Stop Lamps Research Articles

Enhanced Safety Measures for Accident Prevention in Mountainous Regions

In mountainous terrains, road safety is a paramount concern exacerbated by challenging conditions such as sharp turns and obscured visibility due to deep excavations. Forward Collision Warning (FCW) systems, employing ultrasonic sensors, serve as critical tools in identifying potential hazards, including vehicles, and issuing timely alerts to drivers. This paper introduces a controller-based approach integrating Arduino Nano and Atmega328 microcontrollers, with a specific emphasis on ultrasonic sensors, to address accident mitigation on mountainous roadways. Developing nations confront substantial road safety hurdles, with accidents emerging as a primary cause of fatalities. Embracing road design methodologies observed in developed nations like the Netherlands and Denmark holds promise for enhancing safety standards. Notably, buses and trucks are disproportionately vulnerable to accidents owing to deficient safety protocols, leading to significant loss of life. Deploying daytime lighting, high-mounted stop lamps, reflectors, and vivid attire has proven effective in mitigating accidents attributable to poor visibility. The proposed solution advocates for the strategic placement of ultrasonic sensors and LED lights ahead of and following sharp curves, respectively. Upon vehicle detection, the sensor activates the LED light, alerting oncoming traffic and empowering drivers to adjust their speed accordingly. This proactive strategy aims to curtail accidents and elevate road safety levels across mountainous regions. Index Terms: Forward Collision Warning (FCW), Mountainous terrains, high-mounted stop lamps, LED lights.

A Mobile Augmented Reality Application for Automotive Sparepart Installation

Automotive exterior spare parts retailers frequently sell exterior spare parts for a range of cars via direct sales transactions and online media. A major issue has come up for consumers who purchase products online must install spare parts independently, with limited instructions that make it difficult for customers to install the replacement components. This is demonstrated by nearly 50% of online consumers complaining to the seller about installation errors, indicating the need for a solution to these issues. Augmented reality was used as a solution to educate how to install automotive exterior spare parts. In this work, the Spatial Tracking technology is utilized to project objects from a viewpoint in order to send data digitally and show the 3D model to the object's surrounds in real time. This study included as samples rear-view mirrors, headlights, stop lamps, and fog lamps. According to the study's findings, The user acceptance test was carried out by online consumers who buy spare parts at the store, and the results of the average percentage score of the entire questionnaire by more than 53% agree and strongly agree that the use of augmented reality can ease the spare-part installation bought online, the results of testing the AVAR application by the user are successful and well accepted.

A Mobile Augmented Reality Application for Automotive Sparepart Installation

Automotive exterior spare parts retailers frequently sell exterior spare parts for a range of cars via direct sales transactions and online media. A major issue has come up for consumers who purchase products online must install spare parts independently, with limited instructions that make it difficult for customers to install the replacement components. This is demonstrated by nearly 50% of online consumers complaining to the seller about installation errors, indicating the need for a solution to these issues. Augmented reality was used as a solution to educate how to install automotive exterior spare parts. In this work, the Spatial Tracking technology is utilized to project objects from a viewpoint in order to send data digitally and show the 3D model to the object's surrounds in real time. This study included as samples rear-view mirrors, headlights, stop lamps, and fog lamps. According to the study's findings, The user acceptance test was carried out by online consumers who buy spare parts at the store, and the results of the average percentage score of the entire questionnaire by more than 53% agree and strongly agree that the use of augmented reality can ease the spare-part installation bought online, the results of testing the AVAR application by the user are successful and well accepted.

Investigating the Cognitive Response of Brake Lights in Initiating Braking Action Using EEG

Half of all road accidents result from either lack of driver attention or from maintaining insufficient separation between vehicles. Collision from the rear, in particular, has been identified as the most common class of accident in the UK, and its influencing factors have been widely studied for many years. Rear-mounted stop lamps, illuminated when braking, are the primary mechanism to alert following drivers to the need to reduce speed or brake. This paper develops a novel brain response approach to measuring subject reaction to different brake light designs. A variety of off-the-shelf brake light assemblies are tested in a physical simulated driving environment to assess the cognitive reaction times of 22 subjects. Eight pairs of LED-based and two pairs of incandescent bulb-based brake light assemblies are used and electroencephalogram (EEG) data recorded. Channel Pz is utilised to extract the P3 component evoked during the decision making process that occurs in the brain when a participant decides to lift their foot from the accelerator and depress the brake. EEG analysis shows that both incandescent bulb-based lights are statistically slower to evoke cognitive responses than all tested LED-based lights. Between the LED designs, differences are evident, but not statistically significant, attributed to the significant amount of movement artifact in the EEG signal.

