Steady-state Temperature Research Articles

Experimental research on the thermal performance of a flat evaporator loop heat pipe with a new composite wick

The heat leakage in evaporator is still a key challenge that impacts the heat transfer performance of the loop heat pipe (LHP). In this study, a new composite wick structure LHP, including sintered copper powder and sintered ceramic powder, was designed and fabricated to reduce the heat leakage into compensation chamber and enhance the heat transfer characteristics of LHP. The copper powder and ceramic powder were sintered as a whole by a low temperature-pressureless dry sintering technology. The heat transfer performance of water/air-cooled LHP with a new composite wick, including startup characteristics, operational characteristics and thermal resistance analysis, were investigated at the horizontal position. The experimental results indicated that the water/air-cooled LHP with a new composited wick can start up successfully when the heating power was not less than 30 W. And the maximum heating power of the new water/air-cooled LHP can reach 550 W and 500 W corresponding junction temperature of 83.42 °C and 94.22 °C, respectively. In addition, compared with the water/air-cooled LHP with a mono wick, the water/air-cooled LHP with a new composite wick has a lower startup temperature at the heating power of 20–50 W, and a lower steady-state junction temperature when the heating power was less than 500 W and 300 W, respectively.

Electrical/optical dual-energy-driven MXene fabric-based heater with fast response actuating and human strain sensing

Multi-functional smart textiles are receiving a lot of attention for their tremendous application development in the fields of personal thermal management, artificial muscle, electronic skin, and human-machine interaction. For the complex use of many different smart textiles, designing a multifunctional textile that integrates personal thermal management, smart sensing, and flexible actuating is still a great challenge. Here, we decorated MXene on elastic fabrics by simple dip-coating and asymmetric Ecoflex encapsulation protocol to obtain electrical/optical dual-energy-driven wearable heaters with highly responsive actuating and strain-sensing performance. The MXene fabric-based heaters (MFHs) have high efficiency of Joule heating (Steady state temperature of 116.7 °C at 12 V) and photothermal conversion performance (180.3 °C in 60 s under the near infrared lamp irradiation, up to 57.5 °C under 600 W m–2 simulated solar irradiation). Benefiting from high electrical/optical dual-energy conversion efficiency, MFH has a fast photothermal driving effect (bending angle up to 360° in 5 s) due to the different curvature of thermal expansion on both sides of the fabric. Interestingly, MFH has the capability to monitor human strain (such as muscle and joint movements). Based on the above excellent performance, we finally believe that the MFHs have broad application prospects in the fields of all-weather body heat management, health monitoring, thermal health care, and thermal robotics.

Cryogenic insulation performance of polyimide foam-filled fluted-core composite sandwich panels

Foam-filled composite sandwich structures have demonstrated superior thermal insulation performance, making them highly suitable for cryogenic tanks in launch vehicles. This study focused on the cryogenic insulation characteristics of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) fluted-core sandwich panels filled with polyimide foam. The fluted-core sandwich panel was simplified into a homogeneous multilayer plate to establish a one-dimensional heat transfer theoretical model. This model was used to predict steady-state temperature approximate solutions by linearizing the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity. The sandwich specimens were fabricated using an integrated forming co-cured method. Self-developed cryogenic insulation experiment and finite element simulations were conducted to acquire temperature distributions and validated the precision of the theoretical model. Results showed that the specimens achieved insulation temperature difference exceeding 143.05 °C, with effective thermal conductivity reaching 0.0326 W/(m·°C), significantly lower than that of CFRP. The temperature distributions along the thickness direction displayed a nonlinear increasing trend. The cryogenic thermal short effect was noticeable at the junction of the bottom facesheet and web. An analysis of geometric parameter influences revealed that increasing the short span, core height, or reducing web thickness could enhance thermal insulation characteristics with minimum effective thermal conductivity of 0.0276 W/(m·°C) and lead to a more uniform distribution of bottom temperatures with minimum temperature difference of 3.30 °C. These findings provide a foundational analysis for designing cryogenic insulation structures.

