Storage Equipment Research Articles

Design and Optimization of Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Microgrid with Energy Storage Station Service

This study aims to symmetrically improve the economy and environmental protection of combined cooling, heating and power microgrid. Hence, the characteristics of configuration ways of energy storage devices in traditional combined cooling, heating and power systems are analyzed, and a scheme for the operator to establish an energy storage station is designed. An improved aquila optimizer for the optimal configuration of the system is proposed to symmetrically enhance the economic and environmental protection performance. The feasibility of the proposed scheme is verified through experiments in three different places. The results show that the economic cost and exhaust emission of the system with energy storage station are reduced to varying degrees compared with the system with energy storage equipment alone and the system without energy storage equipment based on symmetry concept. Especially in Place 1, the scheme with energy storage station in the system can reduce the electric energy purchased from power grid by 43.29% and 61.09%, respectively, compared with other schemes. This study is conducive to promoting the development of clean energy, alleviating the energy crisis, reducing the power supply pressure of power grid, and improving the profits of operators by symmetrically considering the economic and environmental performance of the system.

Effect of Fabrication Parameter on Microstructure of Mg–5.3 mass%Al–3 mass%Ca for Development of Mg Rechargeable Batteries

Various motor using transportation system in land-sea-air, high speed mobile terminal with 5G specification, and renewable energy storage equipment have required innovative metal rechargeable batteries compared with lithium ones. In particular, magnesium has huge potentialities as an anode material from the standpoint of its theoretical volumetric capacity superior to that of lithium. Secondly, magnesium has been one of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust. Moreover, the potential safety by short-circuiting evading with non-dendritic deposition of magnesium. In general, magnesium-based ribbon as an anode has been manufactured by cold rolling which requires multistage process including heat treatment. We have studied rapid liquid quenching process in order to develop low-cost manufacturing technique. On the other hand, we have focused Mg–6 mass%Al–3 mass%Ca alloy due to this unique microstructure which consist of primary crystals and intermetallic compounds along grain boundary. In addition, calcium has affected to prevent of molten magnesium burning in air atmosphere. The structural properties and surface morphology are investigated by XRD and Digital Microscope, respectively. Microstructure has been observed by FE-SEM and FE-TEM. Moreover, these electrochemical properties have been examined by constant current charge - discharge tests using 3 electrodes type cell. Mg–3 mass%Al–1 mass%Zn alloy cold rolled thin plate has been investigated as comparison. The ribbons that exhibited electrochemical properties had a fine microstructure. It is suggested that the grain refinement and dispersion of the second phase are important to improve the charge-discharge properties of Mg–Al–Ca based anode materials.

Research on collaborative planning of distributed resources and energy storage in regional integrated energy system

Aiming at the problem of high operation cost caused by low energy utilization of users in the region, a collaborative planning method of distributed resources and energy storage of regional integrated energy system is proposed. We designed the operation framework of the regional integrated energy system, and described the operation state of the equipment and the energy coupling relationship. According to the relationship between cooling, heating and power supply, the objective function is established with the lowest total operating cost, the highest reliability and the highest system emission reduction rate, and the control constraints are established for the total load in the system. We have established a collaborative ownership model for distributed resources and energy storage, and distributed energy supply and energy storage equipment in the system. It enables each energy supply and energy storage device to adjust the operating mode according to its own needs. So as to realize the reasonable supply of energy and the economical and optimal operation of all users. Taking three typical users in a park as an example, the results show that the operating costs of the three users are reduced by 15532.92 yuan, 5906.63 yuan and 24495.62 yuan respectively. The planning method can not only ensure the stable operation of the energy system, but also reduce the operation cost of users.

Effects of Harvesting Times and Germplasm Accessions on the Physical Properties of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Seeds

