State Values Research Articles

Estimation of bandwidth, voltage swing and DC coefficients for VLSI interconnects: current mode technique

ABSTRACT Necessity of bandwidth requires the effective use of it for high speed data transmission and faster read/write operation in memory cells. In this paper the transfer function expressions for RC interconnect line is presented for resistive load. The line delay, bandwidth and step response for current and voltage mode signalling is formulated. The current mode and voltage mode signalling provides the 3-dB bandwidth of 6.8 GHz and 3.1 GHz, respectively. An interconnect line modelled as either RLC or RC line depending upon input signal rise time, damping, and range of interconnect length with significant inductance effect is investigated for global interconnect lines. Low swing for column bit line in memory architectures is very important and estimated in terms of dc coefficients. For RC global interconnect of 10 mm, a swing of 0.382 V is obtained for current mode signalling, when a power supply of 1.8 V is applied to the network. DC coefficient and steady state value has been obtained which is significant for power computation on column bit line. It is also analytically validated by SPICE and MATLAB simulations.

An Empirical Analysis of the European Union's Economy and Politics in the Context of the War in Ukraine

Abstract Crises will always change society. Since 2020, since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the world economy has had many trials to overcome. Likewise, the values of states or state alliances prioritizing their citizens' medical, social, and economic well-being have also been tested. The European Union was severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, but two years after its appearance, another critical event would accentuate the existing problems and put it in great difficulty. This critical event is the war started by Russia against Ukraine in February 2022. Given the desire Ukraine expressed since 2014 through the EUROMAIDAN movement, the EU could not remain indifferent to what was happening there, and from the very first moments of the war, it showed its support for economic, military, and diplomatic relations towards Ukraine. Thus, the second economic power of the world had to put the decent living and well-being of its citizens to the test in order to save its people. However, it is crucial how much the standard of living of the Europeans suffered compared to the citizens of the states that also contributed to helping Ukraine. Through a difference-in-difference analysis (DID), this article aims to observe how large the discrepancy was between the sacrifice made by Europeans compared to the sacrifice made by other people regarding the values of the consumer price index and consumer confidence index. One thing is sure: regardless of cost, people's freedom, peace, and life are priceless.

Observer-Based Boundary Stabilization of Coupled Semilinear Reaction-Diffusion Neural Networks With Spatially Varying Coefficients via Event-Triggered Controller.

The aim of this article is to propose an observer-based event-triggered Robin boundary control strategy for the exponential stabilization of the coupled semilinear reaction-diffusion neural networks with spatially varying coefficients. Toward this aim, we design an observer to estimate the value of system states by using some of these system values as the available measurement. An observer-based event-triggered boundary stabilizer is then presented to exponentially stabilize the considered systems with the Zeno behavior being excluded. Throughout this article, the main used method is backstepping, which yields an explicit expression of the control formulae. Moreover, we see that the proposed event-triggered boundary control scheme can ensure the desired level of control performance with fewer control law updates. A numerical example is finally given to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Cost-effectiveness of single-day intravenous fosaprepitant versus three-day oral aprepitant anti-emetic regimen in pediatric patients receiving highly-emetogenic chemotherapy.

10075 Background: The non-inferiority of single-dose fosaprepitant to a three-day oral aprepitant-based anti-emetic regimen for pediatric patients receiving high emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC) has not been demonstrated. The cost-effectiveness of these regimens with respect to each other in India and the United States (US) is unknown. Methods: Individual patient data from an investigator-initiated, open-label, non-inferiority randomized control trial was used to estimate health states. The total costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALY) were calculated from the patient's perspective in India and the US. The incremental-cost utility ratio (ICUR) and net-monetary benefit (NMB) were calculated. One-way sensitivity analysis was done by varying the cost of medications, hospitalization and utility values by ±25%. Results: The fosaprepitant arm had a total QALY of 0.0116 compared to 0.0118 in the aprepitant arm. The use of fosaprepitant led to an incremental cost of $14.21 in India and a cost reduction of $193.81 in the US. The total cost of medication in the fosaprepitant arm was higher in India and lower in the US compared to the aprepitant arm. The cost of hospitalisation was lower in the fosaprepitant in both India and the US. The ICUR was -$59,974.86/QALY in India and $817,737.23/QALY in the US. The ICUR for India was located in the north-west quadrant of the cost-effectiveness plane, for the US it was located in the south-west quadrant below the willingness the pay threshold for the US. The ICUR estimate was most sensitive to the cost of fosaprepitant in India and the utility value of the complete protection health state in the US. Conclusions: Fosaprepitant was not found to be cost-effective versus aprepitant in India, comparatively it was cost-saving and cost-effective in the US. These findings highlight the necessity of region-specific considerations when evaluating the cost-effectiveness of anti-emetic regimens. [Table: see text]

A Direct Comparison Between Discrete Choice With Duration and Composite Time Trade-Off Methods: Do They Produce Similar Results?

