Stationary Experiment Research Articles

Study of the Long-Term Effect of Mineral Fertilizers in a Stationary Experiment in the Steppe Volga Region

The analysis of the results obtained over 48 years in a long stationary experiment with fertilizers, which is located in the Saratov region (Russia) on the southern heavy loam chernozem, is presented. The influence of various types and doses of mineral fertilizers on the productivity of 6-field crop rotation, yield and grain quality of cultivated crops (winter and spring wheat, millet, barley, oats) has been studied. The optimal doses of fertilizers for the arid steppe of the Volga region have been identified, providing maximum yield increases and the greatest payback of 1 kg of mineral fertilizers. The influence of the conditions of humidification of the growing season on the yield of grain crops, the accumulation of protein in the grain and the removal of nutrients from the soil is shown. The scales of carbon losses, gross nitrogen and phosphorus reserves have been established both in untreated soil and with the systematic application of various doses of mineral fertilizers over 48 years of observations.

Вплив інгібітора нітрифікації 3,4-диметилпіразолфосфату на продуктивність пшениці озимої за поєднаного використання з КАС-32

Goal. To establish the expediency and effect of using the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate (DMPF) in combination with urea-ammonia mixture (KAS-32) on the yield of winter wheat grain. To determine the difference in the yield of winter wheat using different norms of KAS-32 with and without the addition of DMPF. Methods. Field (stationary experiment); laboratory (agrochemical analysis of soil and plant samples); analytical (systematic analysis of long-term results of field experiments and meteorological observations using mathematical and statistical methods, correlation and regression analysis, mathematical modeling, and empirical generalization of established patterns). Results. It was confirmed that the use of DMPF together with KAS-32 significantly influenced the yield of winter wheat. At the same rate of KAS-32, 300 kg/ha in the variant with the use of DMPF, the yield increased by 4.5 t/ha, or 12% compared to the option where KAS-32 was used at the same rate, 300 kg/ha without the use of DMPF. In the variant with a reduced rate of KAS-32, 250 kg/ha with the use of DMPF compared to the option with an increased rate of KAS-32, 300 kg/ha, but without the use of DMPF, the yield increased by 4.2 c/ha or 11.2% over 4 years of research (2018–2021). Conclusions. It was established that in the variants using DMPF together with KAS-32, the productivity increased compared to the control (without fertilizers) by 25.3–25.6 t/ha (67.6–68.4%). In the variants using DMPF together with KAS-32 compared to the variant using KAS-32, but without the use of DMPF, the yield increased by 4.2–4.5 t/ha (11.2–12.0%) over 4 years of research (2018–2021)).

The effect of straw on the humus state of chernozem

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to present the results of studies obtained in the long-term stationary experience of the Geographical Network of Experiments with Fertilizers of the Russian Federation on the effect of various methods of straw, crop residues and nitrogen fertilizers utilization on the humus state of leached black soil. Establish the effect of the systematic introduction of straw and crop residues on the content of total and labile humus in leached black soil, provide data on the fractional composition of humus. Methods. There were used conventional methods: total nitrogen by the method of indophenol greens, humus according to Tyurin in Simakov’s modification; fractional group composition according to Ponomareva and Plotnikova; labile carbon – by the release of humic substances during treatment with 0.1n NaOH, soil treatment with sodium pyrophosphate 0.1m Na4P2O7 (Dyakonova’s method) and hot water (Schulz’s method). Results. The results of studies obtained in a long-term stationary experiment on the study of the effect of straw and crop residues on the humus state of the soil are presented. It has been established that the annual introduction of straw and crop residues into the soil makes it possible to maintain the humus state of the leached black soil at the level of the initial content. Significant differences in the humus reserves in the arable soil layer according to the methods of utilization of organic residues were not revealed, they were assessed as very high. On a long fallow, humus reserves were high, on virgin lands they were ultra-high. The results of the studies showed that the fractional composition of fulvic acids depended on the method of using straw and stubble residues; the fractional composition of humic acids did not differ from the method of utilizing straw and stubble residues. A decrease in the content of total humus was revealed against the background of burning and removing straw and stubble, while an increase in its content was noted during the systematic plowing of post-harvest residues. Scientific novelty consists in changing the fractional-group composition of humus when using organic residues (straw, stubble) for the reproduction of soil organic matter.