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is an important crop grown successfully in tropical and subtropical climates with huge nutritional, economic, and industrial benefits. The physical properties of seeds, particularly length, width, thickness, mean diameter, angle of repose, degree of sphericity, mass, and surface area, have been found to play significant roles in designing equipment for storage, transportation, and subsequent field operations of the seeds. Therefore, a study was carried out to determine the effects of different harvesting times on the physical properties of seeds of twelve roselle accessions for their subsequent industrial management. In total, 12 × 3 factorial arrangements in Randomized Complete Block Design and Completely Randomized Design were used for the field and laboratory experiments, respectively. The first factor was germplasm accessions at twelve levels (HS08, HS11, HS19, HS25, HS27, HS32, HS41, HS58, HS59, HS69, HS83, and H86), and the second factor was harvesting times at three levels (physiological maturity, one week after physiological maturity, and two weeks after physiological maturity). Seeds of accession HS32 harvested at the physiological maturity stage had the highest moisture content, which was similar to the other 11 accessions harvested at the same stage. The seeds of accession HS08 harvested at physiological maturity had significantly the best values in seed length (4.33 mm), seed width (4.30 mm), seed thickness (2.43 mm), seed geometric mean diameter (3.83 mm), seed angle of repose (20.57°), seed sphericity (0.76), seed surface area (18.57 mm2), and seed mass (0.05 g). Further, there were strongly positive and significant correlations between seed width and seed angle of repose (r = 0.93); seed width and seed length (r = 0.84); seed width and mean seed diameter (r = 0.89); seed width and seed sphericity (r = 0.68); seed width and seed surface area (0.94). There were also strongly positive and significant correlations between seed thickness and seed sphericity (r = 0.79) and also between seed thickness and seed surface area (r = 0.63). In conclusion, the physical properties of accession HS08 harvested at the physiological maturity stage could be very important in designing machinery for roselle seeds storage, transportation, and subsequent field operations.

Future Development of Renewable Energy in Russia: A Case of Solar Power

Currently, there is a growing number of studies related to assessing the cost-effectiveness of renewable energy projects around the world. This topic is also very relevant for the Russian energy market that is otherwise dominated by oil and gas. The Russian Ministry of Energy forecasts that local power plants running on the renewable energy sources (RES) may not become economically efficient until 2025 or later. However, a research question arises: Is it possible to effectively implement RES projects in Russia without any state support? In order to answer this question, the authors need to assess the economic feasibility of seven scenarios for the construction of a solar power plant in the Orenburg region of Russia. The methodological basis of this work is the widely used in the energy sector classic method of investment analysis based on the calculation of discounted indicators: net present value (NPV), payback period (DPP) and internal rate of return (IRR) of the project. All our calculations are based on industry-specific initial capital investment estimates, energy storage equipment costs, and related annual operating costs. This led to the development of the scenarios on the basis of an analysis of the features of electricity and capacity generation in the Orenburg region, the existing options for joining the trading system of the energy market, energy storage applications, as well as the availability of the Russian government support and funding for the solar energy projects. Our results demonstrate that the economic feasibility of the development of renewable energy in Russia can become a reality. Out of the seven scenarios, three yielded the positive economic outcome (among them there were the two project scenarios without government support). These two projects featured the sale of electricity in retail markets and the installation of an additional energy storage system, despite an almost twofold increase in capital investments. The projects in question achieved the best economic results according to the three calculated criteria. In particular, the scenario that provided for the work on the retail market directly to the energy consumer receives an NPV of more than 1.5 times higher than other projects, an IRR of 10% and pays off at least 3 years faster. Achieving a positive economic result in the wholesale market was possible only in case of state support for the project. In addition, this scenario of the project numerically reached almost identical indicators, as in the case of selling energy on the retail market in the region where the power facility operates: NPV is almost 127 million rubles, IRR is within 13.9%, and DPP is 15 years. Other scenarios that do not provide for the use of energy storage systems or do not have state support for working in the wholesale market are not self-sustaining even during the 25-year life of energy equipment. These results might have practical significance and will be used in developing an approach to creating a profile of regions in terms of the advancements of renewable energy, as well as in developing strategies for the incentives of this sector in Russia.

Projectile perforation models for the vulnerability assessment of atmospheric storage tanks

Chemical and process plants storing large quantities of hazardous materials (flammable and/or toxic) may be attractive targets of intentional malicious attacks threatening the life and health of workers and population, as well as the environment and the availability of critical infrastructures. Quantification of the vulnerability of industrial facilities against shooting attacks received scarce attention in the context of Security Vulnerability Assessment (SVA) or Security Risk Assessment (SRA) methodologies. Specific damage models for projectile impact on equipment items storing relevant quantities of hazardous materials are not available in the literature. The current study aims at filling this gap by reviewing a wide set of empirical and analytical perforation models and validating them against experimental data from ballistic experimental tests. According to specific statistical parameters, the most suitable perforation models were selected in order to be used in the definition of quantitative methods for the analysis of the shooting attacks to atmospheric storage equipment. The application of the selected models to the assessment of the vulnerability to perforation of steel atmospheric storage tanks showed important differences between handguns and rifles as regards the thickness that can be successfully perforated. The results allowed for the definition of inherent safety thresholds for the perforation thickness that can be used in the context of vulnerability assessment of critical assets within SVA/SRA.