Manipulation and enhancement of the performance of Otto cycle in the presence of nonthermal reservoirs

In this work, we investigate the impact of energetic coherence in nonthermal reservoirs on the performance of the Otto cycle. We first focus on the situation where the working substance is a qubit. Due to the existence of coherence of nonthermal reservoir, various anomalous operating regimes such as the engine and refrigerator with efficiencies exceeding Carnot limits, as well as the hybrid refrigerator that can simultaneously achieve cooling and supplying work to an external agent, can occur. We demonstrate that the energetic coherence of the system’s steady state plays a significant role in determining the cycle’s functions by adding an additional stroke implementing dephasing and phase modulation operations in the cycle. The energetic coherence of the system is necessary to trigger the reservoir’s coherence to exert influences on the cycle. We decompose the thermodynamic quantities to the components arising from the populations and coherence of the system, and find that the reservoir’s coherence impacts the cycle from two aspects: one is the modification of the system’s steady-state populations or temperatures, and the other is the direct contributions to the heat in the interaction between the system and reservoirs. We then explore the scenario where the working substance is two identical qubits, and the reservoirs are common to them. We show that the degenerate coherence of the system in the steady state can enhance the performances of the cycle as different machines. Additionally, the energetic coherence of the reservoir modifies the functions of the cycle still through the energetic coherence of the system rather than their degenerate coherence.

Experimental measurement of a multi-pole magnetorheological fluid clutch under air cooling.

Thermal characteristics have a profound effect on the allowable slip power and torque transmission stability of magnetorheological (MR) fluid devices. This paper investigates the thermal properties of a multi-pole MR clutch under different heat dissipation methods. First, the structure of the clutch is described, and heat generation and heat dissipation of the designed clutch are studied theoretically. Then, a numerical model is established, and several simulations are conducted on steady-state and transient temperatures under various operation conditions. After that, a temperature testing platform for the MR clutch is built, and several temperature experiments are carried out. The results show that the allowable steady-state slip power of the clutch under natural air cooling is about 147W. Under forced air cooling, the allowable steady-state slip powers are 1.295, 1.555, and 1.790 kW, respectively, when the wind speeds are 3.5, 7.0, and 10.5m/s. Furthermore, it turned out that the transmission torque of the MR clutch decreases with the increase in temperature. The experimental and simulated values of temperature are in good agreement in terms of numerical values and trends, indicating that the established temperature field simulation model can better reflect the temperature characteristics of the actual operation of the proposed multi-pole MR clutch. This research achievement can provide support for research on heat dissipation technology for MR devices with multiple excitation sources.

Exploration of Temperature Inversion in Intermediate Joints of 10 kV Three-Core Cable

In order to precisely ascertain the temperature at the hot spot within the intermediate joint of a three-core cable, this study focused on a 10 kV three-core cable joint as its primary subject. A three-dimensional finite element model of the cable joint was constructed, enabling the calculation of both the steady-state hot spot temperature field distribution and the transient temperature rise curve of the joint. Employing a one-dimensional transient thermal path model for the cable body, a radial inversion model for the cable core temperature was established. Through simulating the transient temperature field of the cable joint under varying currents, a fitting relationship was determined for the axial temperature points of the cable core. Subsequently, an inversion perception model was devised to calculate the hot spot temperature of the cable joint based on temperature measurements at specific points on the outer surface of the cable. Under both continuous and periodic loads, the inversion results revealed a consistent trend in the temperature at the joint crimping point with the finite element calculation outcomes, demonstrating a maximum error of within 3 degrees Celsius. This verification underscores the precision of the temperature combination inversion method when applied to three-core cable joints.

Temperature Field Calculation and Thermal Circuit Equivalent Analysis of 110 kV Core Cable Joint

In order to indirectly calculate the core temperature of a cable joint, an equivalent transient thermal circuit model of single-core cable joint by considering axial heat dissipation is proposed. Firstly, the temperature field of the middle joint of a 110 kV single-core cable is calculated by finite element method. Based on the heat dissipation path of the core, an improved equivalent thermal circuit model is proposed. The axial heat dissipation of the cable joint core is simplified to a thermal resistance and the temperature rise of the cable body core, the temperature calculation of the cable joint transient process is realized. Compared with the results of finite element simulation, the steady-state temperature errors of the thermal circuit model are within 1 °C, while the maximum temperature errors of the transient process shall not exceed 3 °C, which proves the validity of the model. This method can provide reference for temperature inversion and the dynamic current-carrying capacity prediction of cable joints.

