Mice Of C3H Strain Research Articles

Active suppression of host-versus-graft reaction in pregnant mice. V. Kinetics, specificity, and in vivo activity of non-T suppressor cells localized to the genital tract of mice during first pregnancy.

ABSTRACT: The fetus resulting from allogeneic mating in an outbred population such as man represents an antigenic graft against which the mother mounts an immune response. However, the type of immunity elicited by the “fetal allograft” does not appear to mediate graft rejection. This observation suggests that suppression of those types of immune responses that cause graft rejection may account for fetal survival. Allografts placed experimentally within the uterus appear to enjoy prolonged survival compared to grafts at other sites, and this latter finding suggests that localized suppression of graft rejection may exist within the uterus at the maternal‐fetal interface. Previous studies have shown that suppressor cells which develop in the lymph nodes draining the uterus (DLN, paraaortic and renal lymph nodes draining the uterus) of allogeneically mated C3H and CBA strain mice are small lymphoid cells that sediment at 3 mm/h in unit gravity; arise early during first pregnancy, reaching maximum activity near the time of implantation (“grafting”); selectively inhibit the generation of cytotoxic T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocyte—CTL—or killer T cells) in vitro and in vivo; and are absent in the DLN of CBA mice which spontaneously resorb their litters. Furthermore, this suppressor cell population appears to be concentrated within the uterine decidua, and both DLN and decidual suppressor cells are under hormonal control. We now report that initial onset of suppression in decidua occurs more rapidly than in DLN after mating. The suppressor cell population in both DLN and decidua is resistant to destruction by anti‐T serum plus complement and anti‐Ly sera plus complement, and preliminary studies show that suppressor cell activity is associated with a population of granulated small lymphocytes. A soluble suppressor activity can be obtained from the decidual lymphoid population similar to that obtained in studies of the DLN suppressor cell. Small numbers of suppressor cells can prevent the infiltration of sponge matrix allografts by cytotoxic T cells in vivo. Thus, a non‐T suppressor cell population may accumulate within the uterus and protect the fetal allograft from cell‐mediated immune rejection.

A genetic study of serum levels of cobalt-activated acylase among susceptible, resistant and semiresistant strains of mice with experimental viral hepatitis.

Cobalt-activated acylase (Co-A) and transaminase activity were determined in the serum of A/Jax, DBA/2 and C3H mice several days after an intraperitoneal injection of 1,000 lethal doses of murine hepatitis virus type 3 (MHV3). A significant rise in the enzyme activity was observed 1 day after the injection, followed by a decrease on day 2. In the case of the genetically resistant A/Jax strain, the Co-A level regularly decreased to reach normal values on days 7-8. On the contrary, among the fully susceptible DBA/2 strain mice (all dead on day 5), a second rise in acylase (Co-A) level was observed on days 3 and 4, much higher than the day-1 values. Among the mice of C3H strain, which is recorded as 'semi-susceptible', some individuals behaved like the susceptible DBA/2. The comparison of serum acylase activity with other liver function tests showed a correlation between Co-A and transaminases (ALT and AST) with C3H and DBA/2 strains, but no correlation with A/JAX resistant strain. gamma-Glutamyltransferase was not detectable in the serum of different strains during the time of experimentations. Our results suggest that Co-A activity correlates with the clinical course, and that Co-A is a sensitive indicator enzyme in the early phase of viral hepatitis.

The effect of mitomycin on the fertility and the induction of meiotic chromosome rearrangements in mice and their first generation progeny.

The dose dependent effects of chronic application of Mitomycin C(MC) on the induction of chromosomal translocations in treated animals and F1 males and on their fertility have been examined. The C3H strain mice used in the present experiments were treated with MC during eight successive weeks in doses of 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg of body weight. 75 males were treated (25 males per dose and 25 males as controls). Immediately after the chronic treatment they were mated with normal females and were tested for their reproductive performance. The fertility of males was estimated from the number of pregnant females after one week of being together. After that all males were sacrificed and prepared for cytological analysis. No chromosomal translocations were found in diakinesis-metaphase I of meiosis. Data from the study of fertility showed that all treated males were fertile, but all females were not pregnant. The tests of all sterile, semisterile and fertile F1 males showed that F1 males could not be identified as heterozygous translocation carriers.

