Stopping Process Research Articles

Redefining Rational and Emotional Advertising Appeals as Available Processing Resources: Toward an Information Processing Perspective

This paper redefines emotional versus rational advertising appeals from a media psychology perspective in terms of changes in cognitive load placed on viewers’ limited processing capacity during ad consumption. Appeal type interacted with perceived personal relevance such that relevance exerted a stronger influence on cognitive resources for advertisements employing rational appeals. As a result, rational appeals should be used with caution when advertisements have low perceived relevance as viewers may withdraw attention and stop processing the advertisement. In contrast, emotional appeals may help sustain attention for low-relevance messages.

Isoluminant stimuli in a familiar discrete keying sequence task can be ignored

Motor sequencing models suggest that when with extensive practice sequence representations have developed, stimuli indicating the individual sequence elements may no longer be used for sequence execution. However, it is not clear whether participants can at all refrain from processing these stimuli. Two experiments were performed in which participants practiced two 7-keypress sequences by responding to isoluminant key-specific stimuli. In the mixed condition of the ensuing test phase, the stimuli were displayed only occasionally, and the question was whether this would make participants stop processing these stimuli. In Experiment 1, the benefit of displaying stimuli was assessed after substantial practice, while Experiment 2 examined development of this benefit across practice. The results of Experiment 1 showed that participants rely a little less on these stimuli when they are displayed only occasionally, but Experiment 2 revealed that participants quickly developed high awareness, and that they ignored these stimuli already after limited practice. These findings confirm that participants can choose to ignore these isoluminant stimuli but tend to use them when they are displayed. These and other findings show in some detail how various cognitive systems interact to produce familiar keying sequences.

OPTIMAL MEDICATION MANAGEMENT IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND DEMENTIA

For older individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) and multiple chronic conditions (MCC), taking more medications is associated with greater risk of adverse drug events, drug interactions, treatment burden, and cognitive changes from medication side effects. Optimizing medication through deprescribing (the process of reducing or stopping the use of inappropriate medications or medications unlikely to be beneficial) can help avoid adverse drug effects and improve outcomes for MCC patients, particularly for those with ADRD. Findings to date are limited to primarily Caucasian patients. This talk will focus on work geared to elicit perspectives on medication use, communication about medication, and deprescribing among African American and Hispanic older adults with ADRD and MCC, their family members, and clinicians caring for these populations.

Operando probing ion and electron transport in porous electrodes

Utilization of thick and densified electrodes can efficiently increase battery energy density, which is critical for electrical transportation. However, the penalty from ion and electron transport significantly reduces the usable capacity of the electrode and limites the cell level energy density. Mechanistic understanding thus is required to improve electrode design. At present, no experimental method is capable of fully characterizing the kinetic processes, especially ion and electron transport, in porous electrode during dynamic charge and discharge. Here we for the first time measure the potential drops for ion and electron transport in a thick porous electrode during charge/discharge with pulse current cessation in a modified three-electrode cell. Our measurement suggests that capacity loss of a thick electrode at a high rate is highly related to both ion and electron transport potential drops. The potential drops caused by ion and electron transport disintegrates the chemical potential of the active materials in the electrode, thus stop or delay lithiation process of the active materials in the porous electrolde. Electrode capacity with phase transformation materials showed higher sensitivities to ion and electron transport potential drops compared to solid solution materials due to different chemical potential profiles upon lithiation.

Research on Constant Current Control of Regenerative Braking in Hybrid Energy Storage Electric Bicycle

Electric vehicle has gradually become a hot research topic due to the energy crisis and environmental pollution problems. But the traffic is becoming much more crowed because of the sharp increase in the number of private cars, for this reason, the electric bicycle has been more and more popular owing to the convenience of it, especially the electric bicycle is easier than vehicle to park, but the mileage short problem of electric bicycle is always the main factor to influence the development of electric bicycle, moreover, electric bicycles are chiefly used under urban conditions which have frequent start and stop process, so single energy source electric bicycle can not be very good to adapt to these driving conditions. So far, there is little research about the application of the super capacitor and regenerative braking system of the electric bicycle. In this paper, regenerative braking system of hybrid energy storage electric bicycle is the research object, the mathematical model of regenerative braking system of hybrid energy storage electric bicycle has been established, regenerative braking system of hybrid energy storage consists of the brushless dc motor, Buck - Boost DC-DC converter, super capacitor and controller. In order to validate the regenerative braking system model, the regenerative braking simulation test system has been designed and developed, the equivalent small power brushless dc wheel motor drive system is used to simulate the drive system of electric bicycle. The mathematical model of regenerative braking system is calculated and experimental verified, the results show that the established mathematical model is accurate and effective. In order to maintain small braking torque fluctuation range during the braking process, constant current control strategy has been employed to control the armature current. As simulation result and experiment data shows, the hybrid energy storage system can effectively absorb the regenerative braking energy. Stable braking torque can be implemented and higher energy recovery efficiency has been realized in the process by adopting the constant current control strategy.