Thermal Simulation of Burned Nuclear Fuel Elements

An adjustable description of the temperature distribution in the nuclear fuel elements is evaluated to the prediction of the lifetime behavior of these components. The impact of the fuel and coolant temperature on the neutron reaction rates provides an incentive for accurate modelling of the temperature behavior under transient as well as steady-state operating conditions. This paper is to focus on the steady-state temperature field in the fuel elements. Many of the principles applied are also useful for describing the temperature field in the structure component.

Thermoelectric cooler with embedded teardrop-shaped milli-channel heat sink for electronics cooling

Thermoelectric coolers (TECs) offer a site-specific, on-demand, and solid-state thermal management solution for on-chip electronics cooling. To maximize their cooling performance, it is essential to integrate an effective heat exchanger, such as microchannels, on the TEC’s hot side. However, traditional microchannel heat sinks pose challenges, including the necessity for high-cost equipment and the manifestation of deleterious parasitic contact thermal resistance with the TEC. Recent studies have demonstrated the superior performance of teardrop-shaped microchannels compared to their conventional counterparts, yet their effectiveness at the milli-scale remains unexplored. In this work, through systematic numerical simulations across nine milli-channels with distinct variable cross-sections, we propose a teardrop-shaped milli-channel heat sink designed for fabrication through cost-effective mechanical machining. The optimized teardrop-shaped milli-channel exhibits a superior overall thermo-hydraulic performance evaluation factor (PEC) of approximately 1.8 with respect to its rectangular cross-sectional counterpart. Furthermore, we seamlessly embed the designed milli-channel heat sink into the substrate of the TEC to mitigate the parasitic contact thermal resistance. Measurements on the TEC embedded with the teardrop-shaped milli-channel heat sink show that the cold end temperature reaches a minimum value of −18.6 °C at an optimal input electrical current of 3.5 A and an inlet coolant flow velocity of 0.2 m/s. This temperature represents an improvement of approximately 3.5 °C and 4.4 °C compared to the TEC with an attached teardrop-shaped milli-channel and a conventional water block heat sink, respectively, under identical operating conditions. Additionally, a prototype TEC cooling system with the embedded teardrop-shaped milli-channel for high-power field-effect transistor (FET) cooling is demonstrated. Operating at an input electrical current of 3.5 A and an inlet flow velocity of 0.6 m/s, our proposed TEC cooling system achieves a steady-state working temperature of 51.3 °C for the FET at a high heat flux of 75 kW/m2, outperforming the TEC with an attached teardrop-shaped milli-channel and a conventional water block heat sink by approximately 1.4 °C and 2 °C, respectively.

Temperature distribution in CrMnNi steel-Mg-PSZ functionally graded material during FAST/SPS

Within the scope of this study, the macroscopic temperature distribution in the steady-state temperature condition during Field Assisted Sintering Technique/Spark Plasma Sintering (FAST/SPS) in functionally graded materials (FGM) was investigated. The sample material exhibited a diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 9 mm. The FGM samples were composed of steel X2CrMnNi 16-7-6 and Mg-PSZ ceramic (MgO partly stabilized ZrO2). By varying the sintering tool setup, a specific modification of the macroscopic temperature distribution within the sample material and the sintering tool was achieved. The aim of the modifications was to optimize the temperature gradients in order to allow for the simultaneous compaction of all FGM layers under ideal circumstances. This involves achieving enhanced ceramic densification without inducing steel melting. Finite element method (FEM) simulations were carried out to get information about the temperature distribution within the sample material and the sintering tool. Furthermore, for this propose, thermocouple temperature measurements were conducted at various measurement points on pre-sintered FGM within the specific sintering tool setup. Additionally, all findings regarding the temperature distribution within the sample material and the sintering tool were compared with results concerning the temperature distribution from the microstructural and mechanical characterization of the center and edge regions of the FGM samples. The FGM samples exhibited a significant increase in temperature from the center to the edge in the radial direction depending on the used sintering tool setup. While the FGM samples showed only minor vertical temperature gradients in the center, the highest vertical temperature gradients were determined at the edge of the FGM sample using an asymmetric sintering tool setup.