The sex ratio in inbred strains of mice

A study of the sex ratio in mice of inbred strains CBA and C3H and of the connection between the postimplantation embryonic mortality of mice of these strains and the sex distribution of the embryos showed that the embryonic sex ratio of these lines of mice obeys the 1∶1 distribution. Data in the literature and the writer's own observations suggest that genetic differences between mice of inbred strains have no significant effect on the sex ratio of the progeny. The postimplantation embryonic mortality in C3H mice is greater than that of CBA mice (14.4 and 9.3% respectively). However, the presence of a balanced sex ratio in the mice of these strains is evidence of absence of selective death of embryos of either sex during embryogenesis.

Correction of immune response to sheep's erythrocytes by polyelectrolytes in different strains of mice

Inbred mice of strain C57BL, A, C57BR, C3H, and CBA, with low, medium, and high reactivity to sheep's red cells (SRBC), were injected with the polymers poly-4-vinylpyridine (P4VP) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) and immunized with SRBC; production of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in their spleen was then determined. Injection of P4VP into C57BL mice was shown to produce a fivefold increase, and injection of PAA a fourfold increase in the immune response. Injection of P4VP and PAA into mice of strain A increased the immune response by 2.5 and 2.8 times respectively. The immune response in C57BR mice was increased fourfold by P4VP and by 4.7 times by PAA. Treatment of C3H mice with P4VP increased the immune response by twice, and treatment with PAA by 2.4 times. Injection of P4VP and PAA into CBA mice did not affect the intensity of the immune response. With an increase in the immunological reactivity toward SRBC in the mice of these strains a decrease in the potentiating effect of polymers on the immune response was thus observed.

Normal Tissue Alloantigens and Genetic Control of Susceptibility to Tumors: Microcytotoxicity Studies on Resistant C3Hf and Susceptible (A × C3Hf)F1 Mice Inoculated with Transplacentally Induced C3Hf Lung Tumor

Abstract The immune response of mice to a transplacentally induced lung tumor was investigated with the microcytotoxicity (MC) assay. The tumor, originally induced in C3Hf mice, does not grow readily when transplanted to normal syngeneic C3Hf recipients. It grows readily, however, in (A C3Hf)F1 hybrids and in strain C3H mice, which express in their normal lung tissue a component which constitutes a strong lung tumor-associated transplantation antigen (TATA) in C3Hf mice. Both lung tumor-immunized C3Hf and tumor-bearing (A × C3Hf)F1 and C3H mice possessed lymphoid cells reactive against cultured lung tumor cells in the MC assay. Reactivity was also observed against cells cultured from normal lungs of (A × C3Hf)F1 and C3H mice, but not against cells similarly cultured from C3Hf or C57BL/6 mice. Anti-tumor MC was inhibited by serum-blocking factors present in some but not all tumor-bearing and tumor-immunized mice. The MC assay and detection by it of serum-blocking factors does not distinguish the effective anti-C3Hf lung tumor immune response of immunized C3Hf mice from the ineffective immune response of tumor-bearing (A × C3Hf)F1 and C3H mice. Furthermore, in lung tumor-bearing mice cells reactive in the MC assay may be directed against a normal tissue antigen rather than a tumor-associated antigen.

Variants of globin chains identified by carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography among different strains of mice

1. 1. Whole hemolysate globin of C3H strain mice shows a β-chain variant located in the slow component, which is more basic than the β-chains of the fast component. 2. 2. By comparing the β-like chains between C3H and Japanese Dancing mice, the existence of a different elution volume has been proved which indicates a different structure. 3. 3. C3H mice globin consists of a kind of β-chain which is eluted earlier than the β-chains of C57 BL mice.