C60 ions of 1\u2009MeV are slow but elongate nanoparticles like swift heavy ions of hundreds MeV

This study reports that high fluence fullerene ion (C60+) irradiation of 1–6 MeV, which was made possible by a new-type of high-flux ion source, elongates metal nanoparticles (NPs) in amorphous SiO2 as efficiently as swift heavy ions (SHIs) of 200 MeV Xe14+, i.e., two orders of the magnitude higher energy ions. Comparing the irradiation effects induced by both the beams, the stopping processes of C60 ions in SiO2 are discussed in this paper. Despite of having almost the same elongation efficiency, the C60+ irradiation induced ~10 times more efficient sputtering due to the clustering enhancement and/or the synergy effect. Ion tracks of ~10.4 nm in diameter and 60–80 nm in length were observed in crystalline SiO2 under 4 MeV C60 irradiation. While the track diameter was comparable to those by SHIs of the same electronic stopping, much shorter track lengths than those predicted by a rigid C60 molecule model indicates that the fragmentation occurred due to nuclear collisions. The elongation of the metal NPs was induced only down to the depth where the tracks were observed but not beyond.

Flow-thermo-elastic coupled vibration characteristics of aeroengine high pressure rotor at the typical start and stop conditions

Based on the typical start and stop conditions of aeroengine high pressure rotor, the problem of flow-thermo-elastic coupling is solved in this research. Applying basic theory and control equation, it is analyzed the fields of transient temperature, thermal stress and thermal deformation in the start and stop process. Then the temperature at last stopping moment is selected as the boundary condition. With the flow-thermo-elastic coupling method, the distributions of air flow, heat transfer and temperature are discussed in high pressure rotor cavity. The results show the rotor has a higher temperature, and the density of temperature contour is much larger at the beginning of stop period. The temperature of each node gradually decreases as stop time increases. When the stop time is within 40-90 minutes, temperature difference between the upper and lower surfaces is larger than 20 °C. The distribution of transient temperature is different when restart process is taken at different stop moments. If the stop time is short, temperature distribution of the rotor is decreased firstly, then increased, and finally decreased. The time corresponding to the lowest temperature is also different in each node. It is the longest in the 3rd disk, and the shortest in the 8th disk.

Simulation of the energy spectra of swift light ion beams after traversing cylindrical targets: a consistent interpretation of experimental data relevant for hadron therapy

We have performed detailed simulations of the energy spectra, recorded at several angles, of proton and helium ion beams after traversing thin cylindrical targets of different nature (liquid water and ethanol jets, as well as a solid aluminium wire), in order to reproduce a series of measurements intended to assess the stopping power of 0.3–2 MeV ions. The authors of these experiments derived values of the stopping power of liquid water (a quantity essential for the evaluation of radiation effects in materials, particularly for radiotherapy purposes) that are ~10% lower than what is expected from other measurements and theories. In our simulations, instead of treating the stopping power as an unknown free parameter to be determined, we use as input the electronic stopping power accurately calculated within the dielectric formalism. We take into account in the simulations the different interactions that each projectile can experience when moving through the target, such as electronic stopping, nuclear scattering or electron charge-exchange processes. The detailed geometry of the target is also accounted for. We find that our simulated energy distributions are in excellent agreement with the published measurements when the diameter of the cylindrical targets is slightly reduced, what is compatible with the potential evaporation of the liquid jets. On the basis of such an excellent agreement, we validate the accuracy of the model we use to calculate electronic excitation cross sections for ions in condensed matter in its range of applicability (particularly the electronic stopping power) needed for charged particle transport models, and we offer a consistent, but alternative, interpretation for these experiments on ion irradiation of cylindrical targets.

Advancing the Science of Deprescribing: A Novel Comprehensive Conceptual Framework.

