Straussian Grounded Theory Research Articles

Students who witness critical events in the clinical setting: Recommendations for prevention of psychological trauma

BackgroundStudent nurses often do not receive adequate preparation, support, and debriefing related to witnessing or experiencing critical events in the clinical setting. PurposeThe purpose of this analysis was to describe the experiences of student nurses who have witnessed critical events in the clinical setting, the support and preparation they received, and staff and faculty actions they perceived as facilitating or hindering their processing of the event. MethodsThis is a sub-analysis of a Straussian Grounded Theory qualitative study. ResultsStaff and faculty actions that helped and hindered the processing of the critical event were identified at four time points: pre-event, during the critical event, immediately post-event, and in the days and weeks following. ConclusionsStudents exposed to critical events during their clinical rotations can experience psychological trauma. If unresolved, this can result in new nurses entering the profession already in distress. Preparation and support for witnessing critical patient events should start at the beginning of nursing school. During critical patient events, students need faculty or staff to be actively present to explain the event and support the student throughout the event. Immediate debrief and follow-up is recommended and should continue weeks or months after the event.

Multimodal classroom interaction analysis using video-based methods of the pedagogical tactic of (un)grouping

ABSTRACT Grouping of people and/or things in school can involve challenging pedagogical problems and is a recurrent issue in research literature. Grouping of pupils sometimes aids learning, but detailed video-based analysis of how teachers (and pupils) group or ungroup (termed ‘(un)grouping’) in classrooms is rare. This multimodal classroom interaction analysis study builds on previous work by exploring how the Pedagogy Analysis Framework can help untangle complicated classroom interactions involving (un)grouping and identifies sixteen types of (un)grouping. The sample size is one class of thirty pupils (10-year-olds), their class teacher, and teaching assistant. Four research methods were used (lesson video analysis, teacher verbal protocols, pupil group verbal protocols, and individual teacher interviews). Six hours of data were video recorded (managed using NVivo). Data were analysed by two educational researchers, the class teacher, and two groups of pupils (three girls and three boys). The methodology is Straussian Grounded Theory. Data were recorded in 2019. We present how often participants (un)grouped during a lesson. We propose and use a grounded theory for (un)grouping which we call the ‘Exclusion, Segregation, Integration, and Inclusion (ESII) model’. Additionally, we discuss how misinformation and disinformation can complicate analysis of (un)grouping and examine different perspectives on (un)grouping.

‘It’s why you get up in the morning’. A Straussian grounded theory study of coping in police officers who investigate rape and child abuse

Policing by its very nature has been widely recognised as being inherently stressful with little that can be done to prevent police officers’ exposure to both primary and secondary trauma. Officers involved in the investigation of child abuse and sexual offences have been further recognised as working in some of the most stressful and demanding roles in policing. However, there has been little research within this high-risk group of officers which seeks to understand how they cope with both the organisational and occupational stressors they are exposed to, as well as which strategies help them to ‘ get up in the morning’. Data were collected through twenty-three (23) semi-structured interviews, with Straussian Grounded Theory used as a framework to develop a model of coping. This study highlighted that although some officers were affected by the traumatic nature of their work, there were other risk factors present which appear to have impacted on them more significantly including ‘burnout’, ’compassion fatigue’ and ‘moral injury’. Protective factors were identified as ‘being in control’, ‘organisational, social and peer support’ as well as ‘having a purpose’ all of which impacted on an officer’s ability to cope with the work they do. The present findings extend our knowledge of key concepts relating to police officer coping which may help officers working in these high-risk roles to cope with challenges they face daily. Recommendations for further research on how to support this group of officers, as well as implications for practice are discussed.

Innovative health tracker that provides advanced functionalities to support and guide users in modifying their lifestyle: a Straussian ground theory approach.