Deduction of the Dimensionless Groups and Type Curves of Temperature Profiles in Two-Layer Soils with Water Flow at Depth

In the common hydrogeologic scenarios of horizontal groundwater flow and a water table below the surface, the steady-state 2D thermal field resulting from the coupling between water flow and heat flow and transport gives rise to a vertical temperature profile that develops progressively over a finite extent of the domain. Beyond this region, the temperature profiles are linear and independent of horizontal position. Such profiles are related to the groundwater velocity so they can be usefully used to estimate this velocity in the form of an inverse problem. By non-dimensionalization of the governing equations and boundary conditions, this manuscript formally derives the precise dimensionless groups governing the main unknowns of the problem, namely, (i) extent of the profile development region, (ii) time required for the steady-state temperature profile solution to be reached and (iii) the temperature–depth profiles themselves at each horizontal position of the development region. After verifying the mathematical dependencies of these unknowns on the deduced dimensionless groups, and by means of a large number of accurate numerical simulations, the type curves related to the horizontal extension of the development of the steady-state profiles, the characteristic time to develop such profiles and the dimensionless vertical temperature profiles inside the characteristic region are derived. These universal graphs can be used for the estimation of groundwater horizontal velocities from temperature–depth measurements.

The adoption of novel cooling liquids for enhancing heat transfer performance of three-dimensional integrated circuits with embedded micro-channel

The nanofluids (including MWCNT based nanofluid and SWCNT based nanofluid) and liquid metal Ga68In20Sn12 are proposed to replace the conventional water as cooling liquid of micro-channel for enhancing heat transfer performance of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3-D ICs) in this paper. An equivalent thermal model of 3-D ICs with integrated micro-channel is established to investigate the heat transfer performances for using different cooling liquids. The results show that the steady-state temperature for MWCNT based nanofluid, SWCNT based nanofluid and Ga68In20Sn12 as cooling liquids can be reduced over 25.698%, 28.771% and 35.735% than the conventional water scheme in a four-layers stacked chip, respectively. Besides, it is found that the steady-state temperature of all die layer in 3-D ICs can be further reduced by increasing the micro-channel size and flow velocity of cooling liquid. Therefore, the proposed novel materials (i.e., nanofluids and Ga68In20Sn12) as cooling liquids have excellent application prospect in solving thermal problems of 3-D ICs.

Kinetic simulations comparing quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular piston-driven collisionless shock dynamics in magnetized laboratory plasmas

Magnetized collisionless shocks are common in astrophysical systems, and scaled versions can be created in laboratory experiments by utilizing laser-driven piston plasmas to create these shocks in a magnetized background plasma. A key parameter for these experiments is the angle θB between the shock propagation direction and the background magnetic field. We performed quasi-1D piston-driven shock simulations to explore shock formation, evolution, and key observables relevant to laboratory experiments for a range of shock angles between θB=90° to θB=30°. Our results show that the spatial and temporal scales of shock formation for all angles considered are similar when expressed in terms of the perpendicular component of the magnetic field. In a steady state, ion and electron temperatures become more isotropic, and the electron-to-ion temperature ratio is higher for smaller θB. At θB=30°, ion heating parallel to the magnetic field becomes dominant, associated with more ions being reflected at one discontinuity and subsequently trapped by the next discontinuity due to shock reformation.

Performance Assessment of Overhead Conductors Subjected to Combined Thermal and Wind Loads

The overhead power conductors carry electricity power from distribution feeders to consumers, providing a necessary service. Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) and All Aluminium Conductors (AAC) are widely utilised in the Australian power distribution network. ACSR offers increased strength and conductivity by combining both steel and aluminium strands while AAC offers proper conductivity and lightweight powerlines. Due to factors like current flow, extremely elevated ambient temperatures, direct sunlight exposure, and short circuit currents, these conductors can be subjected to elevated temperature levels. Operating at higher temperatures can alter the mechanical characteristics of the conductor materials. Consequently, the mechanical strength of conductors diminishes when powerlines consistently operate under these conditions. Conductors are set up in various environmental conditions, resulting in different wind load impacts. While the temperature rise can be somewhat offset by these wind variations in terms of cable strength, wind action still introduces additional tensile stress in the conductor. Hence, this research aims to determine the combined effects of thermal and wind factors in the performance of ACSR and AAC cables. The laboratory experimental testing was performed to determine the decrease in the tensile strength of conductors under steady-state elevated temperature scenarios. The Australian standard prediction for wind and thermal conditions is considered for the calculation of the required strength in the conductors. Finally, the long-term safety performance of both ACSR and AAC cables was evaluated by considering the combined effect of temperature and wind effects.