Changes in Agrochemical Properties of Sod-Podzolic Soil and Productivity of Grain-Grass Crop Rotation Depending on Nutrients Balance

In a stationary field experiment on soddy-podzolic light loamy soil, the influence of fertilizer systems (organic, mineral, organo-mineral) and liming on the balance of nutrients, changes in the agrochemical parameters of the soil and the productivity of grain-grass crop rotation was studied. At the end of the 1st rotation of the five-field crop rotation, a medium-strength correlation (0.51) was revealed between the potassium balance and the change in its content in the soil, determined in an extract of 0.2 n. HCl (according to Kirsanov method). It was established that liming at 1.0 Ha of slightly acidic soil increased the productivity of crop rotation by 10%, which in turn led to an increase in the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with crop yields by 10-14%. A positive balance of phosphorus was achieved only in the variant with an organo-mineral fertilizer system when applying manure and mineral fertilizers in full dose. It should be emphasized the need to take into account the return of nutrients with straw, in case of plowing in the field. It was revealed that in the organo-mineral fertilizer system, the share of biological nitrogen entering during the plowing of the clover layer is 26-28%, and about 20-23% more N is supplied during the plowing of straw. It was noted that when calculating the nitrogen balance, it is necessary to take into account its supply not only with mineral fertilizers, but also due to biological nitrogen fixation, when incorporating straw, etc. Failure to take into account these sources can lead to serious miscalculations. The organo-mineral system provided the highest productivity of the grain-grass crop rotation - 5.16 t of grain units/ha on an unlimed background and 5.73 t of grain units/ha with liming. On a slightly acidic background, the organic and mineral fertilizer systems ensured an equal crop rotation productivity of 4.28 t of grain units/ha, while liming had a slight advantage for the mineral system.

Changes in the Content of Mobile Forms of Nitrogen in Gray Forest Soils of Opole under the Influence of Landscape Features

In a long-term stationary experiment on gray forest soils of the Vladimir Opole, the influence of agricultural technologies of cultivation of field crops on the content of mobile forms of nitrogen, their relationship with chemical and physico-chemical properties of the soil, levels of intensification have been studied. After a longterm application of agricultural technologies with an increase in the level of fertilizer application, an increase in nitrate nitrogen reserves, the degree of transition of ammonium nitrogen of the soil to the liquid phase from the humus content at the level of a strong relationship was revealed. The content of N-NH4 in the soil reduced its value. With an increase in the capacity of cation exchange, the value of this parameter changed, passing through the maximum, pHKCl - through the minimum. Changes in the humus content and physico-chemical properties of soil differences of gray forest soils have been established: gray forest plakornaya, gray forest medium-saline, gray forest medium-saline with a second humus horizon.

Mineral fertilizers, lime and green manuring in crop rotation under conditions of the Baikal region

The results of research on the effect of long-term application of mineral fertilizers, lime and green manuring on soil acidity and crop productivity are presented. The experiment was conducted in a long-term (2017-2020) stationary field experiment in the fifth rotation of a four-field crop rotation: corn, barley + clover, clover, spring wheat. The soil of the experimental plot is gray forest heavy loam. The following variants were studied: without fertilizers, N90Р60, Р60К90, N90К90, N90Р60К90 on two backgrounds - without liming and with the introduction of 0.5 Ng of lime (5.7 t/ha). It was found that 5 times use of ameliorant helped to decrease acidity of gray forest soil: рНKCl increased by 0,9-1,5 in comparison with the initial indicator (4,5-4,9), hydrolytic acidity decreased by 6,1-8,3 mg-eq./100 g, the degree of base saturation increased by 20,0-25,5%. Due to the use of green manuring in the crop rotation, рНKCl grew by 0.4-0.6; hydrolytic acidity fell by 2.3-4.1 mg-eq./100 g of soil, the degree of base saturation raised by 9.2-13.3%. The mineral fertilizers at the applied rates had no effect on changing the soil acidity, both on non-lime- and lime-fertilized backgrounds. The productivity of crop rotations by experiment variants increased by 0.23-0.69 tons of grain units per hectare (tgru/ha) (7-21%) and was the greatest with the combined effect of total mineral fertilizer (N90P60K90) and lime. The recoupment of 1 kg rate of application of mineral fertilizers to agricultural products was 6.1-11.5 kg of grain, 1 ton of lime - 2.5-3.2 kg of grain.