Health can be described as the state of homeostasis and optimal functioning across various bio-psycho-social dimensions and processes, allowing an individual to adapt and respond effectively to extrinsic and intrinsic challenges. Our thoughts, choices, behaviors, experiences, and feelings shape our existence. By transitioning from unconscious reactions to conscious responses, we can establish novel habits and behaviors, actively embracing positive shifts in our lifestyle. The presented examination focuses on the smartwatch (SW), analyzing the incorporation of potentially progressive attributes that could enrich our lifestyle pursuits. The objective is not the health disorders themselves but the employment of wearable devices to create a strong sense of coherence in the Straussian grounded theory approach. The study had no subjects. The potential of the SW has been partially explored in lifestyle intervention, modification, research, and practice. Based on our examination, creating an innovative SW capable of aiding individuals in better comprehending their behaviors and motivating them toward comprehensive changes in their lifestyle is a challenging yet attainable endeavor. Our ambition is to bring into existence SW capable of comprehensively measuring and evaluating interoception, circadian rhythm (CR), selected lifestyle pillars, and their associated components, and seamlessly integrating them into current SW features. It focuses on boosting motivation, maintenance, and amelioration regarding one's lifestyle. The novel approach strives to boost both immediate and underlying factors that actively contribute to improving one's metacognition.

Reconciling Incongruencies: A Straussian Grounded Theory Approach to Defining Oncology Nurses' Professional Quality of Life.

This grounded theory study explored the processes and actions enacted by oncology nurses to enhance professional quality of life and the related meaning, facilitators, and barriers. Oncology nurses described a process by which they continually Reconcile Incongruencies. This process involves 4 categories: Accepting the Context of Oncology Nursing, Bettering the World, Pursuing a Calling, and Being Valued. External facilitators and barriers, self-driven actions to maintain, and consequences of professional quality of life were also revealed. The findings from this study offer an operational definition, a foundation for instrument development, and the consequences of oncology nurses' professional quality of life.

The voice of the profession: how the ethical demand is professionally refracted in the work of general practitioners

BackgroundAmong the myriad voices advocating diverging ideas of what general practice ought to be, none seem to adequately capture its ethical core. There is a paucity of attempts to integrate moral theory with empirical accounts of the embodied moral knowledge of GPs in order to inform a general normative theory of good general practice. In this article, we present an empirically grounded model of the professional morality of GPs, and discuss its implications in relation to ethical theories to see whether it might be sustainable as a general practice ethic.MethodsWe observed and interviewed sixteen GPs and GP residents working in health care centres in four Swedish regions between 2015–2017. In keeping with Straussian Grounded Theory, sampling was initially purposeful and later theoretically guided, and data generation, analysis and theoretical integration proceeded in parallel. The focal concept of this article was refined through multidimensional property supplementation.ResultsThe voice of the profession is one of four concepts in our emerging theory that attempt to capture various motives that affect GPs’ everyday moral decisionmaking. It reflects how GPs appreciate the situation by passing three professional–moral judgments: Shall I see what is before me, or take a bird’s-eye view? Shall I intervene, or stay my hand? And do I need to speak up, or should I rather shut up? By thus framing the problem, the GP narrows down the range of considerations, allowing them to focus on its morally most pertinent aspects. This process is best understood as a way of heeding Løgstrup’s ethical demand. Refracted through the lens of the GP’s professional understanding of life, the ethical demand gives rise to specific moral imperatives that may stand in opposition to the express wishes of the other, social norms, or the GP’s self-interest.ConclusionsThe voice of the profession makes sense of how GPs frame problematic situations in moral terms. It is coherent enough to be sustainable as a general practice ethic, and might be helpful in explaining why ethical decisions that GPs intuitively understand as justified, but for which social support is lacking, can nevertheless be legitimate.

Enlightening the Repercussion of Dark Data Management towards Malaysian SMEs Sustainability

The sheer volume of dark data impacts the costs for searching and producing appropriate information and imposes a wasted storage cost in operating budgets. Therefore, a grounded theory research was conducted to investigate the dark data phenomenon towards SMEs in Malaysia. Straussian Grounded Theory Methodology was deployed to analyze collected qualitative data to investigate the repercussions of dark data management towards sustainability of Small & Medium enterprises in Malaysia. Consequently, the study found that dark data is a precious asset to leverage and maintain sustainable business, and a model on the repercussions of dark data management was proposed.