Study of EU ECE Light Shaping Diffuser with high efficiency and uniformity for automotives

A new proposal for standards-based automotive signal lights LED according to the law the EU ECE R regulation. In this study came up with a perfect design for signal lights, which is a combination of a Braking lamp (BRL), a Tail lamp (TL), a Stop lamp (SL) of LED light bars, and a combined with Light Shaping Diffuser (LSD). The Light Shaping Diffuser is to create uniform light, provide high efficiency, and reduce signal glare for superior safety and achieved the according to the EU ECE R standard. Through the research results, the results show that the signal lights can meet the EU regulatory standards. it can be met in the proposed signal light increased by 44.71% (Tail lamps (TL)), and increased 50.6% (Stop lamps (SL)) and candela can be increased after the optimization from Light Shaping Diffuser.

Why are there so few experimental road safety evaluation studies: Could their findings explain it?

Randomised controlled trials (also known as experiments) are widely regarded as the best design of studies that aim to estimate the effects of a treatment, like a road safety measures. However, as noted by Hauer (2016) there are few randomised controlled trials in the field of road safety. Hauer has suggested (2019) that not finding an effect of the measure being evaluated could be one reason for this. This paper provides an inventory of experimental evaluations of road safety measures. 24 different road safety measures have been evaluated experimentally. More than one experiment was reported for 8 road safety measures; for the other 16 only a single experiment was found. With few exceptions, experiments find no effect on accidents of the measures subjected to experiments. Most of the exceptions are due either to failure of randomisation or refer to measures whose effects tend to erode as they become more commonly used. Thus, the effects found in initial experiments with daytime running lights and high-mounted stop lamps have gradually eroded as more cars got these systems. Driver training is one of the few road safety measures for which more than one experiment has been carried out. Results consistently show no effect on accidents of driver training.

Sensor Based Accidents Prevention System for Hilly Region

Within the Developing countries accident is that the main reason for death. If we watch top 10 countries within the globe all of them are mountain road and curve roads. Within the mountain there’ll be tight curves and narrow roads due to this visibility is blocked .In these reasonably situation the motive force of vehicle cannot see vehicle coming from opposite side. The developing countries need to adopt the model followed by developing countries like Netherland & Denmark where roads are built in line with their function .in developing countries buses and trucks are more involved in accidents because of lack of proper safety standards. Thousands of individuals lost their lives due to this problem. . utilization of day time light, high mounted stop lamps, reflectors, colorful clothing has decreased the incidence of crashes due to poor visibility. The answer of this problem is alerting the motive force about the vehicle coming from opposite side. This is often done by keeping the ultrasonic sensor in one side of the road before the curve and keeping a LED light after the curve ,so that vehicle comes from one side of curve a senses and LED light glow at opposite side. By viewing the LED light on /off criteria the motive force can become alert and may hamper the speed of vehicle.

Algoritma Apriori Sebagai Solusi Kontrol Persediaan Suku Cadang Mobil PT. Buanasakti Aneka Motor Jakarta

PT. BuanaSakti Aneka Motor is one of the car distributor agents located at warung buncit raya street No. 109 Duren Tiga, South Jakarta. Everyday the data piles is increase more and longer. PT. BuanaSakti Aneka Motor sometimes has difficulty to knowing how many spare parts occur in one transaction, so data or new stock information is difficult to find sometimes experiencing errors. To find out which products have the most sales and how they relate to one another, a priori algorithm method and the help of Rapidminer Tools are needed to produce associative rules. From the results of the discussion and analysis of the data it can be concluded that the application of a priori algorithm in determining the combination of itemset with a minimum support of 25% and a minimum of 60% confidence found 2 association rules, where the highest value of support and confidence is a radiator with a minimum stop lamp support of 26.92% while the minimum confidence is 64.65% and the oil filter with the minimum stop light support is 35.32% while the minimum confidence is 61.58%.

