Stereotypical Images Research Articles

“Ввічлива брехня” Кьоко Морі: мова як опір

The article focuses on the book “Polite Lies” by a contemporary Japanese American author Kyoko Mori where she explores the essential problems of Japanese/American social and cultural milieu, formulating a radical verdict on the Japanese language and culture as Polite Lies. Besides being a literary genre, Mori’s book introduces a new vision in a long-standing “politeness discourse” by a wide range of social science researchers, anthropologists, pragmalinguists, sociolinguists. She definitely knows a lot more about this issue, suggesting underlying assumption. Being a transnational bicultural writer, she does not feel marginalized in America neither by ethnos nor by gender, and what is important – she feels utter alienation in Japan, the country of her childhood. In this book, Kyoko Mori considers a variety of subjects: the role of ethnicity, gender and feminism, personal relationship with the inherited culture and her right for personal freedom in choosing culture and language. She creates the image of “home” as an emotional and spiritual space rather than an ethnical location, emphasizing the primacy of personal identity over gender and ethnicity. Kyoko Mori, unlike most Asian American writers, avoids stereotypical images of Japan, as well as a stereotypical literary motif of survival and assimilation in America. Neither is she trapped by a leading theme of Asian American canon – a dramatic search for identity in a new world. Her writings manifest that she has no dilemma provoked by the conflict with the older generation of immigrants. In “Polite Lies” she analyzes those aspects of Japanese culture which restrain her freedom, which caused her to reject her own roots, and which, in fact, are responsible for her mother’s suicide that became a form of tragic escape. Realizing all these, she chooses the only possible way – to resist by speaking and writing in English, by uncompromising analysis of the hidden ethnic phenomenon of Japaneseness that could never be justified by codified ethic norms. Kyoko Mori chooses English as the language of her “voice”. In her memoir, she explains that her mother tongue does not give her freedom of self-expression and diminishes her as a woman and as a human being. Expanding on this problem, Kyoko Mori creates a central image of “polite lies” which embodies general metalinguacultural, sociocultural, psychological observations, as well as delineates the author’s personal drama. She refers to the “polite lies” as to an inherent linguistic and cultural feature of Japanese culture, outlining the inner space – finding evidence in the personal drama of her mother’s life. The book incorporates genre signifiers which are relevant to analytical and personal essays as well as to story genre that unveil the deep cultural roots of “polite lies” and Japanese women’s social, psychological and linguistic vulnerability. Kyoko Mori’s book is a synthetic genre in which the artist’s imagination vibrates with facts and analytical observations that create the images of Japan’s past and present filled with impressions, thoughts side by side with lyricism and artistic psychologism and, besides, what is obvious – reveals her resistance, radical decision to escape and never to return to Japan.

Stereotyp etniczny i społeczny oraz łamanie tabu jako nośniki komizmu w skeczu Góral na zakupach Roberta Korólczyka

Ethnic stereotypes and social stereotypes referring to sex, age or occupation are based, to a great extent, on the distinction we-they, which is linked with assigning certain features to these groups. These features, especially if negative, can be a basis for jokes according to Plato’s observation that human defects and weaknesses are an object of laughter. The aim of the paper is to depict the stereotypical image of a Polish mountaineer as well as the stereotypes of a man and woman, husband and wife as carriers of comism in the sketch Góral na zakupac (“A mountaineer doing shopping”) by Robert Korólczyk. The sketch perpetuates the stereotype of a mountaineer-man as a religious person as well as a sensual breadwinner while his wife confirms the stereotype of a woman focused on shopping in a mall. In the sketch, comism is also related to breaking a taboo. In this way, comism is located on a broader social, psychological and cultural background.

