Labor Strategies Research Articles

Latent profile analysis on Korean nurses: Emotional labour strategies and well-being.

To identify the unique profiles of emotional labour management strategies among Korean nurses in regards to the preferences of surface acting (affecting emotions required at the workplace) and deep acting (trying to genuinely experience emotions required at the workplace), a latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted. In addition, differences in psychological and occupational well-being between the discovered profiles are examined. An exploratory, cross-sectional LPA design was employed. Nurses (N=204) working in university hospitals in South Korea responded to the survey during November 2019. Participants completed the Emotional Labour Questionnaire, a portion of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire short form and the Turnover Intentions Scale. As a result of LPA on nurses' surface acting and deep acting, five profiles were discovered: non-actors, surface actors, moderators, regulators and high regulators. In addition, differences in emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction and turnover intentions between profiles were examined. Profiles that used high levels of surface acting had high levels of emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions. Nurses with characteristics of surface actors, high regulators profiles in emotional labour context are more prone to emotional exhaustion and turnover possibilities, compared with other profiles (non-actors, moderators and regulators). Insights from the current study are beneficial to hospitals in preventing potential emotional exhaustion and nurse turnover by responding to high-risk profiles and customizing emotional labour management policies with regards to the different profiles of nurses' emotional labour.

Карьерные стратегии провинциальной молодежи

Based on the materials of empirical sociological research, the article reflects dispositions, factorial models of choice, life strategies in the field of career aspirations of provincial Russian youth. The author’s typology of career orientations of young people is given, which showed the importance of career aspirations in the ranks of value dispositions. The main life choices of young respondents in the field of career decisions are outlined, the importance of the career ladder in labor strategy for a fourth of the respondents is emphasized. The problems in the field of support for career choices in the implementation of state youth policy, discrimination of young people in work, as well as the risks of migration behavior of young people associated with unfulfilled expectations and requests for career strategies are identified. The authors highlight the contradiction associated with the transformation of the views and attitudes of modern young people to assessing the success of career strategies, based on the risk map of Russian youth.

The Effect of Emotional Labor on Presenteeism of Chinese Nurses in Tertiary-Level Hospitals: The Mediating Role of Job Burnout.

Background: Employees who are physically present but work insufficiently because of illness are deemed as having presenteeism. In the health care setting, the issue has taken on greater importance because of the impairment of the physical and mental health of nurses and the nursing safety of the patients. According to the Job Demand-Resource Model, burnout may link emotional labor with presenteeism. Thus, this study analyzed the role of burnout as a mediating factor between the three types of emotional labor strategies and presenteeism among nurses in tertiary-level hospitals.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 1,038 nurses from six Chinese hospitals was conducted. The questionnaires, including the 14-item emotional labor strategies scale, 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory scale, 6-item Stanford Presenteeism Scale, and items about demographic characteristics and work-related factors, were used to collect data. A multivariable linear regression was used to predict work-related factors and investigate the correlation of emotional labor, burnout, and presenteeism. The structural equation model was implemented to test the mediating effects of job burnout.Results: The results of the study showed that the average presenteeism score of the participants was 14.18 (4.33), which is higher than in Spanish, Portuguese, and Brazilian nurses. Presenteeism was explained by 22.8% of the variance in the final model in multivariable linear regression (P < 0.01). Presenteeism was found to be positively correlated with surface acting, emotionally expressed demands, deep acting, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment (P < 0.01). Notably, presenteeism was negatively correlated with deep acting (P < 0.01). In addition, burnout partially mediated the correlation between emotionally expressed demands, deep acting, and presenteeism with a mediatory effect of 24 and 63.31% of the total effect. Burnout completely mediated the association between surface acting and presenteeism, a mediating effect of 86.44% of the total effect.Conclusions: The results of this study suggested that different emotional labor strategies affect presenteeism, either directly or indirectly. Nursing managers should intervene to reduce presenteeism by improving the ability of the nurses to manage emotions, thereby alleviating burnout.

Does Emotional Labor Matter for University Teaching? Examining the Antecedents and Consequences of University Teachers' Emotional Labor Strategies.