Vertical migration of nutrients and water-soluble organic matter in the soil profile under pre-sowing seed treatment with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

Studies conducted in a stationary lysimeter experiment in the conditions of the washing water regime have shown that the use of PGPR for pre-sowing seed inoculation of agricultural crops reduces vertical migration of biogenic nutrients and water-soluble organic matter down the soil profile. The effect of seed inoculation with PGPR on the reduction of nutrient losses was not specific to the type of rhizobacteria and was similar for crops grown on different mineral fertilizers backgrounds (spring barley and winter rye seeds were inoculated with the nitrogen-fixing bacteria—Azospirillum brasilense 410 and A. brasilense 18-2, respectively, while maize seeds were inoculated with the phosphate-mobilizing Paenibacillus polymyxa KB). Seed inoculation has decreased nitrogen leaching down the soil profile by 4–9 kg/ha, phosphorus compounds—by 0.5–3.0 kg/ha, potassium—by 0.6–3.0 kg/ha, calcium—by 6–42 kg/ha, magnesium—by 3.0–6.0 kg/ha, water-soluble organic matter—by 0.8–8.0 kg/ha, subject to crop and norms of mineral fertilizers. Maize seeds inoculated with phosphorous-mobilizing P. polymyxa KB under crop cultivation on the cattle manure background did not affect the intensity of nutrient migration. On the other hand, the combination of green manure (narrow-leaved lupine as an intermediate crop) with pre-sowing seed inoculation had significantly reduced nutrient losses beyond the root zone soil layer. It is concluded that the use of PGPR in crop production on mineral and green manure backgrounds contributes to the preservation of soil fertility by limiting biogenic nutrients and water-soluble organic matter leaching with the water drainage down the soil profile. Pre-sowing seed inoculation had no significant effect on the vertical migration of nutrients in the soil on the background of cattle manure, due to the highly competitive environment created with the introduction of microorganisms from organic fertilizer, preventing the establishment of close interactions between PGPR and plants.

Динаміка гетерогенності агрофізичної якості чорнозему звичайного у межах сільськогосподарського поля

The article presents data on monitoring the physical characteristics of the soil in a field under corn (after sunflower) in a grain-row crop rotation with minimal tillage technology. Soil – Calcic Chernozem, light-medium clayey, weakly xeromorphic on loess in the Donetsk region in the Steppe climate zone of southeastern Ukraine. The research carried out in a stationary field experiment to study the effectiveness of abandoning plowing under the soil and climatic conditions of the region. During the growing season of corn for grain, the physical characteristics of the soil were monitored – bulk density, penetration resistance, and moisture content; before sowing the crop, the structural condition was determined. Measurements carried out in three locations – zones of the field, which differ on the intensity of compaction by agricultural machinery. All physical characteristics were investigated in separate layers (0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm) within the arable layer; reserves of productive moisture — in the entire soil profile. Meteorological data were obtained by own observations at a weather station in the nearby village of Sukha Balka. According to the results of the correlation and dispersion analysis of ANOVA, the presence and nature of the relationship between stability characteristics, rheological features and the water regime of the soil with its structural composition within the arable layer recorded before sowing revealed. Uneven distribution within the field of intensity of mechanical pressure on the soil forms differences in the structural composition and physical characteristics of the soil. For example, according to the state of moisture in a layer of 0-10 cm, the soil in different parts of the field is in a state of overwetting, overdried or optimal. The bulk density of the upper soil layer is related not only to its own structural characteristics, but also to the composition of aggregates in the layer located below. High penetration resistance, high aggregate content of 5-3 mm and low aggregate content of 2-1 mm in the upper layers can cause deep soil deformation under machine pressure. The dynamicity of the bulk density of the upper soil layer, its low content of aggregates of 5–3 mm and high content of 2–1 mm provides protection against compaction of the soil layers located below.

Розрахунковий метод визначення рівня забезпеченості рослин макроелементами живлення

The purpose of the article is to highlight the results of research and substantiate the possibility of using the calculation method for determining the level of provision of plants with macronutrients. Improving the information and methodological support for sustainable management of crop nutrition in a state of war is of particular importance – this will allow much more efficient use of very limited fertilizer resources. Applied materials and methods: – results of many years of research in a stationary field experiment; analysis, generalization and statistical processing of data from stock and modern literary materials (partially combined in an electronic database); analysis and synthesis of data from the agrochemical service in the country. Investigated objects: the main soils of Ukraine, including typical chernozem (Haplic Chernozem), theoretical substantiation of mathematical formalization and interpretation of the assessment of the nitrogen, phosphate and potassium status of Ukrainian soils. It has been established that the total content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds in the soil can be predicted quite accurately by building a mathematical model. The corresponding regression equations are proposed. Unfortunately, the practical significance of such models is low. It has been proved that a direct attempt to build a model of the dependence of the content of mobile compounds of phosphorus or potassium on the composition of the soil or its properties is doomed to failure. At the same time, the identified features of the nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium systems of soils (as thermodynamic systems) made it possible to theoretically substantiate the possibility of mathematical formalization of the assessment of the trophic state of arable soils (the level of provision with natural mineral nitrogen), as well as mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium under their extensive conditions. intensive and post-intensive use. It has been confirmed that all, without exception, chemical methods of analysis (acidic, alkaline, saline) have the ability to clearly reflect the presence of phosphorus or potassium, which entered the soil in the form of water-soluble fertilizers. Since the value of the phosphate or potassium level of unfertilized or poorly fertilized arable soils is a constant value, it is not advisable to conduct any additional examination of them, especially in war conditions. Mathematical models have been developed for extrapolation and interpolation of data on the content of mobile compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in arable soils formed under the influence of natural or anthropogenic factors.