ObjectivesDiscrete choice experiments including a duration attribute (DCEd) represent a promising candidate method for valuing health-related quality-of-life instruments. However, it has not been established that DCEd can produce similar results as composite time trade-off (cTTO) or EuroQol Valuation Technology (EQ-VT) valuations of the EQ-5D-5L instrument. This study provides a direct comparison between cTTO and EQ-VT, and DCEd valuation methods. MethodsAn EQ-VT study was conducted in Trinidad and Tobago to value the EQ-5D-5L. 1079 respondents each completed 10 cTTO tasks and 12 discrete choice experiments tasks without a duration attribute. A separate sample of 970 respondents each completed 18 split-triplet DCEd tasks. Several regression models were applied to the EQ-VT data, and the DCEd data were analyzed using mixed logit models with an exponential discount rate. The estimated values were compared using scatterplots and Bland-Altman plots. ResultsThe ordering of dimensions was identical in level 5 for cTTO/EQ-VT and DCEd models, with pain/discomfort being the most important dimension and usual activities being least important. cTTO/EQ-VT models produced a value for state 55555 ranging between −0.52 and −0.69, whereas this was −0.543 for the nonlinear mixed logit model for the DCEd data. Scatterplots and Bland-Altman plots suggested excellent agreement between cTTO/EQ-VT and DCEd-based estimates. ConclusionsCTTO/EQ-VT and DCEd valuations produce similar results when correcting DCEd for nonlinear time preferences. The ordering of importance of the dimensions and scale are identical, suggesting that the 2 methods measure the same construct and produce similar results.

PCR110 Valuation of Child Health: A United States Value Set for the EQ-5D-Y-3L

PCR110 Valuation of Child Health: A United States Value Set for the EQ-5D-Y-3L

Exploring the Conformational Landscape of Poly(l-lysine) Dendrimers Using Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry.

Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) measures the mass, size, and shape of ions in the same experiment, and structural information is provided via collision cross-section (CCS) values. The majority of commercially available IM-MS instrumentation relies on the use of CCS calibrants, and here, we present data from a family of poly(l-lysine) dendrimers and explore their suitability for this purpose. In order to test these compounds, we employed three different IM-MS platforms (Agilent 6560 IM-QToF, Waters Synapt G2, and a home-built variable temperature drift tube IM-MS) and used them to investigate six different generations of dendrimers in two buffer gases (helium and nitrogen). Each molecule gives a highly discrete CCS distribution suggestive of single conformers for each m/z value. The DTCCSN2 values of this series of molecules (molecular weight: 330-16,214 Da) range from 182 to 2941 Å2, which spans the CCS range that would be found by many synthetic molecules including supramolecular compounds and many biopolymers. The CCS values for each charge state were highly reproducible in day-to-day analysis on each instrument, although we found small variations in the absolute CCS values between instruments. The rigidity of each dendrimer was probed using collisionally activated and high-temperature IM-MS experiments, where no evidence for a significant CCS change ensued. Taken together, this data indicates that these polymers are candidates for CCS calibration and could also help to reconcile differences found in CCS measurements on different instrument geometries.

СТЕПЕНЬ ВЛИЯНИЯ НЕОТЕКТОНИКИНА СЕЙСМИЧНОСТЬ АБИНСКОГО СЕГМЕНТА СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНОГО КАВКАЗА

Relief is one of the sources of information about neotectonic activity. Using structural-geomorphological analysis, it is possible to identify weak zones, which often reflect hidden low-amplitude faults and fracture zones under the surface of Quaternary deposits. Using structural-geomorphological analysis, planation surfaces were identified, displacement amplitudes along faults and the magnitude of neotectonic movements were determined for certain periods of time. The results obtained were compared with seismicity and the degree of inheritance was revealed. 3D computer geological modeling of the stress state also helps in identifying zones of increased neotectonic activity, as the most dangerous zones in terms of seismicity. The stress state and directions of the compression axes in the horizontal plane were calculated using the RMS Roxar software. Also, for a more detailed study of the latest geodynamics of the Abinsk segment, the frequencies of earthquakes and the amount of seismic energy released were analyzed, and frequency graphs were plotted. When comparing the growth deformations of neotectonic uplift structures and the values of the latest stress state with seismicity, their significant correlation was revealed.

Introducing the Framework Model for the Evaluation of Deterrent Value of States

The term ‘deterrence’ is closely intertwined with the national security of sovereign states and is frequently misunderstood within strategic literature. Some argue that acquiring specific arms and equipment is essential for achieving deterrence, while others contend that security hinges on the acquisition of Deterrent Value (DV) through various means, including but not limited to arms and equipment. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of deterrence―its definitions, conceptual framework, political objectives, and its role as a military strategy―is crucial before forming a reasoned judgment about its effectiveness as a safeguard for national security. This paper aims to construct a framework model delineating a state’s deterrent capability as the paramount guarantor of its national security. Employing both inductive and deductive reasoning, this model will objectively analyze the efficacy, or lack thereof, of the tools upon which the security architecture of any state is founded. By facilitating case studies of diverse states, the framework model will aid researchers in predicting future events and extracting relevant lessons from past occurrences.