Following Grandey's integrative model of emotional labor and emotion regulation, this study examined the relationships between university teachers' reported use of various emotional labor strategies and some antecedents (i. e., perceived emotional job demands and teaching support) and teaching efficacy. A sample of 643 university teachers from 50 public higher education institutions in an East China province responded to a questionnaire survey. The data analysis based on descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling showed that surface acting impeded teaching efficacy in instructional strategy and learning assessment, while deep acting and expression of naturally felt emotions enhanced teaching efficacy in course design, instructional strategy, and learning assessment. For the antecedents of university teachers' emotional labor strategies, teachers perceived that the emotional job demands of teaching facilitated their use of surface and deep acting; in contrast, teachers' perceived teaching support decreased their use of surface acting and increased their use of expression of naturally felt emotions.

Emotional Labor and Place Attachment in Rural Tourism: The Mediating Role of Perceived Authenticity

Place attachment can effectively increase the revisit rate of tourists, which is significant for the sustainability of rural tourism. However, previous studies have rarely explored what kind of host-guest emotional closeness can promote tourist place attachment. This study explores the relationship between local residents&amp;rsquo; emotional labor strategy, perceived authenticity, and tourists&amp;rsquo; place attachment based on the rural tourism context. A total of 266 valid questionnaires were collected from rural tourists in Yantai as the research subjects by random sampling method. Structural equation modeling was applied to test the hypotheses. The results showed that local residents&amp;rsquo; deep acting positively influenced tourists&amp;rsquo; place attachment, and perceived authenticity partially mediated the relationship between the two. The negative effect of surface acting on rural tourists&amp;rsquo; place attachment was not significant.

Teachers’ emotional labor in response to daily events with individual students: The role of teacher–student relationship quality

This diary study examined the role of teachers' relationship perceptions (closeness, conflict, dependency) in shaping emotional labor strategies (genuine expression, surface acting) during daily events with individual students. Thirty-seven primary school teachers reported on their emotional labor in 563 events with 77 students, in which at least one negative emotion was expressed. Relationship perceptions were associated with emotional labor, beyond teachers' appraisals of the event's valence and students' disruptive behaviors. Specifically, teachers reported more genuine expression of emotions in closer relationships, less genuine expression in relatively conflictuous relationships, and more surface acting (faking and hiding emotions) in relatively dependent relationships.

關於員工創造性, 情緒勞動策略, 工作滿意度, 組織公民行為, 顧客導向性與離職意向 間的結構關係研究

本研究以在醫院與顧客進行直接接觸並提供服務的一線護士為研究對象,致力於研究員工創造性, 情緒勞動策略(表面行為, 深度行為, 自然表現), 工作滿意度, 組織公民行為, 顧客導向性與離職意向間的結構關係. 本研究通過對409位嶺南地區一線護士的調查進行實證研究, 對樣本進行了信任度分析, 探索性因子分析和確定性因子分析，並運用AMOS進行了假設檢驗. 抽樣方法採用方便抽樣方法. 根據研究結果，員工創造性對工作滿意度產生正向影響，情緒勞動策略中的表面行為對工作滿意度產生負向影響，深度行為和自然表現對工作滿意度產生正向影響，工作滿意度對顧客導向性和組織公民行為產生正向影響，而工作滿意度, 顧客導向性和組織公民行為對離職意向產生負向影響. 最後本研究根據研究結果提出了理論性啟示與實踐性啟示，並提出了局限性與未來研究的方向.

Beginning EFL Teachers' Emotional Labor Strategies in the Chinese Context.

Teachers' emotional labor strategies have been explored in different cultural contexts. However, beginning English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers have received scant research attention. This study seeks to conceptualize emotional labor strategies among Chinese beginning EFL teachers and investigate their general profiles. The developed Beginning EFL Teachers' Emotional Labor Strategy Scale was assessed among 484 Chinese beginning secondary school EFL teachers. A final 20-item scale was obtained after a series of reliability (e.g., item analysis, internal consistency, composite reliability) and validity tests (e.g., construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity). The confirmatory factor analysis results supported the four-dimensional structure of emotional labor strategies in the beginning EFL teacher sample, encompassing surface acting, deep acting, positive consonance, and negative consonance. In addition, participants reported high levels of positive consonance and deep acting, and low levels of surface acting and negative consonance. Possible reasons for this are discussed in reference to the EFL educational context in China. The findings provide insights into sustainable development for Chinese beginning secondary school EFL teachers.