Resource-saving technologies for the basic cultivation of chernozem typical in the northeastern region of the Central Chernozem region

The research was carried out with the aim of solving the problem of optimizing the system of basic tillage, providing a reduction in energy costs, obtaining high crop productivity and profitability of production in a grain-fallow crop rotation in the conditions of the northeast of the Central Chernozem Region. The work was carried out in 2013-2021, in a stationary field experiment on a typical heavy loamy chernozem with a high supply of mineral nutrients with a humus content in the arable layer of 6.8-7.0%. The scheme of the experiment included the following options for the main tillage systems: traditional mid-depth moldboard, for soybean at 25-27 cm (control); resource-saving: surface (disking by 10-12 cm) for all crops and non-moldboard mid-depth, 25-27 cm for soybeans and 20-22 cm for cereals; combined: moldboard-less plowing (25% plowing for soybeans + 75% non-moldboard semi-deep plowing for cereals) and moldboard-surface (25% plowing for soybeans + 75% surface plowing for cereals). Against the background of treatments for crop rotation, fertilizers and plant protection products were used. It was found that resource-saving non-moldboard and combined tillage for sowing, on average, for crop rotation crops, accumulated more moisture in the arable layer by 12.1-13.8%, by 3.9-7.8% in the meter layer, compared with traditional moldboard cultivation. . Surface tillage reduced the reserve of productive moisture in the arable layer by 4.4%, in the meter layer - by 5.1%. It has been studied that the best nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium regimes are established with traditional dump and combined dump-surface treatments. In the variants with surface and non-moldboard tillage, a decrease in the content of mineral nutrition elements in the arable soil layer is noted. At the same time, there was an increase in the process of differentiation of the arable layer by fertility with a concentration of nutrients in the layer of 0-10 cm and a significant decrease in them in the layer of 20-30 cm. 2.1 times without herbicides, 2.2 times against the background of herbicide treatment, in terms of the number of weeds and 1.4 and 1.5 times in terms of their mass, in comparison with traditional moldboard treatment. The use of herbicides contributed to a decrease in the number of weeds and the mass of the weed component on average for the variants of the experiment by 55.4 and 60.0%, respectively. It was analyzed that the use of surface and non-moldboard tillage systems led to a decrease in the productivity of a hectare of arable land in crop rotation by 0.09 tons of grain units without protection and by 0.11-0.14 tons in combination with plant protection. The combined (dump-surface) system of tillage ensured the productivity of arable land at the level of the traditional dump system at different depths. It has been proved that the highest profitability of production in crop rotation (250.3%) was achieved using a combined (dump-surface) tillage system in combination with the use of complex protection products (seed dressing + pesticides for crop vegetation). Resource-saving processing systems (surface and non-moldboard) worsened economic performance. Income from the use of these tillage systems decreased by 4.8-5.5%, profitability decreased by 1.6-2.7% compared to the traditional mid-depth moldboard tillage system in crop rotation.