鼠らい菌培養の小実験

Uchida performed this experiment to ascertain the culture method of rat leprosy bacilli which was reported by Ogawa previously1) .Three mice of dd-N strain and two mice of C3H strain were sacrificed seven to eleven months after being infected with the Hawaiian strain of rat leprosy bacilli subcutaneously and subcutaneous nodules, lymph-nodes and various organs were isolated with aseptic as the culture specimens which were 30 as a total. Each specimen were pretreated with 1% NaOH solution and inoculated on 1% egg-yolk media (egg-yolk media) as well as on 1% Ogawa media (whole-egg media), which were then incubated at 37°C. Three to five months later, development of macroscopical colonies were seen only on the egg-yolk media in 47.8% of inoculations, namely 11 out of 23 inoculations, while seven inoculations were excluded because of contaminations. The colonies were thin-yellow colored and slightly moist. On Ziel-Neelsen staining, bacilli were like tubercle bacilli but frequently with more elongated appearance. Though investigations of their properties or reproduction tests of these bacilli have not been performed yet, but it is assumed that so far these were quite similar to the acid-fast bacilli which were cultured by Ogawa previously. At present the colonies developed successfully in five successive cultures.The results descrived above are much the same as the ones obtained by Ogawa. (The experiment was performed by Uchida independently of Ogawa, but since Uchida fell ill, the results were described by Ogawa.)

Reoccurrence of four-row rodless mice.

Several types of defect intermediate between rodless of the mouse and normal retina were studied. Similar intermediates had been found in Basel stock. Such intermediates were not produced when C3H strain mice homozygous for retinal were outcrossed although the intermediate types and degeneration type are allelic. However, such intermediates derived from a C3H outcross are described in the present paper. The intermediate condition here reported is recessive to normal retina, and acts as a dominant allel to the ontogenetically earlier developing degeneration of the zero-row or one-row type.

Cytokinetics of IGG vs IGM PFU response in the lungs of C3H mice.

The hemolytic plaque assay procedure developed by Jerne 1 and by Ingraham and Bussard 2 has been used to evaluate the relative number of antibody-producing cells in the population. The number of plaque-forming cells detected during the primary and secondary responses is related to the levels of antibody titers attained in the circulation which in turn determines the immune status of the animal. The contribution of antibodies to the circulation by antibody-forming cells residing in extralymphoidal tissues is not known. The possibility that significant amounts may come from this source cannot be ignored.If, in the course of preliminary stimulation, immunocompetent cells seed or are stimulated in situ in nonlymphoid organs, activation of these cells and their progeny by secondary stimulation will indicate their whereabouts.These studies were initiated to determine the presence of antibody-forming cells in the lung of hyperimmunized mice.Materials and Methods. C3H strain mice were injected with 0.1 ml of a 50...

Percentages of various types of adenohypophysial cells in female mice of strains C3H and C57B1

It was shown that in mice of strains C3H and C57B1 acidophilic cells predominate in the hypophysis. Basophilic cells are least in number. These are followed by chromophobic cells. Variations in the quantitative composition of cells according to the cycle stages occur among the basophilic cells of the peripheral zone of the hypophysis. The largest content of basophils was noted in the diestrus, the smallest of the estrus (in mice of strain C3H) and metestrus (in mice of strain C57B1).

Mammary Tumors, Mammary Gland Development, and Morphology of Ovaries in Virgin Mice of Strains C3H, CBA, and Their F<sub>1</sub> Hybrids<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref>

A comparison of the rate of tumor development in virgin female mice of high-mammary-tumor strains C3H/HeJ and CBA/J and their F1 hybrids showed a significant difference between the average tumor age in the hybrid with the C3H mother and the hybrid with the CBA mother. The reciprocal hybrids had their tumors at mean ages closely approximating those of the maternal parent. This indicated that the agent in the milk of C3H females was more stimulating to early development of mammary tumors than that in the milk of CBA mice. The incidence of tumors was high in all groups. All mammary glands were similar in degree of lateral budding or acinar proliferation. Microscopic sections of the ovaries of all groups were alike in structure except that in old CBA females the ovaries usually showed infiltration of amyloid. Many corpora lutea and follicles were present and persisted for most of the lifetime of the animals. Thus there seems to be a correlation between the quantity of hormone-producing components of the ovaries, morphology of the mammary glands, and incidence of mammary tumors in virgin mice of high-mammary-tumor strains.

