Steel In HCl Solution Research Articles

Improving the localized corrosion resistance of 304 stainless steel in HCl solution by adsorption of molybdate ions: Interaction mechanisms at the interface using molecular dynamics simulation and electrochemical noise analysis

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of molybdate ions to modify the 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel (ASS) surface against localized corrosion in hydrochloric acid medium. In this regard, surface characterization, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) coupled with Electrochemical Noise (EN) measurements, were conducted. Furthermore, molecular simulations were used to study the interactions of molybdate ions in the steel and solution interface. EN analysis showed that by adding 0.10 mM molybdate ions to 0.5 M HCl solution, the current and potential oscillations were drastically reduced compared to the molybdate ion-free medium, and the value of noise resistance has increased from ⁓3–8 kΩ cm2. SEM observations, XPS analysis, as well as Molecular Dynamic (MD) results showed a considerable reduction in localized corrosion owing to the formation of molybdenum-contained compounds, which were chemically absorbed on the passive film and placed at 4.533 Å over the metal surface. Although 304 ASSs are inhibited by various inhibitors, molybdate ions are efficient species for inhibition of the surface against both general and localized corrosion. Investigation of what happens on the 304 ASS surface from both macroscopic and microscopic points of view through electrochemical measurements and molecular simulations is the focus of this work.

Inhibition Performance of Arachis Hypogaea Extracts on 316L Steel in HCl Solution

The inhibition performance of Arachis hypogaea (AH) surfactant-based oil on 316L steel in 5 M HCl solution was studied by weight loss method. Result showed that AH shielded 316L steel from the severe corrosion effect of of Cl- anions responsible for 316L corrosion in HCl at 0% AH concentration. The optimum inhibition efficiency occurred as 89.72% at 504 h as AH retarded the redox reaction for all other samples of inhibited AH inhibitor concentration. Adsorption of AH onto 316L surface was effective as the regression values moved close to unity with 0.9458, obeying Langmuir isotherm adsorption principle.

Adsorption and corrosion inhibition performance of two planar rigid pyridinecarboxaldehyde-based double Schiff bases for mild steel in HCl solution: Experimental and computational investigations

Two planar rigid double Schiff bases, (1E,1′E)-N,N’-(1,4-phenylene)bis(1-(pyridin-2- yl)methanimine) (PBPM2) and (1E,1′E)-N,N’-(1,4-phenylene)bis(1-(pyridin-3-yl)methan- imine) (PBPM3), were investigated as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in HCl solution. The experimental resultspresented that the inhibition efficiencies in 1.0 mol L−1 HCl slightly negatively correlate with temperature, while positively correlate with inhibitor concentration and soaking time, respectively. The maximum inhibition rates of PBPM2 and PBPM3 obtained by weight loss measurement at 30 °C reach up to 91.88 % and 92.18 %, respectively. The fitting analysis indicated that PBPM2 and PBPM3 conform to Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and physicochemical adsorption mechanism occurred onthe surface of mild steel. Potentiodynamic polarization measurement showed that PBPM2 and PBPM3 are mixed-type inhibitors with anodic characteristics. The contact angle and energy dispersive spectroscopy data indicated that the hydrophobicity for mild steel surface is modified by PBPM2 and PBPM3 applied in HCl solution, which causes the formation of the compact protective film on the metallic surface. The structure–activity relationship and protonation behavior were investigated by density functional theory and Fukui indexes. The computational results conformed PBPM3 has higher inhibition performance the PBPM2. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation revealed real adsorption configuration of PBPM2 and PBPM3 molecules on mild steel surface and certified that PBPM3 has stronger adsorption capacity and better inhibition performance than PBPM2, which agree with the experimental results.

Organic Compounds as Corrosion Inhibitors for Carbon Steel in HCl Solution: A Comprehensive Review.