ERTILITY OF TYPICAL BLACK SOIL UNDER MULTI-YEAR MAIN TILLAGE IN SHORT ROTATION CROP ROTATION

In the system of agrotechnical measures aimed at increasing the fertility of chernozems and the productivity of agricultural crops, soil cultivation occupies an important place. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the dependence of the fertility of typical chernozem in short-rotational crop rotation and to establish agrochemical indicators for a long-term system of fertilization and soil cultivation. Applied materials and methods: results of long-term research in a stationary field experiment; analysis, generalization and statistical processing of data from stock and modern literary materials. The results of the study of the application of the main tillage systems on the content of humus, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium in the black soil typical of the central forest-steppe of Ukraine are presented. It was established that the organic-mineral fertilization system against the background of shallow and shelf-less soil cultivation increases the content of humus in the arable layer by 1.35 and 2.74% (in absolute values). The content of nitrate nitrogen during the seedling period increases in the 0-25 cm layer with shelf-less and differentiated tillage compared to shallow tillage. It was found that with systematic shelf-less tillage, there was no significant decrease in the content of mobile phosphates compared to differentiated soil tillage. A decrease in the content of mobile phosphates in the arable layer during the period of sunflower germination was found under differentiated tillage. The content of exchangeable soil during differentiated tillage had higher indicators during the period of sunflower germination in the arable layer by 24 mg/kg of soil, in the subsoil layer by 8.8 mg/kg of soil compared to the shallow non-shallow soil. A promising direction for further research is the study of the qualitative composition of humus and the migration of phosphates in a meter-long soil layer.

Вплив тривалого внесення добрив на агрохімічні показники чорнозему типового та якість зерна пшениці озимої

The aim of the article is to present the results of analytical research on the evaluation of changes in the parameters of the properties of typical chernozem in a stationary field experiment under the influence of 28 years of application of various types and combinations of mineral fertilizers on two agrophones in a crop rotation. The experiment established in 1990 on a typical heavy loam chernozem (Haplic Chernozem) in the experimental farm "Hrakivske” which belongs to the NSC "Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research" named after O. N. Sokolovsky, in the Chuguyiv district of the Kharkiv region. The aim was to conduct agroecological monitoring in conditions of intensive agriculture to establish the permissible level of load of intensive chemicalization on physical, chemical, and biological soil processes. In the soil samples taken in 2019 from the 0-30 cm layer, the changes that occurred after long-term application of fertilizer in the pH of the soil solution and the content of the following soil components were determined: humus; mineral compounds of nitrogen; nitrate nitrogen; ammonium nitrogen; mobile phosphorus compounds; mobile compounds of potassium. The quality of winter wheat grain determined by the gluten content. Seven variants of the experiment with different fertilizer combinations and the control variant (without fertilizers) placed on two agrophones: natural (only mineral fertilizers applied) and after-effect of manure (mineral fertilizers and manure applied). The results of the research in 2019 compared with the initial state of the soil in 1990 separately at each site, thus revealing changes in the parameters of the agrochemical characteristics of the soil under the influence of different types of fertilizers. Common conclusion. In the Left-bank high Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the long-term (28 years) application of mineral fertilizers in the natural agrophone has a negative effect on the reaction of the soil solution and the content of total humus, but has a positive effect on the accumulation of mobile compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil. The negative effect of mineral fertilizers on the soil properties manifested to a lesser extent after the application of manure. The application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in the norms of N60P120 provides a gluten content in winter wheat grains at the level of 25 %, which meets the regulatory requirements of the second class of group A.

Іnfluence of long-term use of primary tillage systems on weed infestation of agrocenosis

Topicality. The study of the long-term use of different primary tillage systems will allow us to identify, and consequently predict, possible impacts on production from their use. Purpose. To study the impact of long-term use of different systems of primary tillage on weed infestation of fields. Methods. The research was conducted in a ten-field crop rotation of the stationary experiment in 1989–2000, five-field in 2001–2008, four-field in 2009–2016, and four-field in 2017–2022 at the Khmelnytskyi State Agricultural Experi- mental Station of the Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture of Podillia. In the first (1989–2000) and second (2001–2008) periods, seven systems of primary tillage were studied, including1) moldboard tillage for all crops; 2) chisel tillage for all crops; 3) combined system 1 – surface disking under winter crops after annual crops, moldboard tillage for sugar beet, chisel tillage for all other crops; 4) combined system 2 – surface disking for winter crops after annual crops, chisel tillage for sugar beet, moldboard tillage for all other crops; 5) subsurface tillage for all crops; 6) variable-depth ploughing for all crops; 7) surface tillage – surface disking for all crops. Five systems were studied in the third (2009–2016) and fourth (2017–2022) periods: 1) moldboard tillage for all crops; 2) chisel tillage for all crops; 3) subsurface tillage for all crops; 4) disk tillage for all crops; 5) minimum tillage – shallow disk tillage for all crops, and since 2020 – differentiated tillage, which includes moldboard and moldboardless tillage in crop rotation. The crop cultivation technology is generally accepted for the zone, with the exception of the studied variants of the primary tillage systems. Results. The results of studies of the impact of long-term use of different systems of primary tillage on the quantitative and species composition of the weed component of agrocenosis are presented. It was found that the most favourable phytosanitary condition for all crops was observed under the moldboard system, which resulted in the lowest weed infestation, the chisel system being the closest to it. In all moldboardless systems, the number of weeds was 38–110 % higher than in the moldboard system, their vegetative air-dry weight increased by 15–47 %, and the number of species increased by 6–31 %. Conclusions. As a result of long-term use of different systems of primary tillage, it was found that the best phytosanitary condition for all agrocenosis was in the moldboard system, which was characterised by the lowest number and weight of weeds, the closest to it was the chisel system. In general, the number of weeds in moldboardless systems was 38–110 % higher than in moldboard systems, their vegetative air-dry weight increased by 15–47 %, and the number of species increased by 12–29 %. During 33 years, the field agrocenosis was purified from weeds due to all systems of primary tillage with a decrease in the number of weeds by 53–71 %, their vegetative air-dry mass by 52–70 %, and the number of species by 33–58 %, with the simultaneous formation of a small group of resistant species that are present in agrocenosis permanently in all systems. Key words: moldboard tillage, chisel tillage, subsurface tillage, disking, weeds