Age changes of the thymus in two high-leukaemia strains of mice, SL and AKR, and in their F1 hybrids.

METCALF1 has shown that the thymus from both sexes of the high-leukaemia strain of mice, strain AKR, greatly exceeds in weight that from the low-leukaemia strain C3H mice. Furthermore, it was noted that the weights of the AKR thymus show a pronounced sex difference, the thymus of females being much heavier than that of males. Arnesen2 has also observed that the weights of the thymus from strain AKR exceed those from the low-leukaemia strain WLO. He also pointed out that the adrenal cortex in strain AKR contains a smaller amount of lipid-staining material as compared with the tissue of the latter strain.

A Comparison of the Plasma Proteins of C3H Strain Mice, found by Cellulose-Acetate and Starch-Gel Electrophoresis

THE experiment described here gives a comparison of the plasma protein patterns found with two electro-phoretic techniques—those using cellulose-acetat e and starch-gel as supporting media. The plasma used was that obtained from adult C3H strain mice.

HISTOPATHOLOGIC and ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES of THE EXPERIMENTAL MOUSE GLIOMAS and THEIR TRANSPLANTS

Experimental induction of gliogenous tumors was made in a total of 135 mice of C3H and C57Black strain by intra-cerebral and -cerebellar inoculation of pellets of methylcholanthrene. Fourty-nine animals were found with tumor development in a period of 135 to 528 days.By histological examinations, the tumors were found to consist of 21 gliomas, 8 mixed glioma and and sarcomas, 18 sarcomas, and 2 unclassified tumors. Histological appearance of experimental gliomas was, in general, characterized by cytological malignancy and their mixed cellular composition. Based upon the grade of anaplasia, and the shape and growth pattern pf the predominant tumor cells, a subclassification was made. They were composed of 10 glioblastomas, 3 oligodendroglioma-like, 3 astrocytoma-like and 2 ependymoma-like tumors. The majority of gliomas, however, includes mixed or transitional features between one histological type and another.Nineteen tumors had developed in the cerebellum. There was no tumor incidence with the histology and the ultrastructure suggestive of those of medulloblastoma in man.Because of the histological malignancy and the frequency of mixed gliomas, no significant data was obtained as to the topographical peculiarities in different histological types of experimental gliomas.Twenty-eight tumors including 14 gliomas, were successfully transplanted. They were capable of subsequent transfer into the subcutis and the brain of the mice of the same strain through a number of generations. By repeated transfer, the transplant came to contain uniform cells with more undifferentiated appearance. In addition, the tumors with mixed cellular composition came to separate into their original component parts.From those observations, it is confirmed that experimental mouse gliomas have peculiarities in their cytological and biological malignancy, mixed cellular composition and their frequency of concomitant neoplastic proliferation of mesenchymal tissue elements.

Viral leukemias in mice.

with gradual short­ ening of latency and increased incidence of leukemia (12). This passage G virus, when inoculated into newborn Ak mice, causes gener aliz ed leu­ kemia within two to three months in all of the animals; uninoculated Ak mice develop leukemia in a much lower percentage at nine months of age and later (13). Independently, Gross was first to demonstrate the viral etiology of mouse leukemia by using a different approach. He showed, in 1950 and 1951, that a leukemogenic agent can be transferred from high-leukemia Ak strain mice to low-leukemia C3H strain mice (especially to Bittner's sub­ line, less successfully to Andervont's, or NIH subl ines), if newborn C3H strain mice are inoculated with cell-free extracts or filtrates of Ak strain leukemic organs (14 to 17). The leukemia induced in C3H strain mice was of the generalized lymphatic type. It developed in 28 to 66 per cent 1 The survey of the literature pertaining to this review was concluded in January, 1962. • The author's appreciation is expressed to Dr. C. A. Evans for suggesting that this review be written, and for his comments on it; to Dr. V. Groupe for reading the manuscript and kindly commenting on it; to Drs. Charlotte Friend, J. B. Moloney, F. J. Rauscher, B. P. Maduros, and R. Pienta for discussions on this subject; and to those who kindly submitted unpublished information. The author is especialIy obliged to Dr. L. Dmochowski for mindful and very valuable corrections made throughout the entire manuscript.