Most studies on the corrosion inhibition performance of organic molecules and (nano)materials were conducted within “carbon steel/1.0 M HCl” solution system using similar experimental and theoretical methods. As such, the numerous research findings in this system are sufficient to conduct comparative studies to select the best-suited inhibitor type that generally refers to a type of inhibitor with low concentration/high inhibition efficiency, nontoxic properties, and a simple and cost-economic synthesis process. Before data collection, to help readers have a clear understanding of some crucial elements for the evaluation of corrosion inhibition performance, we introduced the mainstay of corrosion inhibitors studies involved, including the corrosion and inhibition mechanism of carbon steel/HCl solution systems, evaluation methods of corrosion inhibition efficiency, adsorption isotherm models, adsorption thermodynamic parameters QC calculations, MD/MC simulations, and the main characterization techniques used. In the classification and statistical analysis section, organic compounds or (nano)materials as corrosion inhibitors were classified into six types according to their molecular structural characteristics, molecular size, and compound source, including drug molecules, ionic liquids, surfactants, plant extracts, polymers, and polymeric nanoparticles. We outlined the important conclusions obtained from recent literature and listed the evaluation methods, characterization techniques, and contrastable experimental data of these types of inhibitors when used for carbon steel corrosion in 1.0 M HCl solution. Finally, statistical analysis was only performed based on these data from carbon steel/1.0 M HCl solution system, from which some conclusions can contribute to reducing the workload of the acquisition of useful information and provide some reference directions for the development of new corrosion inhibitors.

Tiazofurin drug as a new and non-toxic corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCl solution: Experimental and quantum chemical investigations

The corrosion inhibition performance of tiazofurin, as a new corrosion inhibitor, was evaluated using weight loss measurements, electrochemical methods, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), quantum chemical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The inhibitive performance increases with tiazofurin concentration but decreases with temperature. At a concentration of 400 ppm, the maximum inhibition efficiency (∼97%) is achieved. Adsorption of tiazofurin obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and thermodynamic parameters show that the adsorption is governed by physiochemisorption. Based on the XPS analysis and theoretical quantum chemical studies, tiazofurin molecules adsorb to the steel surface presumably due to the donor–acceptor interactions between the S and N atoms of tiazofurin and vacant d-orbitals of Fe atoms. Electron microscopy examinations also validated the meaningful decrease in the corrosion rate in the presence of tiazofurin.

Anti-corrosion performance of Ocimum basilicum seed extract as environmental friendly inhibitors for mild steel in HCl solution: Evaluations of electrochemical, EDX, DFT and Monte Carlo

This investigation shows the corrosion resistance activity for mild steel, by varying the concentration of Ocimum basilicum seed extract (OBSE). Corrosion inhibition performance of the inhibitor has been studied by utilizing electrochemical techniques in the corrosive medium of 1 M HCl. The polarization outcome suggested its mixed adsorption behavior on the mild steel surface. OBSE gave 95.12 % IE at 1.0 g/L inhibitor concentration at 298 K. For the surface morphological studies, SEM was utilized to recognize the thin film of the external surface to shield the mild steel from hydrochloric acid. The results showed that the MS samples were still smooth after immersion in 1 M HCl with 1 g/L of the extract for 6 h, therefore lowering the iron dissolution. Theoretical calculations based on chemical quantum and Monte Carlo calculations clearly show the adsorption of the majority of molecules on the metal surface.

A combined computational & electrochemical exploration of the Ammi visnaga L. extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in HCl solution

Natural-based corrosion inhibitors have gained great research interest thanks to their low cost and higher performance. In this work, the chemical composition of the methanolic extract of Ammi visnaga umbels (AVU) was evaluated by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and applied for corrosion inhibition of carbon steel (CS) in 1.0 mol/L HCl using chemical and electrochemical techniques along with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and theoretical calculations. A total of 46 compounds were identified, representing 89.89% of the overall chemical composition of AVU extract, including Edulisin III (72.88%), Binapacryl (4.32%), Khellin (1.97%), and Visnagin (1.65%). Chemical (Weight loss) and electrochemical (potentiodynamic polarization curves (PPC), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)) techniques revealed that investigated extract can be used as an effective corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1.0 mol/L HCl solution. At a low dose of 700 ppm, the inhibitory action of AVU extract reached an inhibition efficiency of 84 percent. According to polarization tests, the investigated extract worked as a mixed inhibitor, protecting cathodic and anodic corrosion reactions. The EIS test showed that upon the addition of AVU extract to HCl solution, the polarization resistance increased while the double layer decreased. SEM images showed a protected CS surface in the inhibited solution. Quantum chemical calculations by Density Functional Theory (DFT) for the main components confirmed the major role of heteroatoms and aromatic rings as adsorption sites. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used to study the adsorption configuration of the main components on the Fe(1 1 0) surface. Outcomes from this study further confirmed the significant advantage of using plant-based corrosion inhibitors for protecting metals and alloys.