Ultrahigh-speed absolute temperature sensing using ferroelectric HfO2 enabled by transient negative differential capacitance.

Conventional ferroelectric polarization-driven temperature sensors, like pyroelectric sensors, often face challenges such as slow response times, limited compatibility with conventional nanoelectronics, and inability to operate under constant temperature conditions. These shortcomings hinder their adaptability to a broad range of applications, especially when compared to thermal and optical sensors. To address these challenges, we introduce a proof-of-concept methodology that enables ferroelectric-based pyroelectric sensors to measure absolute temperatures with high accuracy and speed. Specifically, we demonstrate that a perturbation pulse (+0.8 V, duration = 180 ns) can serve as an effective probe for quantifying both absolute and dynamic temperatures across ferroelectric hafnium zirconium oxide (HZO) nanolaminates. The device demonstrates an ultrafast response time of ∼50 nanoseconds, offering one million readings per second and a temperature sensing accuracy comparable to the state-of-the-art temperature sensing accuracy of 1.0 K. The observed performance is attributed to the temperature-dependent change of transient negative differential capacitance and effective ferroelectric polarization of HZO. For potential applications, we successfully integrated the sensor with a commercially available universal serial bus interface, thereby demonstrating real-time temperature monitoring during data transfer and environmental heating activities. Our research significantly broadens the range of applications for pyroelectric sensors for both steady-state and rapid dynamic temperature measurements.

Mass Sensing by Symmetry Breaking and Mode Localization in a System of Parametrically Excited Microbeam Resonators

In this work, we study the nonlinear dynamics of a mode-localized mass detector. A system of equations is obtained for two weakly coupled beam resonators with an alternating electric current flowing through them and taking into account the point mass on one of the resonators. The one-dimensional problem of thermal conductivity is solved, and a steady-state harmonic temperature distribution in the volume of the resonators is obtained. Using the method of multiple scales, a system of equations in slow variables is obtained, on the basis of which instability zones of parametric resonance, amplitude-frequency characteristics, as well as zones of attraction of various branches, are found. It is shown that in a completely symmetrical system (without a deposited particle), the effect of branching of the antiphase branch of the frequency response is observed, which leads to the existence of an oscillation regime with different amplitudes in a certain frequency range. In the presence of a deposited particle, this effect is enhanced, and the branching point and the ratio of the amplitudes of oscillations of the resonators depend on the mass of the deposited particle.

Heat transfer comparison investigation of the permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles based on the BEM and the FEM

In the field of heat transfer in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) for electric vehicles, the boundary element method (BEM) has been applied for the first time to calculate the steady-state temperature of the PMSM with a spiral water-cooled system. In this investigation, the boundary-integration equation for the steady-state heat transfer problem of a water-cooled PMSM is first derived on the basis of thermodynamic theory, and the system of constant coefficient differential equations is obtained by discretizing its boundaries, while the temperature results obtained from the BEM are compared with the finite element method (FEM) results. Furthermore, the temperature distribution and heat transfer characteristics obtained from the FEM and BEM were verified twice using the PMSM prototype and test platform. The results show that the maximum relative error between the temperature calculation results of FEM and BEM is 1.97%, and the maximum relative error between the results of BEM and the test does not exceed 3%, which finally verifies the validity and accuracy of BEM in solving the heat transfer problems of water-cooled PMSM.

Performance-Based Design Assessment of Temperature Tenability Condition in a Hotel Atrium