Polypharmacy is common in older adults and associated with inappropriate medication use, adverse drug events, medication nonadherence, higher costs, and increased mortality compared with those without polypharmacy. Deprescribing, the clinically supervised process of stopping or reducing the dose of medications when they cause harm or no longer provide benefit, may improve outcomes. Although potentially beneficial, clinicians struggle to overcome structural, organizational, technological, and cognitive barriers to deprescribing, limiting its use in clinical practice. Deprescribing science would benefit from a unifying conceptual framework to prioritize research. Current deprescribing conceptual frameworks have made important contributions to the field but often with a focus on specific medication classes or aspects of deprescribing. To further this relatively nascent field, we developed a broader deprescribing conceptual framework that builds on prior frameworks and includes patient, prescriber, and system influences; the process of deprescribing; outcomes; and dissemination. Patient factors include patients' biology, experience, values, and preferences. Prescriber factors include rational (eg, based on explicit knowledge) and nonrational (eg, behavioral tendencies, biases, and heuristics) decision making. System factors include resources, incentives, goals, and culture that contribute to deprescribing. The framework separates the deprescribing decision from the deprescribing process. The framework captures the results of deprescribing by examining changes in clinical structures, performance processes, patient experience, health outcomes, and cost. Through testing and refinement, this novel, more comprehensive conceptual framework has the potential to advance deprescribing research by organizing the existing evidence, identifying evidence gaps, and categorizing deprescribing interventions and the settings in which they are applied. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2018-2022, 2019.

SmartWood: Laboratory experiments for assessing the effectiveness of smart sensors for monitoring large wood movement behaviour

Large wood (LW), delivered to the river channel in the course of commercial forest harvesting, or generated during natural events, can be mobilised during floods. The movement of wood along the river corridor involves complex cycles of recruitment, mobilisation, transportation and deposition. These processes are affected by the size, buoyancy, roughness and complexity of the wood components, as well as the relative spatial density and the character of the channel boundary elements. In order to understand the probabilistic behaviour of woody elements within the fluvial system, it is important to be able to characterise the timing, mechanisms and duration of the various phases of wood transport. Due to a lack of suitable sensing technology, a detailed understanding of LW recruitment, transport and accumulation processes has thus far been elusive. In this study we introduce a technique using a nine-degrees of freedom (9-DoF) sensor embedded in a ‘SmartWood’ dowel that shows strong potential for measuring and recording LW movement. The SmartWood assembly comprises an integrated sensor with an inertial measurement unit (IMU), accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer, installed in a wooden dowel that is scaled to represent a tree stem in the flume. The sensor is able to record the many different motions of LW transport. The sensor-tagged wood dowel is density-compensated, with a specific weight of 0.5 g·cm−3. A series of verification and experimental tests was carried out to evaluate the applicability of this new technology for LW research and is presented herewith. Experiments were conducted in a 6.3 m long and 1.5 m wide flume with sinuous channel course and mobile gravel bed conditions, with a discharge of up to 10 l·s−1. We show that LW movement during transport, particularly starting, rolling, yawing and stopping processes, but also LW impacts, can be quantified within a flume environment. These findings can be further developed to obtain the translational movement behaviour of LW, which is needed to refine probabilistic models of downstream trajectories. Understanding complex LW movement is essential for informing freshwater and forestry management guidelines.

Control Strategy Comprehensively Considering Fuel Economy and Drive Comfort of Duel-Axis-Parallel PHEV

In this paper, in order to comprehensively consider the economy and comfort of the special duel-axis-parallel PHEV, a vehicle control strategy composed of a shift strategy based on dynamic programming(DP), a rule-based energy management strategy and a dynamic coordinated control strategy based on motor torque compensation is proposed. A vehicle model which can show the dynamic characteristics of shifting and engine start – stop process is constructed for simulations. Shift strategy is extracted from the optimization results obtained by dynamic programming(DP). The energy management strategy takes the fuel economy of engine as a major consideration and the rule is determined by characteristics of engine, motor and battery. In the dynamic coordinated control strategy, an open-loop motor torque control based on clutch torque estimation is presented. Simulation is carried out on typical driving cycles. And the results indicate that the proposed vehicle control strategy can improve the fuel economy and reduce longitudinal impact caused by shifting and operated mode changing.