Polydopamine functionalized graphene oxide as an effective corrosion inhibitor of carbon steel in HCl solution

Polydopamine functionalized graphene oxide as an effective corrosion inhibitor of carbon steel in HCl solution

Benign Double Antibiotic Norfloxacin or Ciprofloxacin Scaffolds Included Compounds: Synthesis, Simulation, Anticorrosion for Mild Steel in Hcl Solution

Benign Double Antibiotic Norfloxacin or Ciprofloxacin Scaffolds Included Compounds: Synthesis, Simulation, Anticorrosion for Mild Steel in Hcl Solution

Effective corrosion inhibition of mild steel in hydrochloric acid by newly synthesized Schiff base nano Co(ii) and Cr(iii) complexes: spectral, thermal, electrochemical and DFT (FMO, NBO) studies.

Two new cobalt(ii) and chromium(iii) complexes were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1HNMR, UV, elemental analysis, TGA, conductivity, XRD, SEM, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Structural analysis revealed a bi-dentate chelation and octahedral geometry for the synthesized complexes. The optical band gap of the Co(ii)-L and Cr(iii)-L complexes was found to be 3.00 and 3.25 eV, respectively revealing semiconducting properties. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed nano-crystalline particles for the obtained complexes. In addition, the synthesized metal complexes were examined as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in HCl solution. The electrochemical investigations showed a maximum inhibition efficiency of 96.60% for Co(ii)-L and 95.45% for Cr(iii)-L where both complexes acted as mixed-type inhibitors. Frontier Molecular orbital (FMO) and Natural bond orbital (NBO) computations showed good tendency of the ligand to donate electrons to the metal through nitrogen atoms while the resultant complexes tended to donate electrons to mild steel more effectively through oxygen atoms and phenyl groups. A comparison between experimental and theoretical findings was considered through the discussion.

The inhibitory action of 3-phenyl-isoxazoline-carvone on carbon steel in HCl solution was investigated experimentally and theoretically

For carbon steel (CS) in a corrosive hydraulic acid solution, various quantities of the molecule 3-phenyl-isoxazoline-carvone (PIC) were employed (1M; HCL). The inhibitory effects of the 3-phenyl-isoxazoline-carvone (PIC) were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), weight loss, surface morphology analysis (SEM), quantum chemical calculations (DFT), and Monte Carlo simulations (MC). According to the findings, the compound, 3-phenyl-isoxazoline-carvone (PIC) is a mixed-type inhibitor that significantly decreased the rate of carbon steel (CS) corrosion by creating a protective coating on the carbon steel surface (CS). According to EIS, PDP, and mass loss studies, the molecule 3-phenyl-isoxazoline-carvone (PIC) is a stronger corrosion inhibitor, with corrosion effectiveness of about 95% at 298 K temperature. Adsorption of the 3-phenyl-isoxazoline-carvone (PIC) molecule on the surface of carbon steel includes both physisorption and chemisorption, according to the Langmuir isotherm model. Aside from experimental methods, theoretical methods such as DFT simulations, molecular dynamics simulations, and the radial distribution method were used to provide detailed knowledge about the mechanism of corrosion inhibition and to reveal factors controlling the efficiency of the investigated inhibitor.

A Machine Learning-Based QSAR Model for Quinolines Tested As Corrosion Inhibitors of Mild Steel in HCl Solution