Using Video and Multimodal Classroom Interaction Analysis to Investigate How Information, Misinformation, and Disinformation Influence Pedagogy

Abstract Misinformation is accidentally wrong and disinformation is deliberately incorrect (i.e., deception). This article uses the Pedagogy Analysis Framework (paf) to investigate how information, misinformation, and disinformation influence classroom pedagogy. 95 people participated (i.e., one lesson with 7-year-olds, another with 10-year-olds, and three with a class of 13-year-olds). The authors used four video-based methods (lesson video analysis, teacher verbal protocols, pupil group verbal protocols, and teacher interviews). 35 hours of video data (recorded 2013–2020) were analysed using Grounded Theory Methods by the researchers, the class teachers, and groups of pupils (three girls and three boys). The methodology was Straussian Grounded Theory. The authors present how often participants used information, misinformation, and disinformation. They illustrate how the paf helps understand and explain information, misinformation, and disinformation in the classroom by analysing video data transcripts. In addition, the authors discuss participant perceptions of the status of information; overlapping information, misinformation, and disinformation; and information communication difficulties.

Glaserian Grounded Theory and Straussian Grounded Theory: Two Standard Qualitative Research Approaches in Social Science

Grounded theory (GT) has appeared as a popular research approach in many branches of social science that acts for the well-being of the society. It is an inductive methodology, and focuses on the discovery of theory from data. Overtimes original grounded theory of Barney Galland Glaser (1930-2022) and Anselm Leonard Strauss (1916-1996) has evolved, and two grounded theory variants: Glaserian grounded theory and Straussian grounded theory have been emerged as qualitative approaches. When a novice qualitative researcher starts data collection on grounded theory; s/he cannot identify the differences between the two approaches. In this paper some of the key differences and similarities of the two methods are illustrated. So that, a confused researcher can easily selects the desired grounded theory for his/her research version. In this study an attempt has been taken to continue the grounded theory research smoothly when the novice researchers face uncertainty during the research procedure.

How do cancer patients refuse treatment? A grounded theory study

BackgroundAll cancer patients, except for a small fraction, seek treatment after becoming aware of the disease. That small fraction do not seek any treatment due to various reasons, and this phenomenon is unknown to us. Therefore, the present study aimed to discover the reasons for treatment refusal in cancer patients.MethodsThis qualitative grounded theory study was conducted on 22 participants including patients, caregivers, physicians, and nurses. Purposive theoretical sampling was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews. All interviews were gradually transcribed and analyzed. Data analysis was carried out through the three-step method of open, axial, and selective coding and was continued until theoretical saturation. Straussian Grounded Theory was used for data analysis.ResultsA total of 4 themes and 20 sub-themes were extracted in this study. The core variable extracted from the interviews was “resilience” Other related themes included encounter with cancer, fighting cancer, and coping with cancer. The findings showed that in the context of fighting cancer, patients lost their resilience through various processes and refused treatment.ConclusionCancer patients abandon the treatment in silence, oncologists and even family members being unaware of the matter. In other words, refusal of treatment is like an iceberg and the majority of the patients who have abandoned treatment are unknown to the health system. The model obtained in this study can increase the knowledge of the process that leads patients to lose their resilience against cancer and abandon treatment, which can increase the possibility of recognizing and predicting treatment refusal for oncologists.

Straussian Grounded Theory: An Evolved Variant in Qualitative Research

Grounded theory (GT) has emerged on the basis of different ontological and epistemological assumptions and is considered as a popular research approach in many branches of social science. Two American social scientists; Barney Galland Glaser (1930-2022) and Anselm Leonard Strauss (1916-1996) have founded it in 1967. Since the start of grounded theory in social science researches in 1967; more than 50 years have passed, and it has been using in many branches of social science, such as in nursing, healthcare, physiotherapy, education, economics, anthropology, sociology, political science, psychology, etc. Straussian grounded theory is a very well-known qualitative analysis in the world, and it explores dynamic and new phenomena. Straussian grounded theory researchers do not build their research on prearranged hypotheses; instead, they develop theory of wellbeing for the humanity from the collected data of the reality. In this article an overview and significance of Straussian grounded theory for the qualitative research method has been discussed. This article also provides an understanding about the Straussian grounded theory approach for the novice researchers.