Energy Storage Application of All-Organic Polymer Dielectrics: A Review.

With the wide application of energy storage equipment in modern electronic and electrical systems, developing polymer-based dielectric capacitors with high-power density and rapid charge and discharge capabilities has become important. However, there are significant challenges in synergistic optimization of conventional polymer-based composites, specifically in terms of their breakdown and dielectric properties. As the basis of dielectrics, all-organic polymers have become a research hotspot in recent years, showing broad development prospects in the fields of dielectric and energy storage. This paper reviews the research progress of all-organic polymer dielectrics from the perspective of material preparation methods, with emphasis on strategies that enhance both dielectric and energy storage performance. By dividing all-organic polymer dielectrics into linear polymer dielectrics and nonlinear polymer dielectrics, the paper describes the effects of three structures (blending, filling, and multilayer) on the dielectric and energy storage properties of all-organic polymer dielectrics. Based on the above research progress, the energy storage applications of all-organic dielectrics are summarized and their prospects discussed.

Hollow CoS/C Structures for High-Performance Li, Na, K Ion Batteries.

Alkali ion (Li, Na, and K) batteries as a new generation of energy storage devices are widely applied in portable electronic devices and large-scale energy storage equipment. The recent focus has been devoted to develop universal anodes for these alkali ion batteries with superior performance. Transition metal sulfides can accommodate alkaline ions with large radius to travel freely between layers due to its large interlayer spacing. Moreover, the composite with carbon material can further improve electrical conductivity of transition metal sulfides and reduce the electron transfer resistance, which is beneficial for the transport of alkali ions. Herein, we designed zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)–derived hollow structures CoS/C for excellent alkali ion (Li, Na, and K) battery anodes. The porous carbon framework can improve the conductivity and effectively buffer the stress-induced structural damage. The ZIF-derived CoS/C anodes maintain a reversible capacity of 648.9, and 373.2, 224.8 mAh g−1 for Li, Na, and K ion batteries after 100 cycles, respectively. Its outstanding electrochemical performance is considered as a universal anode material for Li, Na, and K ion batteries.

A Protection Model of Citizen Personal Information Administrative Law Based on BD Analysis and Edge Computing

With the continued advancement and popularization of the Internet and Edge Computing, the right to privacy of big data has taken on new meanings, and the tools available to protect citizens’ personal information under administrative law have grown in number. In the context of big data, infringers frequently use the Internet as a natural barrier and medium, making it difficult to collect evidence once personal information has been leaked. This paper investigates the administrative law protection of citizens’ personal information using big data analysis. In comparison to traditional society, information technology innovation has created massive information storage equipment, efficient information processing equipment, and rapid information dissemination means for human beings to protect their legitimate rights and interests. Sharing goes far beyond traditional societal competition. The study of administrative law protection of citizens’ personal information in the big data era has the potential to not only advance the study of administrative law protection of citizens’ personal information but also to reveal the characteristics of administrative law protection of citizens’ personal information in the big data era.

Internal benefit optimization model of gas‐thermal power virtual power plant under china's carbon neutral target

AbstractChina's “14th Five‐Year Plan” proposes that “carbon peak” is the basic prerequisite for achieving “carbon neutrality.” To achieve the “carbon neutrality” goal, the key is promoting the use of clean, low‐carbon energy and building a diversified clean energy supply system on the energy supply side. Wind energy, photovoltaics, and other clean energy sources are increasingly relying on electrification (P2G) technology to achieve utilization, and this phenomenon can help China achieve carbon neutrality goals as soon as possible and realize the carbon cycle. This article first aggregates combined heat and power (CHP), wind power, photovoltaics, P2G equipment, and gas storage devices into virtual power plants (VPPs), and the natural gas and electricity trading market are linked. We then take the virtual power plant operating profit maximization as the objective function considering the P2G device operating costs, carbon capture and storage costs. The optimization model is solved by particle swarm algorithm. Finally, the specific operating data of a gas‐thermal power virtual power plant system were selected to verify the feasibility of the proposed optimization model. We got some relevant conclusions. (1) The optimal scheduling of gas‐thermal power virtual power plant considering multiple energy markets can smooth the power load curve and improve the overall system benefit. (2) There is a negative correlation between the income of gas‐thermal power virtual power plant and the confidence level effectively. (3) The optimization model effectively increases the amount of carbon capture, which proves that the gas‐thermal power virtual power plant is effective for achieving China's carbon neutrality goal, it can be developed on a larger scale in future. The above results verify that the optimal operation mode of the gas‐thermal power virtual power plant is effective for achieving carbon neutrality.