Fire safety risk assessment to prevent loss of human life and property is necessary for complex structures where the traditional prescriptive designs are inapplicable. Maintaining tenable temperature conditions is essential for the safe evacuation of building occupants. This study considered British Standards (BS) 7974 and the Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings to analyze the temperature tenability conditions in the hotel atrium through a performance-based design approach. Further, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code, Pyrosim, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) of the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), was utilized to simulate a constant Heat Release Rate (HRR) steady state design fire of 5 Megawatts (MW) igniting from the hotel brasserie (ground floor) within the atrium. The researcher used the big design fire of 5MW to generalize the results to similar fires in similar structures. The objective was to conduct a fire safety risk assessment to prevent loss of property and fatalities by activating a smoke management control system with a ‘what if’ condition when the fire suppression system failed to start. Temperature data was collected through the statistical steady state profile, smoke layer temperatures, thermocouples, and 2-dimensional slice temperature recordings. The ground floor, the fire source, was found to have untenable conditions for human survival with temperatures above 2250C, as confirmed by thermocouple and steady-state temperature profile readings. Other floors demonstrated tenable conditions for human survival with temperatures below 400C due to the effect of natural vents and mechanical extractors, which extracted the hot smoke at a rate of 15m/s. The temperature recordings from this study compared well with those from Chew and Liew’s (2000) Computational Fluid Dynamics results, which had fire igniting within the atrium, without sprinklers, and had mechanical extraction fans and a constant Heat Release Rate of 5 Megawatts (MW). The results indicated that the smoke control management system maintained tenable temperature conditions within the hotel atrium, even without the fire suppression system through sprinklers. Considering the design fire size was 5 MW, which was significantly big, the results could be generalized for other hotels or structures with similar designs.

Eco-friendly preparation and characterization of high-performance electrothermal graphene-AgNPs/lignocellulose composites.

Graphene-based (Gr-based) electrothermal heaters, due to their light weight, low electrical resistance, high thermal conductivity, and easy accessibility, have attracted widespread attention in the field of electrothermal heating. To achieve a high steady-state temperature in electrothermal heaters under low voltage, here we constructed a Gr-based film with low electrical resistance. Firstly, we employed non-toxic vitamin C to reduce silver nitrate for the in situ chemical deposition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the Gr surface. The SEM results confirmed that the AgNPs were uniformly deposited on the Gr surface. The synergistic interaction between AgNPs and Gr provided high-speed electrons transport paths for the film. On the other hand, we employed biodegradable lignocellulose fiber (LCF) as a dispersant and film-forming agent. The aromatic ring structure of LCF interacts with Gr via π-π interactions, aiding the dispersion of Gr in aqueous solutions. SEM results revealed that LCF permeated through the surfaces and interstices of the two-dimensional Gr sheets, providing mechanical support for the composite film. This approach enables the creation of freestanding Gr-AgNPs/LCF electrothermal composites. The resistivity and electrothermal results demonstrated that the obtained 20 wt% Gr-based composite film possessed low electrical resistance (5.4 Ω sq-1) and exhibited an outstanding saturated temperature of 214 °C under a very low input voltage of 7 V. The preparation method of this Gr-based composite film is simple, easy to operate, and environmentally friendly, providing a new reference for the preparation of eco-friendly and high-performance resistance heating electronics.

Highly oriented BN-based TIMs with high through-plane thermal conductivity and low compression modulus.

In the pursuit of effective thermal management for electronic devices, it is crucial to develop insulation thermal interface materials (TIMs) that exhibit exceptional through-plane thermal conductivity, low thermal resistance, and minimal compression modulus. Boron nitride (BN), given its outstanding thermal conduction and insulation properties, has garnered significant attention as a potential material for this purpose. However, previously reported BN-based composites have consistently demonstrated through-plane thermal conductivity below 10 W m-1 K-1 and high compression modulus, whilst also presenting challenges in terms of mass production. In this study, low molecular weight polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and large-size BN were utilized as the foundational materials. Utilizing a rolling-curing integrated apparatus, we successfully accomplished the continuous preparation of large-sized, high-adhesion BN films. Subsequent implementation of stacking, cold pressing, and vertical cutting techniques enabled the attainment of a remarkable BN-based TIM, characterized by an unprecedented through-plane thermal conductivity of up to 12.11 W m-1 K-1, remarkably low compression modulus (55 kPa), and total effective thermal resistance (0.16 °C in2 W-1, 50 Psi). During the TIMs performance evaluation, our TIMs demonstrated superior heat dissipation capabilities compared with commercial TIMs. At a heating power density of 40 W cm-2, the steady-state temperature of the ceramic heating element was found to be 7 °C lower than that of the commercial TIMs. This pioneering feat not only contributes valuable technical insights for the development of high-performance insulating TIMs but also establishes a solid foundation for widespread implementation in thermal management applications across a range of electronic devices.