The investigation of organic compounds as potential inhibitors of metal corrosion using several experimental and/or computational techniques has been well established in literature. Recent advances in the development of corrosion inhibitors has led to the exploration of quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) as a worthy alternative to the rigorous, sometimes expensive and time-consuming experimental/computational procedures. QSAR is a robust computational method that generates mathematical models that maps the structural features of organic compounds with their inhibition performances. The obtained mathematical models can then be further used to predict the chemical activity of new and untested organic molecules. Although linear and non-linear methods have been reported in developing QSAR models, only few works have explored the use of state-of-the-art artificial neural network (ANN). This study reports the development of QSAR models for sixty quinolines investigated as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl using both linear and non-linear modelling techniques. Density functional theory (DFT) and Dragon 7 software were used to generate molecular descriptors for model development and were reduced to a significant few using feature selection tools. The significant molecular descriptors were employed in model building using conventional multiple linear regression (MLR) and ANN modelling techniques. The developed models were evaluated using several statistical performance metrics and the ANN-based model was found to produce the best correlation between the predicted and experimental inhibition efficiencies. Furthermore, nine new quinoline molecules were theoretically designed and their inhibition efficiencies were predicted using the best developed ANN model.

Ipomoea batatas leaves extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for Q235 steel in HCl solution

Ipomoea batatas leaves extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for Q235 steel in HCl solution

Mössbauer studies on steel samples

"The paper presents the studies on the steels samples performed by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The 57Fe isotope is most studied isotope by this method. The first studies were realized in the transmission geometry. Thus were studied industrial Fe-C steels, Fe-Si electrotechnical steels, the action of an organic inhibitor on the corrosion of OL37 steel and the compound formed at the Fe-Sn interface of a babbit bearing. The following studies were concentrated on the surface studies. The development of new detectors for surface studies was accomplish. The corrosion of industrial carbon steel in diluted ammoniacal media was studied. The inhibition effect of three organic compounds on the corrosion of carbon-steel in ammoniacal solutions was determined. The corrosion of industrial carbon steel in HCl solutions was investigated. The inhibition effect of five organic compounds for samples corroded in solutions of HCl were determined. Low carbon Fe-C steel surface has been studied before and after electrolytic galvanisation. "

Combined atomic-scale/DFT-theoretical simulations & electrochemical assessments of the chamomile flower extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCl solution

This investigation parallels the others hoping to address the environmental predicaments. Dealing with the corrosion progression of steel, being in battle with a harsh condition (HCl), using the novel Chamomile flower extract (CFe) could embody the advantageous lies in the green molecules of plants. The morphological influences of this plant extract were studied by exploiting the power of FE-SEM, EDAX, AFM, and contact angle examinations. Results were demonstrative of the surface smoothness increment after CFe inclusion into the medium; smoothing the surface as well as lowering the iron dissolution. Besides, the surface was characterized via GIXRD as well as Raman spectroscopy. In addition, the adsorption of the inhibitor was examined through UV–Vis analysis. The existence of functional groups like C = O and C = C, the reduction of iron dissolution, and the graphene-like compounds' existence confirmation on the metal surface, all subsequent to CFe loading, were the outcome of these assessments. The EIS and potentiodynamic polarization (PP) tests were performed. The outcome showed that the CFe could inhibit the corrosion proliferation substantially especially when the steel was exposed to 600 ppm solution for 8 h; a 98% inhibition efficiency was obtained. The calculations exhibited the CFe mixed inhibitive characteristic and Langmuir was the adsorption isotherm strategy of the studied inhibitor. Finally, the study was further expanded into the theoretical point of view in which the adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the surface was confirmed; in agreement with the experimental outcome.

Study of the corrosion-inhibiting activity of the green materials of thePosidonia oceanicaleaves’ ethanolic extract based on PVP in corrosive media (1 M of HCl)

AbstractSince the corrosion protection of mild steel samples in corrosive media (1 M of hydrochloric acid [HCl]) was cheap and successful, the ethanol extract ofPosidonia oceanicaleaves based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (P. oceanica/PVP) was analyzed using the weight reduction, the open circuit potential, and the potentiodynamic polarization methods. The obtained results explained that the productivity of hindrance increments had the greatest restraint efficiency of ∼81% at 1,000 ppm, as the concentration of the extract increased. Liable for adsorption as a thin layer on the surface of mild steel to protect it, the creation of kaolin-traced phenolic and polysaccharide compounds was confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. A scanning electron microscope was used to evaluate the inhibitive action ofP. oceanica/PVP against steel in corrosive media and the change in surface morphology was considered. It is presumed that the ethanol removed from thePosidonia oceanicaleaves can fill in as a compelling consumption inhibitor for gentle steel in HCL solution (1 M).