Optimal scheduling of integrated energy system considering integrated demand response

To improve the reliability and economy of integrated energy system, considering the demand response strategy of the integrated energy system, the integrated energy system of IDR is established. Taking the minimum cost as the objective function, a comprehensive energy system scheduling model considering the balance of supply and demand and the constraints of energy supply and storage equipment is proposed. The improved second-order oscillatory particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the model. The effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm is verified by example simulation.

THE PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT IN THE PROCESS OF INSTALLATION OF KNOCKOUT POTS ON GAS PIPELINE

Improving the factors of gas pipelines and optimizing the quality of transported gas is one of the main problems of the gas industry. To overcome these problems, gas treatment and transportation technology should be improved using the latest science and technology, and the efficiency and effectiveness of existing equipment should be increased. Sources of technological losses of gas are indicated, classification of losses on sources and facilities is given, it is noted that the losses are due to the lack of modern requirements for equipment used for gas collection, treatment, transportation and storage processes and equipment and technologies used in these systems. Due to the unsatisfactory performance of these devices and equipment, a large amount of liquid phase remains in the processed gas and is transferred to the transport system along with the gas. During transport, as a result of thermobaric influence of the environment, the thermodynamic parameters of the gas change and the process of condensation of hydrocarbon condensate and water vapor into liquids, i.e. phase transitions, resulting in changes in gas density and component composition. This, in turn, leads to an disbalance between the amount of gas delivered and received. The amount of gas losses in transport systems due to phase transitions varies depending on the seasons. On the other hand, under certain thermobaric conditions, retrograde phenomena such as "reverse condensation" and "reverse evaporation" can also occur. That is, evaporation can occur when the pressure increases, and condensation can occur when the pressure decreases. Due to the fact that the composition of the product produced during the depletion of the fields is constantly changing, the maximum condensing pressure set at the beginning of the development may not be sufficient for the next period. In this case, the lower temperature of the gas enriches it with water vapor and heavy hydrocarbons. Given that the main condition for the condensation of liquid vapors in the gas depends on the degree of saturation of the gas with vapors, then changes in pressure and temperature during transportation are important. Since phase transitions due to pressure and temperature changes during transportation were observed with hydrocarbon losses, gas “losses” were assessed based on physical and chemical analysis of gas samples taken from high and low pressure gas pipelines to assess these losses. Effective and efficient methods have been extensively studied and commented on in order to improve the factors of liquefied gas pipelines and optimize the transportation process. The structure, shape and properties of liquid-added gas streams were studied as a result of phase transformations in the gas stream under the influence of pressure, temperature and surfactants. In order to improve the factors of gas pipelines, to ensure that the quality of gas meets the standards, the methods of removing the liquid phase from the gas flow are explained and the effectiveness of these methods is verified. The main reasons for the removal of liquid additives from gas pipelines from the process with the help of condensate collectors and air pollution during operation are the release of ingredients from the shut-off valves and process equipment into the atmosphere. During the operation of condensate collectors, it is important that the level of contamination from the emissions of harmful substances from all sources is within the permissible concentration limits. In order to prevent the release of waste into the atmosphere during the installation and operation of condensate collectors in gas pipelines, environmental protection measures were taken and the possibility of calculating the amount of waste released into the atmosphere through the application of the "Ecologist-2.55" program. Keywords: Separation, gas, pipeline, condensate, temperature, liquid additives, atmosphere.

Optimization of supercapacitor’s location and capacity in the urban railway lines based on greedy principle

Using energy storage equipment is an effective solution to improve energy efficiency for urban railway lines. Two of the important parameters are the location and capacity of the storage device that will determine the efficiency of the power supply system. This paper presents an algorithm that combines the greed principle and the retrieval principle to determine the optimal location and capacity of supercapacitor storage stations along the track to maximize the economic benefits. The proposed algorithm is tested on a simulation model built based on the data of the Cat Linh - Ha Dong urban railway line. The simulation results show that the optimal installation of energy storage stations will increase maximum energy efficiency to contribute to economic growth and reduce the load peaks that will be reducing voltage fluctuations.