Influence of fertilization and tillage systems on the humus condition of dark-grey podzolic soil

Topicality. Modern agricultural systems have an ambiguous effect on the humus condition of soils. The urgent task is to restore and preserve the fertility of the dark grey podzolic soil and increase the organic matter content in the agricultural system. Purpose. To determine changes in the humus condition of dark grey podzolic soil under sunflower under different tillage and fertilisation systems using crop rotation by-products. Materials and methods. In the long-term stationary experiment, the following tillage systems were used: ploughing at a depth of 25–27 cm, disking at 15–17 cm and disking at 10–12 cm. Ploughing under sunflower was carried out with plough PLN-3-35, disking – disc harrow AG-2.4-20. The fertilisation systems were as follows: 1) no by-products; 2) by-products; 3) N10 (ammonium nitrate) per 1 tonne of by-products. The humus content in the soil was determined according to the I.V. Tyurin’s method, the group composition of humus – according to method of M. M. Kononova and N. P. Bielchikova. Results. It was established that the highest humus content in the 0–20 cm layer of the soil under sunflower was 2.09 % for the variant with disking at a depth of 15–17 cm using by-products. On dark grey podzolic soil, humus accumulation is enhanced by disking at 15–17 cm and fertilisation with by-products and N10, which is accompanied by characteristic changes such as an increase in the total content of humic acids and non-hydrolysed residue in the humus group composition. The highest content of humic acids was 0.29–0.34 % in the plots with moldboardless tillage under different fertilisation systems. The lowest content of this important humus fraction was 0.23–0.25 % in the variant with different depth ploughing. In the variants with disking to a depth of 15–17 cm and 10–12 cm when using by-products with N10, the highest values of the ratio between carbon in humic acids and carbon in fulvic acids were 1.26 and 1.27, respectively. Conclusions. Application of moldboardless tillage, disking at a depth of 15–17 cm and fertilisation system with by-products + N10 contribute to the recovery of dark grey podzolic soil fertility and improvement of its humus condition. In Western Polissia of Ukraine, it is recommended to carry out disking at a depth of 15–17 cm with the use N10 per 1 ton of by-products in the fertilisation system for sunflower cultivation. Key words: humus, dark grey podzolic soil, fertilization system, humic acids, fulvic acids

Влияние минеральных удобрений на фоне последействия извести на продуктивность и свойства дерново-подзолистой почвы европейского Севера России

The studies on the efficiency of mineral fertilizers (N60P75K75) after introduction of two lime doses (1.0 and 2.0 of hydrolytic acidity value (h.a.)) were carried out during the stationary field experiment on sod-podzolic medium-loamy soil started in 1983. The authors surveyed the aftereffect of two lime doses in pure form and with annual application of mineral fertilizers. The highest yield of legume-cereal grass mixtures was obtained in the case of lime 2.0 h.a. + NPK application and amounted to 6.9 t/ha dry matter (d.m.) in 2011, 6.4 t/ha d.m. in 2021 against the control values of 3.0 and 2.4 t/ha d.m., respectively. The content of dry matter was 21.4 %, crude protein - 12.7%. The nitrate content did not exceed the maximum allowable concentration. Lime and NPK positively affecedt the agrochemical soil properties. The humus content was 2.0 %, pHKCl – 4.8 pH units, P2O5 – 208 and K2O – 140 mg/kg soil in 2021.

