RM achieved significantly better results than the SG2 group with training using an external load of 70-80% 1RM for 7 variables: bilateral leg press, unilateral leg press (right lower limb), unilateral leg press (left lower limb), bilateral squat, unilateral squat (right lower limb), power [W/kg] and the speed [m/s] of the jump. It was also possible to observe a certain increasing trend in the results in the unilateral squat (left lower limb) and countermovement jump height (CMJ), while not statistically significant. Conclusions: The method of using moderate and heavy loads can be used in the maximum strength phase I during the preparatory period after the fall round league games as an effective solution to improve the results in terms of power and jumping ability generated by soccer players. The main findings of the present study were as follows: training with an external load of 50-60% 1RM during the preparatory period after the fall round league games is more effective in improving muscle power and jumping ability (power [W/kg] and the speed [m/s] of the jump) soccer players than training with an external load of 70-80% 1RM.