Effect of Temperature on the Corrosion Inhibition of 4-ethyl-1-(4-oxo-4-phenylbutanoyl)thiosemicarbazide on Mild Steel in HCl Solution

Brugada syndrome is a syndrome causing abnormal electrolyte and electrocardophysiology. In an attack of Brugada syndrome, a patient might sleep and die without any other clear causes. Genetic underlying Brugada syndrome is widely studied. SCN5A p.R965C is a common genetic variant seen in an endemic area of Burgarda syndrome such as Southeast Asia. An assessment of the impact of SCN5A p.$965C was performed using standard nanomolecular quantum calculation. According to the assessment, a decreased molecular weight due to mutation is observed, implying an increased SCN5A expression. The nanomolecular charge well explains the clinical problem of Brugada syndrome.

Novel carbon dots as efficient green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCl solution: Electrochemical, gravimetric and XPS studies

Eco-friendly, good water soluble and inexpensive, carbon dots (CDMU and CDMH) were synthesized, characterized and applied as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel (MS) in 15% HCl solution. The characterization of both inhibitors was carried out by FTIR, UV–vis, photoluminescence, XPS and TEM. The average size of CDMU and CDMH were found as 2.03 and 2.5 nm, respectively. The inhibitive effect of CDMU and CDMH was evaluated by weight loss measurement, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization measurement. Both CDMU and CDMH exhibited 97.89 and 90.10% of inhibition efficiency, respectively, at 100 mg/L concentration and 303 K temperature. Adsorption of CDMU and CDMH on MS surface followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The surface morphology of uninhibited and inhibited MS specimens was studied by the FESEM, AFM and XPS analysis.

Novel cationic Gemini ester surfactant as an efficient and eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in HCl solution

The corrosion inhibition behaviors of a cationic gemini surfactant with hydrolyzable ester groups in its C18 tails from natural palmitic acid were tested for carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl solution. The synergistic effect of the eco-friendly gemini ester surfactant with salt additives was explored. The corrosion inhibition efficiency was determined by weight loss measurement, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The gemini ester surfactant exhibited high inhibition efficiency (94.5% at the concentration of 6.9 × 10-5 M). Synergistic inhibition effect was observed between the surfactant and the salt additives, with the maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency as high as ~98.4%. The surfactant acted as a mixed type inhibitor with predominant inhibition of cathodic reactions. The adsorption behavior obeyed the Langmuir isotherm model with chemisorption between the inhibitor and carbon steel. Quantum chemical modeling indicates the formation of coordinate bonds between the surfactant and the metal surface. Surface analysis using SEM/EDS, AFM and water contact angle measurements confirmed the high effectiveness of the gemini ester surfactant on the protection of carbon steel in HCl solution, and the synergistic effect on corrosion inhibition between the surfactant and sodium salicylate was verified intuitively.

Mild steel corrosion inhibition in hydrochloric acid using cocoa pod husk-Ficus exasperata: extract preparation optimization and characterization

This paper aimed at studying optimization of cocoa pod-Ficus exasperate (CP-FE) extract preparation as mild steel anticorrosive agent in hydrochloric acid solution using central composite design as optimization tool. Maximum inhibition efficiency of 95.42% was obtained at ethanol volume, extraction time, CP-FE mixing ratio and CP-FE mass of 500 ml, 48 hr, 5 and 100 g respectively. Coefficient of determination value of 0.9674 between experimental and predicted values suggested that the model developed was exact. Optimum predicted point for CP-FE extract preparation by CCD was 62.02 ml, 9.51 hr, 3.42 and 75.68 g for the ethanol volume, extraction time, CP-FE mixing ratio and CP-FE mass respectively. SEM images revealed acid attack on mild steel surface. Adsorption of CP-FE extracts on mild steel surface prevents acid attack. FTIR revealed presence of carboxyl (-COOH) and hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups. EDS revealed high iron composition on mild steel surface in the presence of CP-FE extracts. Loss of Fe2+ into free HCl solution was observed from the AAS result. Conclusively, mixed cocoa pod-Ficus exasperate extracts exhibited effective corrosion inhibitory attributes for mild steel in HCl solution.