Government institutional emergent issues and gaps in disaster management mechanisms for WASH: a case study of Zambia's Kanyama peri-urban area

Abstract This paper endeavours to characterise emergent issues and gaps in government institutional disaster management mechanisms for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in peri-urban areas. It is a case of Zambia's Kanyama peri-urban area and focuses on disaster management issues related to prevention, preparedness, and response. To gain an in-depth inductive perspective of emerging issues and inferred gaps, the study used a Straussian Grounded Theory approach by conducting semi-structured interviews with government institutions. Following that, the qualitative data were analysed using open and axial coding. Emergent issues and gaps with regard to mechanisms for emergency sanitation in peri-urban areas have been characterised. The characterised emergent issues and associated gaps include the following: (a) mandate and institutional policy; (b) responsiveness of authorities; (c) community engagement; and (d) stakeholder engagement. Of these emergent issues, mandate and institutional policy is the most outstanding and the critical institutions in the disaster management mechanisms generally are the disaster management and local government authorities. Inadequacies and inefficiencies in the preparedness and response by institutions is highly influenced by the centralisation of preparedness for response. Furthermore, community engagement is cardinal in the effective implementation of preparedness, prevention, and response to disaster management mechanisms in peri-urban WASH by planning authorities.

Portuguese adolescents with cystic fibrosis and their parents: An intervention proposal for nursing clinical practice

PurposeCystic fibrosis is a life-shortening genetic disease. It affects both patient and family with the nurse playing a key role in the monitoring process. This study sought to contribute to enhanced targeted health care to adolescents with cystic fibrosis and their parents by understanding the experiences of living with cystic fibrosis. Based on Afaf Meleis' Transitions Theory (1986) nurses identify the transition experienced by the study participants, thus contributing to the quality of nursing interventions. Design and methodsTwo qualitative research studies using data collected through semi-structured interviews were conducted. The Straussian Grounded Theory was applied. The snowball technique was used for recruitment, under the inclusion criteria: adolescents aged between 10 and 21 years; diagnosis of cystic fibrosis for more than one year; and parents of these adolescents. A final sample of 16 adolescents and 14 parents was obtained. ResultsNursing therapeutic interventions acted as a facilitator of the health/illness transition process. Nurses' intervention areas were identified to empower adolescents and their parents with targeted knowledge and abilities to cope with problems. After diagnosis, parents assumed a new role-playing. ConclusionsAdolescents with cystic fibrosis and their parents experience various transition phases. Nurses can better help identifying the onset, persistence and ending of harmful periods. Practice implicationsAdolescents with cystic fibrosis and their parents experience various transition phases. Nursing therapeutic interventions are cardinal to the health/illness transition.

Experiences of patients with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy with facial weakness: a qualitative study

Purpose This study focuses on the functional and psychosocial consequences of facial weakness of patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) and how they manage their daily lives. Materials and methods We conducted a qualitative study. Sixteen FSHD patients with varying degrees of facial weakness were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Data were analyzed using the constant comparison approach based on the Straussian Grounded Theory. Results Reduced facial expression affected different aspects of a participant’s life, which is reinforced by fatigue. Particularly the younger participants described the confrontation with reduced facial expression as upsetting. The unpredictability of the progression of facial weakness makes many participants insecure and concerned. They generally tend to avoid discussing facial weakness with loved ones as well as with strangers. Conclusions Patients would like the expert teams to shed more light on effective skill training and psychosocial support, especially for the younger patient group. A multidisciplinary approach is needed in addition to programs focusing on the individual aspects of facial weakness. As the experienced psychosocial effect is not commonly equal to the objective degree of facial weakness, we recommend a tailored approach. Finally, these programs should point out the importance of the patient’s own ingenuity. Implications for Rehabilitation Facial weakness affects both activities and social participation in patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), which is reinforced by fatigue. Many participants try to stay down to earth and focus on their ability to self-manage their obstacles regarding facial weakness. Thus, future treatment programs should have a multidisciplinary approach and should point out the importance of the patient’s own ingenuity.