Experimental and modeling studies of automotive-qualified OLEDs under electrical stress

In this paper, we aimed to investigate the reliability of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and propose a SPICE compatible electrical model for automotive exterior lighting applications. The proposed model smoothly provides the forward and reverse current-voltage relation and also dynamic capacitive behavior of OLED is included in the model. The Automotive Electronics Council-Qualified (AEC-Q) OLED samples that are currently used in a rear stop lamp have been electrically stressed with the current density of J = 11.5mA/cm2 (25% more than the nominal current density value) at room temperature. The model was presented through theoretical equations for forward and reverse current-voltage characteristics and impedance behavior of OLED. The simulated and experimental results are in close agreement with each other. We characterized the intrinsic capacitance, operational voltage, wavelength, and luminance variation of OLED aged under electrical stress for 7040 h. We utilized a simple setup to monitor variations in light intensity of the tested device with a CMOS camera. Under pure electrical stress, the dominant wavelength was slightly red-shifted by 3.29 nm, the threshold voltage of the OLED is increased from 4.2 V to 5.25 V, and luminance decayed to 88% of the initial luminance with stress time, whereas spectral shape was not affected.

Design of a CHMSL based on Fresnel lens

We propose a design of a center high mounted stop lamp (CHMSL) based on Fresnel lens. The Fresnel lens is divided into four layers. The first layer collimates the beam of Light Emitting Diode (LED) along the direction perpendicular to optical axis; The second layer makes the output light uniformly distributed; The third layer collimates the beam along the optical axis direction; The fourth layer scatters the collimating light to make the last light distribution meet the relevant regulations. The simulation and test results show that the efficient of this CHMSL is 38.3 % and the uniformity is about 92.4 %. This CHMSL is practical and can applicable to vehicle lighting.

Optimization of freeform surfaces using intelligent deformation techniques for LED applications

Abstract For many years, optical designers have great interests in designing efficient optimization algorithms to bring significant improvement to their initial design. However, the optimization is limited due to a large number of parameters present in the Non-uniform Rationaly b-Spline Surfaces. This limitation was overcome by an indirect technique known as optimization using freeform deformation (FFD). In this approach, the optical surface is placed inside a cubical grid. The vertices of this grid are modified, which deforms the underlying optical surface during the optimization. One of the challenges in this technique is the selection of appropriate vertices of the cubical grid. This is because these vertices share no relationship with the optical performance. When irrelevant vertices are selected, the computational complexity increases. Moreover, the surfaces created by them are not always feasible to manufacture, which is the same problem faced in any optimization technique while creating freeform surfaces. Therefore, this research addresses these two important issues and provides feasible design techniques to solve them. Finally, the proposed techniques are validated using two different illumination examples: street lighting lens and stop lamp for automobiles.

농업용 트랙터 제동등 광도 성능 평가

This study was initiated to prevent rear-end collision which causes the most frequent human damage by agricultural tractors. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the luminous performance of a stop lamp for an agricultural tractor which could reduce rear-end collision. The performance test of luminous intensity distribution was conducted for a total of 12 tractor models classified by size (above 44 kW for large, 30~43 kW for medium, and below 29 kW for small) and production area (domestic, foreign manufacture) in accordance with Regulation No.7 of UNECE Vehicle Regulations-1958 Agreement considering <TEX>${\pm}$</TEX>20 standard deviation. Three out of 5 large, 3 out of 4 medium, and all small tractors were resulted as inadequate for the test criterion. This study found that the luminous performance results were better as the size of agricultural tractors became bigger. One out of 4 foreign and 2 out of 8 domestic manufacturers were suitable for the test criterion, and overall no difference from the luminosity test results was observed between domestic and foreign manufacturers. In addition, the measuring points, HV, 5L, 5R, 5U and 5D with the minimal luminosity revealed flaws (80% of the proportion of faulty products). Therefore, it is urgent to improve the quality for measuring points (HV, 5U, 5L, 5R, 5D) of stop lamps to apply Regulation No. 7.

12-8 ストップランプの点灯形状デザインとドライバの反応時間の関係性の検討(第12部門 ヒューマンインフォメーション2)

12-8 ストップランプの点灯形状デザインとドライバの反応時間の関係性の検討(第12部門 ヒューマンインフォメーション2)

An Implementation of a Graded Deceleration Display in Brake Light Warning Systems

The purpose of this research is to assess the effectiveness of the Graded Deceleration Display (GDD) that is designed to replace the rear center high mounted stop lamp on automobiles. Licensed drivers were treated in simulation to both a standard brake light displays (binary) and the GDD display while the lead vehicle (LV) varied its deceleration magnitude and ramping behavior. Results entailed that the graded system produced more accurate behavioral responses during deceleration, fewer collisions, and a safer following distance than the binary system. Future research should be concerned with solidifying this framework so that it can be used to improve safety, effectiveness, and efficiency for vehicle transportation. Language: en