Хейтинг как вид киберагрессии. Стереотипный образ хейтера в языковом сознании российских студентов

The paper features the phenomenon of hating as a type of aggression in cyber communication and the features that define it as a specific form of cyber aggression. The paper reviews the main domestic and foreign scientific publications on the issue of hating. The authors defined such understudied aspects of this phenomenon as racial hate and described the object of cyber aggression, haters’ goals, hating triggers, etc. They also analyzed various interpretations of the concepts of hating and hater. The research objective was to correlate the content of the concept of hater and the stereotypical idea about it in the linguistic consciousness of Russian university students. The research was based on reactions obtained by a free associative experiment from 537 Russian students, who were asked to fill in an online questionnaire. The authors used the method of semantic analysis to divide the reactions into semantic groups and associative fields. The verbal reactions were also subjected to a semantic gestalt analysis. The study provided a model of the stereotypical image of a hater as seen by Russian students. The model takes into account the content, structure, and severity. The current image-stereotype of hater looks the following way: a hater is an insecure and envious person A, evil, bad, not very smart, and not quite psychologically healthy, who hates person B (as a rule, a public person) and envies them, wishes them evil, and sees them as an opponent, while expressing hatred and envy by means of Internet comments full of unreasonable hatred, envy, aggression, and negativity.

Do Men Have No Need for “Feminist” Artificial Intelligence? Agentic and Gendered Voice Assistants in the Light of Basic Psychological Needs

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is supposed to perform tasks autonomously, make competent decisions, and interact socially with people. From a psychological perspective, AI can thus be expected to impact users’ three Basic Psychological Needs (BPNs), namely (i) autonomy, (ii) competence, and (iii) relatedness to others. While research highlights the fulfillment of these needs as central to human motivation and well-being, their role in the acceptance of AI applications has hitherto received little consideration. Addressing this research gap, our study examined the influence of BPN Satisfaction on Intention to Use (ITU) an AI assistant for personal banking. In a 2×2 factorial online experiment, 282 participants (154 males, 126 females, two non-binary participants) watched a video of an AI finance coach with a female or male synthetic voice that exhibited either high or low agency (i.e., capacity for self-control). In combination, these factors resulted either in AI assistants conforming to traditional gender stereotypes (e.g., low-agency female) or in non-conforming conditions (e.g., high-agency female). Although the experimental manipulations had no significant influence on participants’ relatedness and competence satisfaction, a strong effect on autonomy satisfaction was found. As further analyses revealed, this effect was attributable only to male participants, who felt their autonomy need significantly more satisfied by the low-agency female assistant, consistent with stereotypical images of women, than by the high-agency female assistant. A significant indirect effects model showed that the greater autonomy satisfaction that men, unlike women, experienced from the low-agency female assistant led to higher ITU. The findings are discussed in terms of their practical relevance and the risk of reproducing traditional gender stereotypes through technology design.