The density of the structure of dark gray podzolized soil under different tillage systems under crop rotation

The results of studies on the influence of tillage systems on the density of the structure of dark gray podzolized soil under crops in a four-field short-rotation crop rotation (winter rape – winter wheat – corn for grain – spring barley) in the stationary field experiment of the Institute of Agriculture of the Western Polissia of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine during 2016 are shown. – 2020. In the experiment, three tillage systems were studied (shelf by 20–22 cm, shallow by 10–12 cm, surface by 6–8 cm) against the background of mineral fertilizers N128P90K120 kg/ha of the crop rotation area. It was determined that at the time of spring germination and spring weeding of winter crops under the shelf system of soil cultivation, a plow layer was formed under the crops of the crop rotation, which was characterized by a compaction density close to the optimum – 1.06–1.33 g/cm3. Under no-shelf tillage under crop rotation, the 0–30 cm soil layer was differentiated by compaction density into the upper loose 0–10 cm layer with a density of 1.13–1.24 g/cm3 and compacted to 1.30–1.41 g/cm3. The lowest soil compaction density was in winter wheat, spring barley, and corn crops under the shelf and shallow tillage systems in soil layers of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm, where it was, respectively, in the range of 1.06–1.19 g/cm3 and 1.17–1.25 g/cm3. Noticeably, the density of the soil compaction increased during crop rotation during surface tillage under winter rape in the soil layer of 10–20 cm to 1.36 g/cm3 and in the soil layer of 20–30 cm to 1.47 g/cm3. The compaction density under the surface tillage system under winter rape in the 20–30 cm soil layer increased by 0.14 g/cm3, compared to the wormwood tillage system for this crop. The system of shelf and shallow soil cultivation in crop rotation creates better conditions for optimizing the agrophysical fertility indicators of dark gray podzolized soil and provides the highest crop yield in crop rotation, compared to the surface 6–8 cm system, and made it possible to obtain yields of 6.80 and 6.32 respectively t/ha of winter wheat 5.19 and 4.99 of spring barley 11.25 and 11.33 of corn and 2.97 and 3.05 t/ha of winter rapeseed. From the application of surface tillage to a depth of 6–8 cm, the yield of winter wheat decreases by 1.45 t/ha, spring barley by 1.69 corn by 3.66 t/ha and winter rapeseed by 0.30 t/ha compared with a shelf tillage system. Key words: compaction density, tillage, shelf, shal-low, surface, productivity, crop rotation.

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON YIELD OF SWEET SORGHUM SEEDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST-STEPPE OF WESTERN SIBERIA

Sorghum occupies a significant place in world agriculture and is of particular value in intensive feed production. The selection of agricultural practices for increase of seed productivity is relevant and current, since the availability of own seeds is of decisive importance in reduction of feed production cost. The studies were carried out in Omsk region in 2013, 2015–2017 in a stationary field experiment in eight-field crop rotation. The aim of the work is to study the influence of mineral nutrition conditions on yield of sweet sorghum seeds, water and nutritional regimes of meadow-black soil in the conditions of the south of Western Siberia. The experiment included a three-factor scheme: the supply of soil with mobile phosphorus according to Chirikov (factor A) - average, 50-100 mg/kg (background 0); increased, 100-120 mg/kg (I) and 140-150 mg/kg (II); high, 150-200 mg/kg (III); phosphorus fertilizer (factor B) - P0, P60; nitrogen fertilizer (factor C) - N0, N30, N60. The field experiment was implemented by mutual method of pre-sowing application of mineral fertilizers and different levels of phosphorus in the soil. The soil is meadow-black soil, medium-thick, medium-humus, heavy loamy. The reaction of the soil environment in the arable layer is neutral, the depth of groundwater in spring is 2.86, in autumn - 3.09 m. The climate of the southern forest-steppe of Omsk region is suitable for sweet sorghum cultivation with insufficient moisture in some years and uneven distribution of precipitation during the growing season. The yield of sweet sorghum seeds ranged from 2.93 to 3.46 t/ha on average for 3 years, depending on the background, the largest yield increase was noted on 0 background (N60P60) with a natural level of mobile phosphorus and pre-sowing application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. It is possible to obtain seeds of sweet sorghum in the southern forest-steppe of Omsk region. To achieve high yields on soils with an average content of mobile phosphorus, it is necessary to use nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. It is also indispensable to select an early ripening variety capable of forming high quality seeds in the specific conditions of Siberia.