School Management Culture, Emotional Labor, and Teacher Burnout in Mainland China

The literature suggests that teacher burnout is influenced by the market and hierarchy cultures of school management and teachers’ emotional labor strategies of surface and deep acting. However, studies have suggested that school management cultures and emotional labor strategies may not function independently based on the emotional labor theory. Nevertheless, the literature has paid less attention to the relationship between the school management cultures, emotional labor, and teacher burnout. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between the three variables in China via an online questionnaire survey. After surveying 425 kindergarten, primary and secondary teachers who participated in a professional development program organized by a public university in Beijing, the study found that teacher burnout was positively related to market culture but negatively related to hierarchy culture. Moreover, the impact of the market culture was fully mediated by surface acting while the impact of hierarchy culture was partially mediated by surface acting and deep acting.

Emotional labor profiles among teachers: Associations with positive affective, motivational, and well-being factors.

Research indicates that teachers perform emotional labor daily. However, previous studies have mostly used a variable-centered approach that examines the associations of emotional labor strategies with particular outcome variables. This approach did not consider the possibility that teachers use different emotional labor strategies simultaneously. Therefore, in this study we took a person-centered approach and explored the emotional labor profiles in a large sample of Croatian teachers (N = 2,002) employed across educational levels (i.e., elementary, middle, and high school levels) by using latent profile analysis. In addition, we examined differences among profiles regarding teachers’ positive affect, self-efficacy, work engagement, and job satisfaction. Results indicated the existence of six emotional labor profiles that were characterized by different combinations of deep acting, hiding feelings, and faking emotions. Profiles of teachers who dominantly rely on deep acting had the most adaptive patterns of analyzed outcomes, whereas profiles of teachers who reported higher levels of hiding feelings, regardless the level of deep acting, exhibited less desirable levels of positive affect, self-efficacy, work engagement, and job satisfaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Eurasian Civilization in the Context of the Great Silk Road Logistics

The significance of the Great Silk Road is interesting not only by its history, but by the knowledge, required for the better understanding of the current economic and political realities as well. The introduction of the new insights into the essence of the Eurasian trade route, its emergence and destruction studied under the projection on the contemporary processes, undermining the global supply chain represents the main idea of the given research. In the article, the Great Silk Road is represented in the logistics framework: generation of the freight flows, peculiarity of their material composition, the pathway trajectory architecture, creation of the necessary infrastructure. The significance of the spatial peculiarity, natural preconditions and advanced technologies for the freight generation, the international trade development and the Eurasian civilization emergence is emphasized. The paper reveals special logistic characteristics of silk as the initial chain in the ancient trade as well as the distinctive characteristics of transportation mode and freight. The political stability plays a significant role in the risk reduction for the freight turnover and for functioning of the international transportation system in general. The endogenous and exogenous reasons for the Great Silk Road breakdown are related with the increasing trade deficit between the East and West, the import substitution policy accepted by the European countries and increasing protectionism in their external trade relations. Exploring the Great Silk Road downfall, the author concludes about the contemporary global supply chain disruption causes, emphasizing the negative impact of the economic and political influence. The US-China trade war destroys the international trade. The COVID-19 pandemic tends the business localization. Ecological threats provide new requirements to the freight flows. The “pull strategy”, practiced by the logistic companies is steadily replacing by the “push strategy”. Moreover, China has been reducing investments into the trans-Eurasian project. That kind of instability could lead to a deep transformation of the international transportation systems as well as the system of the international relations in general. Russia should consider those new realities carefully when scheduling its international division of labour strategy.

The Impact of Emotional Labor on User Stickiness in the Context of Livestreaming Service-Evidence From China.

Improving the user stickiness becomes increasingly valued, due to the severe user churn of livestreaming services. Previous studies pay much attention to the influencing factors of technology on user stickiness, ignoring the emotional factors. This study examined the impact of the emotional labor of network anchors (deep acting vs. surface acting) on user stickiness in the context of livestreaming service. We extended prior findings in three ways. The results of Study 1 (i.e., questionnaire method, 305 livestreaming users, and 56.4% females) demonstrated that the emotional labor of network anchor positively influenced user stickiness, and immersion experience plays a mediating role. The results of Study 2 (i.e., situational simulation method, 203 volunteers, and 54.09% females) demonstrated that the deep acting strategies of emotional labor had a stronger effect when compared with surface acting strategies. The results of Study 3 (i.e., situational simulation method, 235 volunteers, and 51.9% females) demonstrated that the effect of emotional labor on user stickiness was stronger for the users with prevention focus compared with promotion focus. Based on the perspective of emotional labor, this study extends the previous research on user stickiness and is valuable for guiding the practice of livestreaming services.