Note from the Editor

Note from the Editor Sem Vermeersch, Editor-in-chief This issue of the Seoul Journal of Korean Studies opens with a theme issue on "Hallyu Storytelling in the Americas." It is the outcome of a panel organized by Wonjung MIN for the fourteenth Kyujanggak International Symposium on Korean Studies (Nov. 4–6, 2021). Together with Dal Yong JIN, Professor Min introduces the fruits of this panel in a guest editors' introduction, so I do not need to add anything here on the contents of the four articles from the panel that made it to publication. It is exciting to see the development of critical Hallyu studies as a distinct field within Korean Studies, and I look forward to the future results of Symposium panels in these pages. This issue also includes four other articles. The first of these is by Maurizio RIOTTO, who has carved out his own niche in Korean Studies: Namely, the exploration of ancient connections between Korea and the West. Earlier, in Volume 33, no. 1 (2020) he explored the similarities between the legend of King Gyeongmun's donkey ears and the famous King Midas. Here he turns his attention to the legend of Aryeong, the consort of Pak Hyeokgeose, one of the progenitors of Silla. According to the Samguk yusa version of her legend, she was born from the left side of a dragon and had the beak of a hen rather than a mouth—hence the term "hen-dragon" (gyeryong). However, the author shows that this element of the legend may have derived from stories about the basilisk, a mythical animal already found in Greco-Roman sources with possible earlier antecedents, that somehow made their way to Silla. The second article, by Dylan MOTIN, questions traditional explanations of Korea's loss of sovereignty in the early twentieth century. Rather than blaming this on the failure to modernize, the author uses international relations theory to explain how a weak state such as Joseon Korea sought to shift the burden of its protection to a foreign ally. This strategy, which the author refers to as "buck passing," was successful for much of the initial period of the forced opening of Korea in the second half of the nineteenth century. However, after the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War, there was no one left to pass the buck to. The [End Page v] author points to the shifting geopolitical situation of early twentieth-century Europe, where the rise of Germany preoccupied all the other Western powers, as a reason for the eventual failure of this strategy. The third article also seeks new methodologies to explain a long-standing point of debate, namely, how was it possible that Hahoe alone managed to preserve its traditional buildings and environment where the rest of Korea's traditional villages were erased? The authors, Chong Min KIM, Tae Gyun PARK, and Ju YIM, turn to game theory to explain how and why the actors involved make decisions in the debate over whether or not to preserve the village. The authors divide the people concerned into market-oriented and tradition-oriented agents, and postulate a theoretical framework that explains the crucial tipping points in favor of preservation during the transition period from traditional to modern society. Finally, Eunhee PARK looks at the way the Vietnam War impacted the "home front." While the horrors and trauma of the war were not openly discussed in media or literature, the underlying tensions were projected onto the women who stayed behind. While the men who return from the war reveal little of the psychological impact of the war, they return to find their partners had not been faithful. This stereotypical image of the unfaithful wife offers them a chance at redemption, yet it obliterates the agency and subjectivity of women in their media and literary representations. This will be the last "Note from the Editor" I write. From the next issue, Professor John DiMoia (History Department, Seoul National University) will take over as editor-in-chief. I started writing these notes when assuming editorship for Volume 30 (2017). I am not certain why, but, perhaps inspired by the example of the Journal of Asian Studies, it...

Gender Roles and Feminism: The Experience of Barzani Single Mothers

AbstractUnder the leadership of the Baʿthists, in 1983, the Iraqi state arrested some 5,000-8,000 members, all male, of the Barzani tribe of Kurds and subsequently killed them. The mothers, wives, and children of these men were put into compounds controlled by Iraqi security forces. As a result, thousands of children were left without their fathers and hundreds of wives were suddenly left widowed. In a society where patriarchy dominates the homelife, single mothers were left with the challenges of taking up the role of their male partners. The very definition of motherhood transformed as they rose to meet the incredible tasks ahead of them, and indeed, the experience dismantled stereotypical images of motherhood, but not without untold pain and suffering. In this study, an attempt is made to shed light on the experiences of these lonely Barzani mothers and how they were affected by their altered gender roles.

Türkiye’de bir Televizyon Reklamı Serisinde Cinsiyet rollerinin Temsili: Eleştirel Söylem Analizi

Media has a role in protecting the maintenance of social and cultural status, and it can also be used for change. It is known that media uses stereotypical images emphasizing the priority of women's role concerning home and family via various tools such as television (TV) commercials that have the power to reach many people. The present study aims to offer a critical discourse analysis of the TV commercial series of hurriyetemlak.com by scrutinizing the women's and men's roles reflected in the commercials. First, the study's theoretical framework is outlined in which critical concepts regarding discourse analysis, including Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and media discourse, are defined, and Fairclough's three-tiered framework to implement CDA is explained. In the second part of the theoretical framework, the issues of gender roles and advertising are scrutinized. Finally, the TV commercial series of hurriyetemlak.com is analyzed critically. The findings indicate that traditional gender role stereotypes are displayed in the commercial series. The significance of being married and responsible for household chores is highlighted for women to be respected in society.