Real-World Frequency of Use of Automotive Lighting Equipment

This study provides information about average annual use of the following automotive lighting equipment by U.S. drivers: low- and high-beam headlamps, turn signals, and stop, back-up, parking, sidemarker, and tail lamps. The data were collected as part of a naturalistic field study of crash warning systems. Eighty-seven randomly selected drivers from southeastern Michigan were provided with instrumented research vehicles (11 identical 2003 Nissan Altimas) for periods averaging 26 days and instructed to drive the vehicles as their personal vehicles.The results are presented for each lamp type in terms of the average annual hours of use and minutes used per 100 km driven. These findings are discussed in relation to the rated life of various lamps and the average life of vehicles in the U.S.License plate, parking, sidemarker, and tail lamps were the most frequently used automotive lighting equipment, averaging just over 100 hours per year. The least used lamps were back-up lamps, which were used less than five hours per year. Average annual hours of lamp use decreased with increasing driver age. While rates of use for stop, turn signal, and back-up lamps were similar for females and males, male drivers accrued 34 percent more hours of nighttime driving than female drivers, while using their high beams about half as often.

Development of a measurement station and a procedure for measuring differences between standard and proportional stop lamps

The first part of this article describes a novel proportional stop lamp under development at our department. The stop lamp is capable of signalling braking intensity. The second half of the article details a measurement process and an instrument measuring the difference in the effects of standard stop lamps and the proportional stop lamp on the driver.

Integrated human-machine-environment system model of proportional stop lamps in braking situations

This paper introduces a new system model for braking situations. Its name is integrated human-machine-environment system model. This system model is used to model braking simulations. It shows the differences between the effect of standard brake lamps and proportional brake lamps or displays. This model is applicable for on board simulation and it is usable in transportation and traffic psychology.

3103 自動ブレーキシステムの作動タイミングに対するドライバの受容性評価(ドライバ行動-1,OS4 ヒューマンインターフェース)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of an activation timing of an automatic braking system on the receptiveness evaluation of the driver. As a method of the investigation, we conducted indoor test with a driving simulator with twenty participants. With five ranks, participants evaluated the timing of the automatic brakes which operated when the lead vehicle slowed down. The results indicated that the receptiveness evaluation of the driver for the timing of automatic brakes was greatly influenced by the lighting condition of stop lamps on the lead vehicle.

Effects of Dedicated Stop-Lamps on Nighttime Rear-End Collisions

This study was designed to evaluate whether dedicated stop lamps, in comparison to stop lamps that are functionally combined with tail or turn signals, provide additional safety benefits at night. The analysis compared the frequencies of rear-end collisions in which the vehicles were struck to those collisions in which the same vehicles were the striking ones. The analysis used 1999–2003 Florida and North Carolina crash data. The vehicle sample consisted of 38 passenger car models for the years 1994–2003. Overall, the results include a statistically significant pattern that suggests a beneficial effect of dedicated stop lamps. However, the results are complex and further analyses should be done to better understand the possible effect of dedicated vs. combined stop lamps.

A human factors study on a modified stop lamp for motorcycles

In an effort to increase the detectability of a motorcycle's brake signal, this study evaluated the effects of a modified stop lamp for motorcycles. With this modified stop lamp, both turn signals would flash simultaneously to supplement the regular stop lamp. The major concern with this design is the confusion between regular turn signals and the modified stop lamp with both turn signals flashing. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate this design using a PC based driving simulator equipped with three motorcycle taillight assemblies. The results suggest that the reaction time to a brake signal can be significantly reduced by 200 ms on average ( p<0.001) with a modified stop lamp, especially during the night when a taillight is on ( p<0.05). Although the normal use of a turn signal was affected by the use of a modified stop lamp by approximately 122 ms ( p<0.001), this adverse influence does not exist for a motorcycle that is straight ahead ( p<0.01). When regular turn signals are present, they do interfere with the use of a modified stop lamp by an average of 134 ms ( p<0.05). However, even with such interference, this design still requires a shorter reaction time than a conventional stop lamp by about 120 ms ( p<0.05). Overall, it can be concluded that even with the interference, the reaction time to modified stop lamps is still shorter than the reaction time to the conventional stop lamps in laboratory settings. Relevance to industry The results of this study benefit the tail lamp assembly design for motorcycles. The findings suggest that the modified brake lamps may be a promising device to improve the visibility of the motorcycle, and to provide easier identification for following motorists. However, the effect of this modified tail lamp on the original function of turn signals, as discussed in this article, should be considered in the design process.