Service Priority Climate and Service Performance Among Hospitality Employees: The Role of Emotional Labor and Workload Pressure

Frontline hotel employees face a complex organizational environment that constantly makes multiple demands, creating a persistent trade-off between service as a key element of the organization’s strategy and other competing or even conflicting goals. This study proposes an integrated and unique way of discerning the relationship between service climate and service performance through the prism of surface and deep acting emotional labor and suggests a new dimension of the service climate—the service priority climate. Specifically, we examined employees’ use of emotional labor strategies as a mechanism that explains the relationship between service priority climate and service performance. We also investigated whether workload pressure influences this relationship. Using a multilevel, multisource study, we surveyed a sample of 245 hotel employees working in 39 departments and their direct managers. The results demonstrated that when employees regarded service as a priority compared with other competing goals, they used more deep acting emotional labor strategies, resulting in better service performance. However, this was apparent only when workload pressure was low. Implications for hospitality organizations are discussed.

Impossible Migrants

In the wake of the twinned specters of authoritarianism and antidemocratic governance that the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in India have both exacerbated and facilitated, the author argues that scholarship on sex work deployed through a critique of labor will be pressed to rethink its analytic focus on the law. Instead, the author argues for a field-level focus built around both the everyday life of surviving sex work in the informal economy and the understanding that enforcement of the law regularly diverges from the letter of the law itself. Unless it accounts for prevailing epistemic conditions, new critical work on sex work as a labor strategy may afford opportunities to be taken up in support of reductive narratives of sex work, built around the trope of injury. The consequences of not addressing the conditions of the production of our critiques will be the continued erasure of sex workers as migrant workers and as economic agents. In the post-COVID-19 world, these critiques will be stressed even further, as the informal sector expands along with uneven policing, and as sex work continues to serve as a measure of security for some, against a backdrop of extreme and intensifying precarity.

Specialists with higher medical education on the labor market

Based on the weighted microdata of the 2019 Rosstat Labor Force Survey, it was examined how the labor strategies of doctors implemented at the microlevel affect the situation on the labor market on the whole. To do this, the author tried to find answers to the following questions: 1) how the potential of those who had higher medical education was used in terms of their involvement in economic activity, 2) what is the amount of those whose labor path ran within the field of their chosen profession, and who did not work in the specialty and 3) what are the reserves of the unemployed, which, under certain conditions, could be used. The analysis carried out from the perspective of not only the standard, but also the extended concept of labor force showed high involvement of this professionally qualified group in the economy. Specialists with diplomas from medical higher schools stood out sharply among other categories of specialists by their commitment to their initial choice of profession. Only a relatively small number of doctors changed the type of occupation. Young doctors (graduates of2016-2018) followed the same strategies Judging by the scale of the real and potential resources of medical specialists, there is no reason to say that they are available in any significant amount. In scientific and political circles it is widely discussed how to overcome the shortage of doctors. Underestimation of the rather rigid restrictions on inter-professional mobility in the field of medicine leads to an increase in the vulnerability of this group of highly qualified specialists in the labor market and, as a consequence, to professional burnout and a decrease in motivation to work, which is extremely dangerous in medical practice.

Social Media Users Free Labor in Iran

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; As social media sites are penetrating our daily lives in an ever-increasing manner, there is a need to revisit and reexplore the theoretical concepts that have gone through paradigm shifts due to the influence of these platforms. In this regard, audience labor theory, which was originally conceptualized in the context of mass media, needs to be reexamined as the divide between production and consumption is getting narrower. Users are no longer passive consumers since social media sites have reduced the cost of production and resulted in the advent of the term “presumption.” In such a case, as production involves performing work and results in surplus- value, it needs to be investigated whether users are being exploited for the free work they provide on these platforms. From the several identified forms of digital labor, I will focus on the concept of audience labor. To this end I will focus on identifying labor strategies that Iranian Instagram influencers employ; these strategies involve exploiting their followers to perform tasks that produce fame and visibility as well as monetary gains, but leave the users uncompensated for the work they have performed. By conducting content analysis of the 2130 stories created by 71 Iranian Instagram influencers, this study will identify the strategies that these influencers use to exploit their followers. Furthermore, I will provide ethical guidelines and recommendations for ethical conduct.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Can customer loyalty to a salesperson be harmful? Examining customer perceptions of salesperson emotional labor strategies post ethical transgressions