Un paysage contesté : la Valachie morave et la Slovaquie morave, une étude imagologique sur le récit de la frontière ottomane

The paper deals with the phenomenon of border, reflecting the imagology case study of microregion of Eastern Moravia. From the methodological point of view, the text is focused on textual analysis of primary historical sources and folklore materials from 16th and 17th century, originating from the mountainous cross-border region called Moravian Wallachia (on traditional borders between Bohemia and Hungaria, actually situated between Czech Republic and Slovakia). Wallachia was located in the proximity of Ottoman Empire during longue durée, in the context of Thirty Years’ War and wars between Habsburgs and Ottomans. Post medieval and early modern period sources from the period of 16th-18th century show the emergence of phenomenon of border, which finds its expression in specific stereotypical images – the image of the external enemy, the image of the border guard, the image of the brigand and rebel (zbojník) and internal enemy (stranger) image. These topoi play very important role concerning the collective memory of this region till today and their impact could be discussed in the frame of relations between various regions of the Czech Republic and its neighbours.

Stereotypical images of male and female mathematics teachers

ABSTRACT In this paper, we describe how pre-service teachers portray stereotypical mathematics teachers. Using longitudinal data – from 2007 to 2020 – of pre-service teachers’ drawings (), we report on four clusters of stereotypical mathematics teachers. In all clusters, we find significant gender differences. Stereotypical teachers in two clusters share some physical, often unfavourable, appearances, and the stereotypical teachers in these clusters are primarily men. The remaining clusters show how pre-service teachers associate gender with mathematical content: Women teach simple arithmetic; men teach advanced algebra.

Beyond monolithic English

Abstract The Global Englishes Language Teaching (GELT) paradigm has recently emerged as a comprehensive approach that aims to bring together innovative pedagogical proposals. This paper argues that pop culture materials such as telecinematic representations can purposefully be integrated into innovative GELT-oriented classroom practices. The use of this material can assist teachers in the double task of (i) raising the learners’ critical awareness of sociolinguistic variation and problematizing the stereotypical image of monolithic English; (ii) shifting the focus of the ELT classroom from prescriptive grammar and standard English towards fostering the learners’ receptive and communicative skills. This is a conceptual paper that gives several broad suggestions as to how to adopt pop culture materials into innovative GELT-oriented classroom practice and mentions a select few examples of said telecinematic representations.

Sociolinguistic Study of the Identity of African American Sitcom

Introduction and Research Problem: The study aims to illustrate the role of language in depicting and representing identity in relation to different social classes. In the African American sitcom of the study at hand, different social classes of the same black community/race are represented in the portrayal of different characters, in term of their language use as well as other behavioral aspects. However, since social classes, apart from being socially structured, are the root source of so many different stereotypes. Materials and Methods: A sample is taken from the African American sitcome: The Fresh Prince of Bel Air. The reserchers has watched the whole six seasons periorly. However, for the matter of the study at hand, 15 episodes are selected specifically form the twenty-five episode long first season which specifically chosen because it includes the introduction and fundamental characteristics of each characters’ personality together with the role they play and the function they perform. Summary of Results: The portrayals of the characteristics of each character weight heavily on common stereotypes related to the social classes that characters belong to. Conclusion and Recommendations: Upon analyzing the behaviors of the main characters of the African American Sitcom, we come to the conclusion that, characters’ portrayals match the notions of such stereotypes. Yet, through the different acts of the characters, we realized, that different misconceptions of stereotyped images were revealed to be misconceived.

An Undergraduate Introduction to Physiology Course as an Opportunity to Address Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in Biomedical Science