Pedagogy Analysis Framework: a video-based tool for combining teacher, pupil & researcher perspectives

ABSTRACT Background dialogue between the teaching profession and researchers regarding pedagogical strategy is sometimes problematic. Pedagogy research may benefit from incorporating research methods that can investigate teachers’ and pupils’ interpretations. Purpose this research expands the Pedagogy Analysis Framework (Riordan, 2020) by explaining in detail the meso-strategies (tactics) and a macro-strategy (grand strategy) used by participants in three school science lessons about chromatography. The research design builds on previous work by using full lessons and introducing pupil group verbal protocols. In addition, Pedagogy Analysis Notation is introduced to help understand and explain macro-strategic behaviours. Sample one class of thirty 13-year-old pupils and one science teacher. Design and method four research methods were used (lesson video analysis, teacher verbal protocols, pupil group verbal protocols and researcher group interviews). Data were video recorded (managed using NVivo). Fourteen hours of video data were analysed using Grounded Theory Methods by two educational researchers and the class teacher. The interpretivist theoretical perspective (symbolic interactionism) was underpinned by a social constructionist epistemology (hence the methodology is Straussian Grounded Theory). Appropriate criteria for evaluating the emergent grounded theory were used. Data were recorded in 2017. Results the Pedagogy Analysis Framework uses the concepts: means (human and non-human), strategy (a spectrum from micro-strategies (actions), through meso-strategies (tactics) to macro-strategies (grand strategies)), ends (regarding the self, another person or a thing, or a group of people or things), and accidents. Types of tactics identified in these data were: inform (misinform and disinform), question, instruct, use space/time, repeat, train, assess, and interact. Pedagogy Analysis Notation is used to understand and explain ‘the stationary [sic] cupboard’ incident. Conclusion the extended Pedagogy Analysis Framework, combined with the Pedagogy Analysis Notation, improves strategic dialogue between teachers, pupils and educational researchers. This research design facilitates comparison of interpretations of classroom pedagogy by a teacher, pupils and two researchers.

Teachers’ Coping Mechanisms in Confronting School-Based Conflicts: A Grounded Theory

Based on the personal lived-experiences of teachers, the research was set out to describe their views on school-based conflicts, the causal conditions behind them, their reactions and coping approaches in dealing with this phenomenon. This study adopted the Straussian Grounded Theory, a qualitative research methodology which allowed the exploration and abstraction of the phenomenon from the participants’ perspectives as the source of primary data. Data was collected from interviews of forty-one selected public and private school teachers who are teaching within Cavite City. All of the data were analyzed through open coding, axial coding, selective coding and theoretical coding to develop the core category and its properties. Dialogical-contemplative coping approach is the grounded theory abstracted out of the interplay among the responses of the participants, conditions, and consequences that the researcher has captured out of analysis. This conflict coping style developed in this study is characterized as eclectic and serves as a “double-edge defense” adopted by the teachers in confronting conflicts in the educational setting. The consistent results across the investigation revealed the impression that no matter what conflict perspective teachers do possess, a rich self-confirmation and validation of using dialogical-contemplative coping approach is described by the teachers. Whatever conflict management mode they utilize in retaliation to school-based conflicts, it has been proven that the teachers are committed on the shared use of communication/dialogue and spiritual-contemplation as a diplomatic and ethical tool in the examination of differences and resolution to arguments.

Theoretical care model for children with congenital Zika virus syndrome in the family context.

Objective:to develop a theoretical model about the care of children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome in the family context.Method:the Straussian Grounded Theory and the theoretical/philosophical framework of Callista Roy and Leonardo Boff were used. It was carried out in northeastern Brazil, with 19 participants, in four sample groups. The data were collected and analyzed simultaneously, using the constant comparison method.Results:the theoretical model comprising the mother’s care for the child with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome in the family context is formed by five categories: revealing family care, centered on the mother, to the child with the syndrome; identifying the maternal bond that determines the care for children with the syndrome in the family context; identifying the factors that hinder the mother’s care for the child with the syndrome; recognizing the evolution of the child with the syndrome in the face of early stimulation care; and recognizing harms due to the absence of early stimulus to children with the syndrome.Conclusion:the phenomenon runs through the care of the child with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome, in the family context and centered on the mother, and is faced with the need for shared responsibility among the family members.