Experimental cancer of the uterus in C3H strain mice.

Experimental cancer of the uterus in C3H strain mice.

Distinctive Myeloma Globulins Associated with a New Plasma Cell Neoplasm of Strain C3H Mice

Abstract A transmissible plasma-cell neoplasm (5647) accompanied by marked serum protein changes has been described in the mouse. The principal characteristics of this neoplasm and the associated serum protein changes have remained unchanged during two years of observation. The transplanted neoplasm usually remains confined to the site of implantation. Osteolytic lesions and abnormal cells in the peripheral blood were not seen. Morphologically the neoplastic cells retain many characteristics of normal plasma-cells, with clumping of the nuclear chromatin, an eccentric nucleus and a clear zone in the basophilic cytoplasm. Serum electrophoretic analyses revealed a markedly abnormal serum protein pattern. The total serum protein was increased by two to three grams per cent in mice bearing 5647 neoplasms weighing 6 grams or more. Increased amounts of proteins with beta globulin and fast gamma globulin electrophoretic mobility were the most striking electrophoretic findings. These components comprised as much as 35 per cent of the serum proteins in animals with large neoplasms. Serum ultracentrifugal analyses also demonstrated a markedly abnormal distribution of the serum proteins. Normal mouse serum contains components with sedimentation coefficients (S20,W) of 4, 6.5 and 16 S. Serum of mice bearing neoplasm 5647 contained, in addition to the normal components, proteins with sedimentation coefficients of 9, 11 and 13 S. These serum components, accounting for as much as 20 per cent of the total protein, have been found only with neoplasm 5647. The quantity of the abnormal serum components seen on electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal analyses was found to increase as the tumor weight increased. Bence Jones protein was not found in the urine of mice bearing the 5647 neoplasm. Neoplasm 5647 was found to differ significantly in biologic behavior and in the associated serum protein changes from two other transmissible plasma-cell neoplasms of the mouse (5563 and 70429) which have been under observation in these laboratories. The mouse plasma-cell neoplasm 5647 resembles in several characteristics the malignant plasmacytomas in man having associated myeloma proteins of beta globulin electrophoretic mobility.

Induction of plasma-cell neoplasms and fibrosarcomas in BALB/c mice carrying diffusion chambers.

SummarySeven plasma-cell neoplasms and 6 fibrosarcomas developed in strain BALB/c mice that carried diffusion chambers in the peritoneal cavity. The diffusion chambers contained mammary tumor tissue obtained from strain C3H mice with the milk agent. Five plasma-cell tumors and all sarcomas were successfully transplanted to strain BALB/c mice. The 2 plasma-cell tumors and the 2 sarcomas transplanted to C3H mice failed to grow.

Mammary tumors in agent-free mice.

This paper discusses tumors occurring in breeding females of 4 substrains of strain C3H mice deprived of the mammary tumor agent by foster nursing and designated as substrains C3Hf C3Hff C3Hf/2 and C3Hf/An. 22% of the 911 C3Hf females developed mammary gland tumors at an average age of 20 months. The tumors also occurred in 29% of the 118 C3Hff females at an average age of 19 months in 51% of the 72 C3Hf/2 females at an average age of 20 months and in 27% of the 96 C3Hf/An females at an average age of 20 months. In comparison 97% of the C3H breeding females developed mammary tumors at an average age of 7.8 months. No evidence of segregation of high-tumor lines was observed in the females with tumors in the 4 agent-free substrains. The incidence of mammary tumors was as high as or higher in daughters of mothers that died without mammary tumors than in those with mothers that later developed mammary tumors. A positive correlation was noted between the number of litters the C3Hf females produced and the incidence of mammary tumors; the incidences ranged from 2% in virgin females to 44% in females that had 7 litters each. The development of mammary tumors in these substrains is attributed to high genetic susceptivility the hormonal stimulation from breeding and the females advanced ages. Of the 311 mammary tumors occurring in these agent-free females 251 were adenocarcinomas of either type A or type B 1 was adenocarcinoma type C 53 were adenoacanthomas and 6 were carcinosarcomas.