Dynamic Braking Application on Three Phase Induction Motor using PLC

The use of an induction motor requires the process of stopping the motor speed quickly, using mechanically and electrically generated braking torque. Dynamic braking, which is done by making a magnetic field stationary motor. This condition is carried out by injecting a DC current into the three phase induction motor stator coil after the connection of the stator coil is released from the AC supply voltage source. The advantages of dynamic braking include ease of speed regulation of three-phase induction motors and mechanical losses can be reduced. A system for reversing the direction of star-delta three phase induction motor rotation with Programmable Logic Control (PLC) as a controller. requires an exchange of rotating directions from the direction of turning right to turn left. The process of changing the direction of rotation of the motor requires dynamic braking, the braking process is carried out by injecting a DC current into the stator coil of an induction motor, which is related to PLC. By applying dynamic braking on a three phase induction motor it is obtained faster than without dynamic braking. The injection current is given to a 3-phase induction motor of 1 KW for dynamic braking of 2.2 A. The timing of the motor stops for a minimum load of 100 Watt without braking at 6.2 seconds and with braking of 4.4 seconds, for a maximum load of 600 W, without braking.

Thermal spike in muon implantation

In muon spin rotation experiments, the diamagnetic fraction observed at low temperatures is a consequence of the muon interaction with the lattice during the incorporation process and depends on the properties of the material. An increase in the diamagnetic fraction with decreasing temperature is observed in some cases, which we attribute to a thermal spike at the end of the muon trajectory. The thermal spike is due to energy liberated not only during the muon stopping process but also as a consequence of the stress release when the electron bound to a muon in an unrelaxed configuration jumps to a neighboring lattice site. The magnitude and time extension of this effect are more significant for highly disturbed lattices which exhibit very low thermal conductivities at low temperatures. A phenomenological description of some selected examples is presented, together with a discussion of heat transport, using existing models for the thermal spike.

Oscillatory brain mechanisms supporting response cancellation in selective stopping strategies

Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the neural substrates of simple or global stopping, the neural mechanisms supporting selective stopping remain less understood. The selectivity of the stop process is often required in our everyday life in situations where responses must be suppressed to certain signals but not others. Here, we examined the oscillatory brain mechanisms of response cancellation in selective stopping by controlling for the different strategies adopted by participants (n = 54) to accomplish a stimulus selective stop-signal task. We found that successfully cancelling an initiated response was specifically associated with increased oscillatory activity in the high-beta frequency range in the strategy characterized by stopping selectively (the so called dependent Discriminate then Stop, dDtS), but not in the strategy characterized by stopping non-selectively (Stop then Discriminate, StD). Beamforming source reconstruction suggests that this high-beta activity was mainly generated in the superior frontal gyrus (including the pre-supplementary motor area) and the middle frontal gyrus. Present findings provide neural support for the existence of different strategies for solving selective stopping tasks. Specifically, differences between strategies were observed in the oscillatory activity associated with the stop process and were restricted to the high-beta frequency range. Moreover, current results provide important evidence suggesting that high-beta oscillations in superior and middle frontal cortices play an essential role in cancelling an initiated motor response.

Cognitive Modeling Suggests That Attentional Failures Drive Longer Stop-Signal Reaction Time Estimates in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Mean stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) is frequently employed as a measure of response inhibition in cognitive neuroscience research on ADHD. However, this measurement model is limited by two factors which may bias SSRT estimation in this population: 1) excessive skew in "go" RT distributions, and 2) trigger failures, or instances in which individuals fail to trigger an inhibition process in response to the "stop" signal. We use a Bayesian parametric approach, which allows unbiased estimation of the shape of entire SSRT distributions and the probability of trigger failures, to clarify mechanisms of stop-signal task deficits in ADHD. Children with ADHD displayed greater positive skew than their peers in both "go" RT and SSRT distributions. However, they also displayed more frequent trigger failures, which appeared to drive ADHD-related stopping difficulties. Results suggest that stop-signal task performance in ADHD reflects impairments in early attentional processes, rather than inefficiency in the stop process.

Beam-based scenario for Am242m isomer depletion via nuclear excitation by electron capture

Following the first experimental observation of $^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$ isomer depletion via nuclear excitation by electron capture (NEEC), we consider another experimental scenario related to the $^{242m}\mathrm{Am}$ isomer for which the probability of the NEEC process is expected to be even higher than for the $^{93m}\mathrm{Mo}$ isomer. The optimum experimental conditions for the production and depletion of the $^{242m}\mathrm{Am}$ isomer in a beam-based scenario are discussed. The relevant beam-target reaction cross sections have been calculated striving to ensure effective production of the $^{242m}\mathrm{Am}$ isomer. Kinetic energies required for the NEEC process to occur have been predicted for the $n=5$, 6, and 7 subshells of $^{242m}\mathrm{Am}$ ions and combined with available ion charge states at subsequent stages of the ion stopping process. The NEEC resonance strengths have been estimated for the partial contributions of individual subshells to the whole NEEC process.