If you asked someone to conjure an image in their mind of a scientist, most people envision someone who roughly resembles Albert Einstein. This is largely because we are constantly bombarded with consistent, stereotyped images about what type of person “does science”. In most science courses and textbooks, the people given credit for major scientific advancements are typically white males. In fact, if you search the internet for lists of the most influential or famous scientists, the top ones listed are almost exclusively white males. Whether or not this lack of diverse representations of scientists registers consciously, the impact of this messaging about the types of people who work in science is clear and consistent. Therefore, it is important that STEM faculty recognize the impact of this messaging and develop mechanisms to combat it, especially considering the increasingly diverse array of postsecondary students interested in STEM majors. The first opportunity to combat this dominant narrative should occur on the first day of class by focusing on diversity and inclusion statements included in the syllabus in conjunction with the collaborative development of agreed upon social norms and expectations. In addition, assignments that allow students to connect with and recognize the contributions of non‐stereotypical scientists help to provide concrete examples that are likely to be effective at countering the dominant narrative that the quintessential scientist is a white male. Therefore, I added a Physiologist biography assignment to my undergraduate Introduction to Physiology course with the objective of providing multiple examples throughout the course of the semester that counter scientist stereotypes. For the assignment, students selected a scientist to research from a curated list that included only women and minority physiologists. The assignment required that they write a paper and give an oral presentation to the class about the scientist’s personal life, career trajectory and scientific contributions along with a discussion about how the student related to the scientist personally. To assess the impact of the assignment on student notions of scientist stereotypes and overall scientist relatability, we conducted a pre‐ and post‐course survey, which indicated a significant shift in student biases of scientists being predominantly white and male. Focus group assessment revealed themes indicating that the assignment also improved student identification with people in science‐related careers. Therefore, this pedagogical intervention appears to be beneficial as a step toward creating a more inclusive STEM educational environment.

Uninspired by Old White Guys: The Mobilizing Factor of Younger, More Diverse Candidates for Gen Z Women

AbstractAmerican political activism has surged recently among young citizens, particularly among women and people of color. At the same time, record numbers of women and minority candidates have been running for office. Does seeing more diverse candidates in terms of age, gender, and race propel more interest in political engagement among Generation Z, particularly women? Using a survey experiment embedded in a nationally representative survey of Generation Z citizens, we present respondents with Democratic politicians who vary based on these three criteria. Women who identify strongly with their gender express greater political engagement when presented with any candidate who does not fit the stereotypical image of a politician (older, white, male). They are spurred not only by role models who represent them descriptively, but by all politicians belonging to historically marginalized groups. These effects, which are not specific to just Democratic women, provide insights that can inform engagement efforts targeting younger Americans.

Stereotypical images about Celtic nations in the British visual culture of the middle 18th — early 19th centuries

Stereotypical images about Celtic nations in the British visual culture of the middle 18th — early 19th centuries

Rapid Evidence Assessment: What works in media campaigns to engage and effect positive change in perpetrators of intimate partner violence?

This Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) was developed in the context of the implementation of the Violence Against Women, Domestic Abuse and Sexual Violence Act (VAWDASV; Wales) 2015. It specifically supports the achievement of objective three of the Welsh Government’s strategy; Increased focus on holding perpetrators to account and provide opportunities to change their behaviour based around victim safety. It also has implications for similar strategies across the UK nations. The REA outlines the published review findings to-date in addressing the research question: ‘what works in media campaigns to engage and effect positive change in perpetrators of intimate partner violence?’ It introduces the rationale for the research question and current issues in tackling this phenomenon, before discussing implications for the VAWDASV and similar strategies, in addressing Intimate partner Violence. The REA methodology is outlined and a summary of the findings and conclusions are presented. Ten papers were selected for the review according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Six clear themes emerged: (1) Campaigns should be realistic and relatable: (2) campaigns should use a variety of methods and products to reach a wide target audience; (3) the target audience should be carefully recruited and involved in the continuous evaluation of the campaign; (4) campaigns should be theoretically driven by the Transtheoretical (stages of change) Model, Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and Motivational Interviewing; (5) resources should be carefully selected to ensure campaigns are effective, accessible, run by trained professionals, and clearly signposted; and (6) campaigns should avoid using stereotypical gender images and attitudes. The REA presents clear themes which can be practically implemented in the development of campaigns to effectively engage perpetrators of intimate partner violence, and encourage them to abstain from using associated behaviours.