Racjonalne sposoby działania podziemnych magazynów gazu z uwzględnieniem zużycia nośnika energii

The fuel and energy complex of Ukraine, like most developed countries of the world, is a complex system of material production incorporating a set of many subsystems that cover the extraction, conversion, distribution, storage and consumption of energy. Ukraine's gas transportation system has an extremely complex system, which consists of gas pipelines of various purposes and capacities, compressor stations, compressor shops, gas distribution stations and underground gas storage facilities. Compressor stations, allied with underground storage, ensure full pipeline use, reliability of work, modes of regulation of transit flows and maintenance of uninterrupted supply. Their co-employment is considered one of the most effective methods of increasing reserves for reliable gas supply and efficiency of gas sales in the country and abroad. The use of storage reduces the unevenness of seasonal consumption and enables timely delivery. This is justified by the fact that during the year, gas production is uneven, as is consumption. In winter, the amount of gas extracted does not provide the amount of gas consumed. Therefore, underground storage facilities are an integral part of the gas transmission system, which must function efficiently. The Ukrainian gas transportation system is part of the European energy system, despite the fact that the country itself is not yet a member of the EU. To research the issues of improving the efficiency of the system and underground storage facilities, it is necessary to analyse the parameters of their work and study the problems of reducing costs during storage and transportation. In the work on the basis of the analysis of the cyclic operation of the Dashavsky underground storage, the energy approach to an estimation of losses of gas at storage is offered. This will streamline and specify the general ideas and the level of irreversible losses of natural gas as an energy source and will increase the efficiency of operation of the underground gas storage as a whole. At the same time, taking into account the energy characteristics of natural gas when forecasting its losses during storage will significantly affect the organisation and optimisation of maintenance of storage equipment and, in particular, the compressor station.

Reducing environmental impacts of marine biotoxin monitoring: A laboratory report

Laboratories globally contribute significantly to consumption of resources, greenhouse gas emissions, and generation of waste. Shellfish destined for human consumption are required to be tested for the presence of regulated marine biotoxins, that can be harmful to human health. Whilst running the national monitoring program for the detection of biotoxins in shellfish, efforts were made to increase resource efficiencies by reducing waste and energy consumption leading to reduced environmental and financial costs. Methods were verified to allow transitions to more sustainable and environmentally-friendly consumables, replacing plastics with paperboard and glass alternatives, leading to a reduction in the consumption of single-use plastics by 69%. A shift to polystyrene recycling and composting non-toxic shellfish waste led to an overall reduction in non-chemical waste of >95%. Adoption of green analytical chemistry principles to procurement and preparation of chemical solutions led to a reduction in hazardous chemical waste by ~23%. A further reduction in printing (~81%) was achieved by transitioning to digital document control. Strategies to reduce energy consumption through ‘switch off’ campaigns and improved fume hood and cold storage equipment management were also implemented. Fume hood and cold storage equipment energy consumption was reduced by 30%. The strategies implemented could be adopted by other laboratories e.g., monitoring and research laboratories dealing with pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental samples.

Carbon-coated hydrated vanadium dioxide for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) show enormous potential in large-scale energy supply and storage attribute to safety and economy. However, the slow transport dynamics and unstable structural stability of the conventional cathodes hinder the further development of AZIBs. In this work, carbon-coated hydrated vanadium dioxide (HVO@C) was prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method. The introduction of water molecules provides suitable ambient spacing for rapidly accommodating and transporting cations, the coating of carbon further stabilizes the structure of the material and improves the conductivity of the material. The synergistic merits of pre-intercalated water molecules and carbon encapsulation are beneficial for both electron and ion transport kinetics. And the content of water molecules is controlled by regulating V/C ratio. Electrochemical results revealed that the H1.99VO@C/Zn batteries yield a good reversible specific capacity (329.0 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1) with superior cycling stability (174.2 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1 after 1000 cycles). This work provides a strategy for developing safe and high-performance energy storage equipment by pre-intercalated defect and carbon encapsulation.