Past research suggests that customer loyalty is a critical component in successful business-to-business sales relationships. Challenging this view, this study suggests that customer loyalty may actually have an unexpected “dark side” to it. Specifically, grounded in Emotions as Social Information (EASI) theory, this research investigates the role that customer loyalty (to a salesperson) has on customer coping behavior post salesperson ethical transgressions. We take the often-underrepresented customer perspective in selling relationships to test our theoretical model using a field study that consists of 239 professional procurement specialists. Our results indicate that when customers believe that a salesperson is more genuine in displaying emotions, after an ethical transgression, customers are more likely to forgive, and less likely to seek revenge against or avoid the salesperson. On the other hand, when customers believe that a salesperson is “faking” emotions, customers are more likely to cope with ethical transgressions by avoiding and seeking revenge against the salesperson. Our study also finds that when an ethical transgression occurs, a “love becomes hate” effect occurs, where customer loyalty undermines a salesperson's efforts and does not always favor the salesperson.

Evolutionary Dynamics of Gig Economy Labor Strategies under Technology, Policy and Market Influence

The emergence of the modern gig economy introduces a new set of employment considerations for firms and laborers that include various trade-offs. With a game-theoretical approach, we examine the influences of technology, policy and markets on firm and worker preferences for gig labor. Theoretically, we present new conceptual extensions to the replicator equation and model oscillating dynamics in two-player asymmetric bi-matrix games with time-evolving environments, introducing concepts of the attractor arc, trapping zone and escape. While canonical applications of evolutionary game theory focus on the evolutionary stable strategy, our model assumes that the system exhibits oscillatory dynamics and can persist for long temporal intervals in a pseudo-stable state. We demonstrate how changing market conditions result in distinct evolutionary patterns across labor economies. Informing tensions regarding the future of this new employment category, we present a novel payoff framework to analyze the role of technology on the growth of the gig economy. Regarding governance, we explore regulatory implications within the gig economy, demonstrating how intervals of lenient and strict policy alter firm and worker sensitivities between gig and employee labor strategies. Finally, we establish an aggregate economic framework to explain how technology, policy and market environments engage in an interlocking dance, a balancing act, to sustain the observable co-existence of gig and employee labor strategies.

Learning to effectively manage your emotions: the impact of Emotional Intelligence (EI) in caring roles

Purpose Psychological constructs like emotional labor, emotional intelligence etc. are gaining importance now to understand employee outcomes such as job satisfaction in a health care setting. The study aims to investigate the relationship between Surface Acting (SA) an emotional labor strategy, and Job satisfaction, and the moderating effect of Emotional intelligence (EI) among practicing nurses. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected data through self-reporting questionnaires administered to a sample of 141 nurses working in multi-specialty hospitals in a prominent city in India and analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings A negative relationship was found between surface acting and job satisfaction but was found positive when EI was introduced as a moderator. Research limitations/implications The respondent population was females only and diversity in terms of gender was not obtained. Practical implications The study finds significant practical and theoretical contributions to the primary caregivers in a health care setting. It helps to understand the interplay of emotions in this job and use EI as an internal resource to mitigate the harmful effects of continued SA emotional labor strategy to job satisfaction. Social implications It gains a better understanding of the emotion-related parameters in the nursing profession and gives inputs to the community. It throws light on how internal resources can be used for better job satisfaction which in turn leads to better quality care in the health care industry. Originality/value Extant literature has been discussing SA as a negative strategy for positive employee outcomes, but the present study gives insights on how this can be mitigated by using EI as a resource.

Coping with Pastoral Burnout Using Christian Contemplative Practices

Three Christian Devotion Meditation (CDM) practices—lectio divina, centering prayer, and the examen—will be offered to aid in coping with ministerial stress and to prevent burnout. CDM or Christian contemplative practices are uniquely suited to develop the emotional resources pastors need for coping with burnout. The office of the pastor faces pressures which can cause burnout and threaten their ministries and personal relationships. The experience of pastoral burnout consists of acedia. Pastors experience spiritual emptiness due to two unique aspects of pastoral life. First, because pastors often work alongside with their families in the church while simultaneously serving their congregants, they experience inter-role conflict due to the high level of boundary ambiguity between their vocational and family lives. Second, pastors need to rely on their psychological resources to provide for their church members due to the emotional labor required of their positions. Consequently, pastors must rely on emotional labor strategies to respond positively to their congregations, which in turn can lead to emotional exhaustion.