Violence against Women and Girls: Female Filmmakers Critique the Menace

Violence against Women and Girls: Female Filmmakers Critique the Menace

‘Sanna, Aren't You Ashamed?’ Affective‐discursive practices in online misogynist discourse of Finnish prime minister Sanna Marin

AbstractThis research examines online misogynist discourse related to the Finnish prime minister (PM) Sanna Marin's image published in Trendi magazine in October 2020. The affective‐discursive analysis of online commentaries resulted in the identification of four affective‐discursive practices: an immoral woman, incompetent woman, calculating woman and inferior woman. Misogynist discourse related to the PM Marin took the form of a moral act, drew from stereotypical images of women as less rational than men, appeared as accusations targeted at Marin for playing the gender card as a political tactic, and constructed an image of Marin and female politicians as objects of men's sexual desires and as inferior to men. These affective‐discursive practices mobilized dehumanizing discourse ranging from milder forms of derogation, scorn and other‐condemning practices to harsher forms of belittlement, humiliation and animalistic dehumanization. This study contributes to the current knowledge on the affective‐discursive processes underlying online misogyny against female politicians.

Стереотипный образ военного в русском непрофессиональном языковом сознании (на материале ассоциативного эксперимента)

The paper aims to describe the specificity of the stereotype image of MILITARY MAN in non-professional linguistic consciousness of the Russian culture representatives. The article presents the results of the analysis of the associative field MILITARY MAN high-frequency zones, considers their thematic classification. The components of the stereotype image of MILITARY MAN in the Russian non-professional linguistic consciousness have been identified, its description has been given based on the analysis. The scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that it remodels a fragment of the modern Russian ordinary linguistic consciousness which contains the stereotype picture of military men. As a result, it has been proved that the stereotype image of military men is generalized, schematic, simplified, standardized and represents a combination of informative, substantial, figurative and culturological components in connection with a strong positively-evaluative element.

Self-Reliance, Determination and Home-Attachment in Lutfiya Al-Dulaymi’s Hayat’s Garden

This present research deals with the novel Hadiqat Hayat, Hayat’s Garden, (2003) by the Iraqi female author Lutfiya Al-Dulaymi (1939 - ). The discussion focuses on the struggles the main character Hayat undergoes while confronting the debilitating circumstances of the wars and the anguish of waiting for the absent husband. While analyzing the character of the protagonist, Hayat, specific features are illustrated and highlighted such as; her self-reliance and independence, firm resolution to overcome difficulties, and her strong attachment to her house specifically her garden. The personality of the single mother, which is caught in the protagonist Hayat, breaks the stereotypical image of the helpless widow as it reveals a strong character capable of conquering the social restrains and the economic challenges with her inner vigor, determination and optimistic soul. On the symbolic level, Hayat gains another dimension of reference through her name, which means life. In this way, she becomes an embodiment of the country, Iraq, itself while confronting the calamities of wars symbolizing its survival and its continuity.

Changing Lens: Broadening the Research Agenda of Women in Management in China.

Human resource management (HRM) is underpinned by, and contributes to, the business ethics of the organization. Opportunities available to men and women as managers, and the role of managers more broadly, are critical in shaping business ethics in contemporary organizations. Research on women in management therefore provides an important lens through which to understand the institutional and cultural context of HR ethics as part of the business ethics of a country. To date, women in management in China remains an under-charted topic of research in the HRM field. Extant research and recommendations on the improvement of the position of women in management in China focus primarily on women themselves from a traditional, gender norm angle, instead of challenging the political and patriarchal system or any institutionalized discriminatory practice. This is, in part, due to the absence in China of a critical feminism approach or feminist movement, as found in Western societies, and the continuing strong influence of the state and media in portraying women’s (stereotypical) image. There is significant room for research capacity building in scholarship on women in management research, for example, and through cross-fertilization of different disciplines and more rigorous research design and execution. This paper provides a critical analysis of extant literature on women in management and the ideologies underpinning it, and offers some suggestions for future research and conceptualization.