Facile manufacture technique for lithium-ion batteries composite separator via online construction of fumed SiO2 coating

Booming aspiration of advanced energy storage equipment elevates lithium-ion batteries vastly. Whereas separator with inferior porous structure and compatibility mismatches battery internal medium and raises ion transference rampart. Herein, fumed SiO2 compound separator is designed via ingenious bidirectional drawing technique to optimize the porous structure and realize fumed SiO2 coating online construction during the pore formation process of β-crystal polypropylene (β-iPP) synchronously. Crystal structure measurement, pore construction diagnosis, and physical properties tests disclose that the fumed SiO2 thins coarse fibril structure and homogenizes porous construction of separator. The de-bonding of fumed SiO2/β-iPP interfaces also remains SiO2 on the top-surface and pore internal wall of separator and thus realizes the SiO2 coating online construction, which eliminate the steps required by coating after fabrication of the separator and greatly reduce the production difficulty and cost. Also, the prepared composite separators present reinforced thermal dimensional stability and electrolyte wettability benefited by the SiO2 coating. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cycle tests further uncover that hydrophilic SiO2 nanoparticles lower lithium-ion migration rampart within separator and enhance compatibility with electrodes, which stifles cell resistances and gives LIBs superior high ratio discharge property and cycling durability.

Performance evaluation of a conceptual compressed air energy storage system coupled with a biomass integrated gasification combined cycle

In this study, a novel design has been developed to improve the energy efficiency of the compressed air energy storage (CAES) system by integration with a biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) system. With the energy cascade utilization principle, the heat from the compressed air cooling is recycled by the heat regeneration system of the BIGCC system in charging process. Besides, different from the normal CAES system, in discharging process, the compressed air from the air storage vessel is set into the combustor of the BIGCC system directly after being heated by the bypass flue, which is arranged in parallel at the heat recovery steam generator of the BIGCC system. By such incorporation, the heat storage equipment can be saved and the electricity consumed by the air compressor of the BIGCC system can be reduced, thus the energy efficiency of the CAES system can be improved. Energy, exergy, economic, and sensitivity analyses were applied to evaluate the performance of the integrated system. The results of the analyses show that with the integration, the round-trip efficiency and exergy efficiency of the CAES system can reach 88.43% and 64.28%, respectively. Besides, the overall efficiency of the coupled system improves by 0.35%.

Control method of multi-energy system based on layered control architecture

The application of hierarchical control to complicated systems can considerably simplify the complexity of system control. The multi-energy system can be divided into superior control (such as load forecasting), intermediate control (dispatch control of each subsystem), and subordinate control (equipment operation control under each subsystem), and a realisation path for the theory of overall control strategy based on hierarchical control is formulated. In this work, the combined cooling, heating, and power system(CCHP) + ground-source heat pump(GSHP) + conventional cold and heat source + storage systems are used as examples based on the TRNSYS platform. The objective is to achieve the best comprehensive evaluation index by simulating the system’s key parameters of control. The operation control strategy method applicable to the typical multi-energy system is identified. When the system load rate exceeds 5%, the CCHP is switched on as a priority. Energy storage equipment release energy when the system load rate exceeds 13% with priority release at spike and peak sections. GSHP are turned on when the system load rate exceeds 37%. The gas boiler unit is turned on when the system load rate exceeds 72%. The system water supply temperature is simultaneously optimised in stages according to the outdoor air temperature. This strategy can make the annual comprehensive energy consumption per unit area of the case system the lowest. It can achieve better energy-saving operation effect in multi-energy system.

АНАЛІЗ РОЗВИТКУ ТА ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЗАСОБІВ ЗАПРАВКИ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ ТЕХНІКИ

The creation and development of means of refueling equipment began with the rearmament of the world army to samples of weapons and military equipment, which were equipped with internal combustion engines. For the operation of the aforementioned engines, it was necessary to produce, transport, accumulate and apply a wide range and quantity of fuel and lubricants. Equipping military equipment with internal combustion engines began at the turn of the twentieth century and was almost completed before the start of World War II, simultaneously with the introduction of internal combustion engines into widespread use, the problem arose of delivering fuels and lubricants to the end consumer and organizing refueling of equipment both in stationary and in field conditions. The impetus for the development of technical means of transportation, storage and refueling of military equipment was the large-scale hostilities on the fronts of the Second World War. Until now, refueling equipment continue to develop, both in the direction of improving the technical design and capabilities and in the direction of adapting the design of refueling facilities to the requirements of modern arms and methods and ways of armed struggle. The history of the development of weapons and military equipment, increase of their power and capabilities has led to the widespread use of internal combustion engines, and subsequently led to an increase dependence of the combat effectiveness of military units and formations on the availability and quality of fuels and lubricants used on weapons. Keywords: the history of the development of means of refueling, the creation and modification of means of refueling, the improvement of methods for delivering petroleum products, the use of refueling equipment in modern conditions.