IMPACT OF PRODUCTION INTENSIFICATION ON BIOLOGICAL YIELD AND STRUCTURE OF THE WINTER WHEAT HARVEST UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE CENTRAL BLACK SOIL REGION

One of the leading factors of intensification of cultivation processes of agricultural products is crop rotation. Mineral fertilizers are also an essential element of farming systems. The aim of the work was to determine the influence of these two factors and their combinations on biological yield and structure of winter wheat harvest. The studies were carried out in 2019-2021 on stationary field experiment of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Agricultural Kursk Research Center in Medvenskiy district of Kursk region. The soil is typical heavy loamy black soil. Winter wheat was cultivated in 3 crop rotations, where the forecrops were black fallow, green manure fallow (peas) and sown fallow (horse beans). The scheme of the experiment included for 4 levels of fertilization: without fertilizers, N60P60K60, N80P80K80, N100P100K100 kg a.i. per 1 ha. Black fallow showed the highest biological yield on high background of fertilization, as for medium and low fertilization, and also without fertilizers - on green manure. Increase of doses of mineral fertilizers provided a yieldincrease. Total and productive bushiness of winter wheat was higher in combination with green manure fallow, and the weight of 1000 grains and the number of grains in the wheat head of the main stem were higher in case of black fallow. The harvest structure parameters were lower in crop rotationthan in the other two rotations. A tendency ofparameter increase of the harvest structure was revealed: total and productive bushiness, weight of 1000 grains, the number of grains in the wheat head of the main stem in case of fertilizationlevelincrease. A close positive relationship was established between the biological yield of the crop and the total (r = 0.958) and productive (r = 0.956) bushiness, as well as the number of grains in the wheat head of the main stem (r = 0.911).

Yield of soy and efficiency of its cultivation under different systems of main tillage and fertilizer

Aim. To determine the effect of long-term use of various systems of basic tillage and fertilization on the productivity of soybean agrocenoses, the efficiency of its cultivation technologies. The article presents the results of research on the influence of the main soil tillage and fertilization systems on the formation of the soybean crop and indicators of the economic efficiency of its production in the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine with the aim of identifying the most effective, adapted to the weather conditions that have developed in recent years. Methods. Research was conducted during 2018–2021 in a stationary two-factor field experiment, which includes 4 alternative systems of the main tillage (shelf, flat-cut, chisel, disk), and two fertilization systems: mineral (background 1) – N60Р60К60; and organo-mineral (background 2) - precursor straw + N10 / t of straw + N30Р30К30 in a short-rotational 4-field short-rotational crop rotation with the following crop rotation: soybean, spring barley, white mustard, winter wheat. Results. The highest soybean yield of 2.43 t/ha was obtained under the chisel system of the main tillage on the background of organic-mineral fertilizer, which exceeded the control (shelf system) by 0.22 t/ha (10%) and was similar to the highest indicator on the background of mineral fertilizer by 0.05 t/ha (2%). All shelf-free systems outperformed the control on the background of organic-mineral fertilizer by 4-10% and on the background of mineral fertilizer by 2-13%. Conclusions. According to indicators of economic efficiency and productivity of soybeans, the chisel system of the main tillage to a depth of 25–27 cm against the background of organic-mineral fertilizer with the leaving of winter wheat straw + N10 per ton of straw and the introduction of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N30Р30K30 turned out to be the most adapted to the weather and climate conditions of recent years and is promising for introduction into production.

Productivity of sugar beet in various crop rotations of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe with organo-mineral fertilizer

Aim. To establish the influence of the structure, recruitment and placement of field crops in different rotations on the general productivity, yield and quality of sugar beets in particular. The research was carried out in the subzone of unstable moisture of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on typical low-humus chernozem of the Panfil Research Station of the Institute of Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences. Methods. The technology of growing agricultural crops in the experiment is generally accepted and recommended for the research area. Chemical plant protection agents were used to produce competitive commercial sugar beet products. Results. The results of research carried out in a long-term stationary field experiment, which was established in 2001, to study crop rotations on typical chernozems of unstable moisture in the Left Bank Forest Steppe, convincingly indicate that during the 2016−2020 research period, the 8-field crop rotation turned out to be the most rational in this zone saturated with 62.5 % grain, 25 % fodder and 12.5 % technical crops: perennial legumes – winter wheat – sugar beets – corn for grain – corn for agriculture – winter triticale – spring wheat – spring barley for organic-mineral intensification systems (by-products of the predecessor + N100 P100 K100 for sugar beets). Conclusions. The yield of sugar beets, which were grown after winter wheat, as a precursor and a corresponding set of crop rotations, was in the range of: 50.86–53.21 t/ha, while the sugar harvest was at the level of – 13.5–13.7 t/ha. The economic efficiency of growing sugar beets in the structure of multi – rotational crop rotations is: conditionally net profit – 70.67–75.05 thousand UAH/ha with a high level of profitability – 338–362 %.