Theoretical sampling process in a Straussian Grounded Theory study.

Describing the theoretical sampling process in the development of a Grounded Theory based on the Straussian strand. The objective of the field research, used as an example, was to develop a substantive theory, based on the theoretical framework of Symbolic Interactionism, about the perceptions and experiences of patients, family members, and health professionals regarding the presence of the family during emergency care. In the theoretical sampling, 42 participants were recruited, divided into nine sample groups, constituted based on the constant comparative method. The description of this example allowed to identify how theoretical sampling guided data collection, which occurred through the in-depth study of concepts and the search for answers to questions arising from the data. It is expected that the readers find subsidies to understand how theoretical sampling is conducted in a Grounded Theory study, based on the Straussian strand, and thus be able to apply it.

Nurses' perspectives of an environment of optimum mental health: a grounded theory study.

The Government's aspiration to make Kenya a middle-income country and achieve the United Nations' sustainable development goal 3, 'good health and well-being', are threatened by poor quality of mental health services. Environment and lack of a conceptual model of nursing to guide care were some of the reasons that were attributed to poor quality of mental health services. The purpose of the study was to discover and describe an appropriate conceptual model of mental health nursing practice. This paper describes the environment which is one of the metaparadigms of a conceptual model grounded on data collected from Kenyan mental health nurses. A grounded theory study was conducted with 33 mental health nurses selected by purposive, open and theoretical sampling procedures. The study sites were level 5 and 6 mental health facilities across the country. Data were collected over a period of 11 months through audio-recorded in-depth interviews and field notes. Analysis was performed using Straussian Grounded Theory steps of open, axial and selective coding processes aided by NVivo version 10. Dimensions and properties of environment metaparadigm grounded on nurses' views were discovered. The study was conducted within the dictates of the institutional and national ethics and research review boards. Environment evolved as an intervening condition and a supra-system for mental health nursing. A homely environment emerged as a space with properties that nurture optimum mental health contrary to a hostile environment that precipitates mental disorders and prolongs recovery. Grounded theory methodology was useful in discovering an environment metaparadigm as the context that influences mental health while nursing practice is the central phenomenon for optimum mental health. Nurses can ensure homely environments from diverse cultures and conduct comparative studies on the recovery of patients in the two environments.

A complexidade da segurança do paciente na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva

As questões associadas à segurança do paciente constituem um problema de saúde em todo o mundo e vêm sendo amplamente discutidas nos mais diversos níveis de atenção à saúde. Objetivo: analisar o significado das condições para a segurança do paciente na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva na perspectiva dos enfermeiros. Metodologia: estudo de abordagem qualitativa, aplicando a vertente Straussiana da Grounded Theory, aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Com 20 participantes enfermeiros de dois hospitais públicos estaduais de Rondônia, a partir de entrevista semiestruturada, entre agosto de 2018 e setembro de 2019, analisando os dados segundo o método, considerando: codificação aberta, axial e integração. Resultados: da análise foram obtidas três categorias: “Sendo o ambiente de trabalho com elevado risco de danos”; “Reconhecendo os recursos humanos como determinantes para as falhas ativas”; e “Vivenciando processos de trabalho desorganizados”. Destas categorias emergiu o fenômeno: Considerando a estrutura, os profissionais e os processos de trabalho desafiantes para a segurança do paciente. Conclusão: Cada categoria e subcategorias representam as condições vivenciadas pelos enfermeiros que influenciam diretamente a segurança do paciente crítico na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Os resultados fornecem subsídios para ações de mitigação ou mesmo resolução destas condições, fortalecendo as ações de enfermagem e da equipe multidisciplinar e, por conseguinte, a segurança do paciente na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.