Quality assurance for rotary screen printed wiring backplanes with automated roll-to-roll electrical test equipment

The roll-to-roll (R2R) printing process enables large-scale manufacturing of conductive wirings for the system integration of printed and hybrid electronics. As the number of R2R printed units in a run is typically high, a systematic approach is required to verify the outcome of manufacturing process extensively. This study presents a piece of automated R2R testing equipment, which is capable of the comprehensive electrical testing of printed and flexible electronics, and discusses the main findings provided by the test system in a use case of an R2R printed wiring backplane for a large-area display element. The automated R2R tester utilizes a bed-of-nails test method incorporated into the reeling equipment as a stop and go process. In this scheme, a bed-of-nails is a layout-specific test fixture providing physical contacts on the web. The actual measurement operations are performed by general-purpose electrical test equipment through standard industrial buses. Overall, the movement of the web containing printed electronics and the test operations for these are controlled by a test automation software. In this study, the R2R functional tester is utilized to evaluate the outcome of a rotary screen printing process for a large area backplane wiring of s 7 × 20 RGB LED matrix. The study presents the needed test cases for the full test coverage of printed wiring at an area of approximately 190 mm × 405 mm in each backplane unit. As the roll length is over 150 meters, the testing process systematically produces over 100 000 resistance measurement results to evaluate the manufacturing process yield and process variations from an electrical perspective. The paper concludes the main test results, and discusses the usability of the developed testing system and the protocol in this use case application.

Time‐dependent simulation of ion stopping: Charge transfer and electronic excitations

The energy loss of charged particles in matter has been studied for many decades, both, analytically and via computer simulations. While the regime of high projectile energies is well understood, low energy stopping in solids is more challenging due to the importance of non‐adiabatic effects and electronic correlations. Here we consider two problems: the charge transfer between substrate and projectile and the role of electronic correlations, specifically formation of doubly occupied lattice sites in the material during the stopping process. The former problem is treated by time‐dependent density functional theory simulations and the latter by non‐equilibrium Green functions.

The relationship between short interval intra-cortical inhibition and stopping ability

Short interval intra-cortical inhibition (SICI), measured using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is believed to reflect the activity of GABAergic interneurons in the motor cortex. In this project, we investigated the relationship between SICI and the ability to inhibit a prepotent response. In our first study (n = 40), we measured SICI at rest, and investigated response inhibition using the stop signal task, which provides a measure of the latency of an individual’s stopping process. We found that those with stronger stopping ability had stronger SICI, r = 0.63, p < .001. We conducted another study consisting of two experiments (n = 30 in each), where SICI was measured while participants completed the stop signal task. In both experiments, we found that those with stronger stopping ability had stronger SICI during both response inhibition and execution (during successful inhibition, the correlation between SICI and stopping ability was r = 0.81, p p = .014). Moreover, changes in stopping ability post-training correlated with changes in SICI across all participants (r = 0.59, p Erratum to the abstract, “The relationship between short interval intra-cortical inhibition and stopping ability”Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in NeuromodulationVol. 12Issue 3PreviewThe Publisher would like to point out that an incorrect version of this abstract was published as part of the ‘3rd International Brain Stimulation Meeting Abstracts’. Full-Text PDF

Reproducible, flexible and high‐throughput data extraction from primary literature: The metaDigitise r package

Abstract Research synthesis, such as comparative and meta‐analyses, requires the extraction of effect sizes from primary literature, which are commonly calculated from descriptive statistics. However, the exact values of such statistics are commonly hidden in figures. Extracting descriptive statistics from figures can be a slow process that is not easily reproducible. Additionally, current software lacks an ability to incorporate important metadata (e.g. sample sizes, treatment/variable names) about experiments and is not integrated with other software to streamline analysis pipelines. Here we present the r package metaDigitise which extracts descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations and correlations from four plot types: (a) mean/error plots (e.g. bar graphs with standard errors), (b) box plots, (c) scatter plots and (d) histograms. metaDigitise is user‐friendly and easy to learn as it interactively guides the user through the data extraction process. Notably, it enables large‐scale extraction by automatically loading image files, letting the user stop processing, edit and add to the resulting data‐frame at any point. Digitised data can be easily re‐plotted and checked, facilitating reproducible data extraction from plots with little inter‐observer bias. We hope that by making the process of figure extraction more flexible and easy to conduct, it will improve the transparency and quality of meta‐analyses in the future.