Identifikasi Non-Added Value Activity Dalam Proses Pemeriksaan Substantif Permohonan Paten Menggunakan Value Stream Mapping

The process of substantive patent examination which is complicated and takes a long time is one of the reasons the inventor is "reluctant" to apply for a patent on his invention. This research was conducted using the Current State Value Stream Mapping (CSVSM) method, which began with the creation of a process flow map with the cycle time of each activity. It is known that most of the activities are value added activities. However, there is 1 activity that is required but not added value, namely the activity of verifying the technical field of application documents; and 1 non-value-added activity, namely initialing the Patent Granting letter. The number of waiting/delaying incidents is a waste in the process of substantive examination of patent applications caused by: (a) employees generally do double work; and (b) the absence of SOPs in each sub-process/sub-activity in the process of substantive examination of patent applications. Proposed improvements are submitted in the Future State Value Stream Mapping (FSVSM). As a result, lead-time can be reduced to 11 days, which was originally 26 days; and Process Cycle Efficiency which was originally 19.23% increased to 45.45%

Exploration–Exploitation Mechanisms in Recurrent Neural Networks and Human Learners in Restless Bandit Problems

A key feature of animal and human decision-making is to balance the exploration of unknown options for information gain (directed exploration) versus selecting known options for immediate reward (exploitation), which is often examined using restless bandit tasks. Recurrent neural network models (RNNs) have recently gained traction in both human and systems neuroscience work on reinforcement learning, due to their ability to show meta-learning of task domains. Here we comprehensively compared the performance of a range of RNN architectures as well as human learners on restless four-armed bandit problems. The best-performing architecture (LSTM network with computation noise) exhibited human-level performance. Computational modeling of behavior first revealed that both human and RNN behavioral data contain signatures of higher-order perseveration, i.e., perseveration beyond the last trial, but this effect was more pronounced in RNNs. In contrast, human learners, but not RNNs, exhibited a positive effect of uncertainty on choice probability (directed exploration). RNN hidden unit dynamics revealed that exploratory choices were associated with a disruption of choice predictive signals during states of low state value, resembling a win-stay-loose-shift strategy, and resonating with previous single unit recording findings in monkey prefrontal cortex. Our results highlight both similarities and differences between exploration behavior as it emerges in meta-learning RNNs, and computational mechanisms identified in cognitive and systems neuroscience work.

Enhanced entanglement in multi-bath spin-boson models

The spin-boson model usually considers a spin coupled to a single bosonic bath. However, some physical situations require coupling of the spin to multiple environments. For example, spins interacting with phonons in three-dimensional magnetic materials. Here, we consider a spin coupled isotropically to three independent baths. We show that coupling to multiple baths can significantly increase entanglement between the spin and its environment at zero temperature. The effect of this is to reduce the spin's expectation values in the mean force equilibrium state. In contrast, the classical three-bath spin equilibrium state turns out to be entirely independent of the environmental coupling. These results reveal purely quantum effects that can arise from multi-bath couplings, with potential applications in a wide range of settings, such as magnetic materials.

Utilities for Complications Associated with Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of the Literature.

Utility values are used in health economic modeling analyses of type 2 diabetes (T2D) to quantify the effect of acute and long-term complications on quality of life (QoL). For accurate modeling projections, it is important that the utility values used are up to date, accurate and representative of the simulated model cohort. A literature review was performed to identify utility values for health states representing acute and chronic T2D-related complications including cardiovascular complications, stroke, renal disease, ophthalmic complications, neuropathy, diabetic foot, amputation and hypoglycemia. Searches were performed using the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases and limited to articles published since 2010. Supplementary searches were performed to identify data published at congresses in 2019-2023. A total of 54 articles were identified that reported utility values for T2D-related complications. The most frequently used elicitation method/instrument was the EQ-5D (n = 42 studies) followed by the Short Form-6 dimensions (n = 6), time tradeoff (n = 5), the Health Utilities Index Mark 2 or Mark 3 (n = 2), 15D (n = 1), visual analog scale (n = 1) and standard gamble (n = 1). Stroke and amputation were consistently associated with the largest decrements in QoL. There is a lack of published data that distinguishes between severity of several complications including renal disease, retinopathy and neuropathy. Diabetes-related complications can have a profound impact on QoL; therefore, it is important that these are captured accurately and appropriately in health economic models. Recently published utility values for diabetes-related complications that can be used to inform health economic models are summarized here.

Thermal and functional condition of microbiological laboratory workers when using personal protective equipment against biological factors

Introduction. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) against pathogenic biological agents (PBA) by medical workers in microbiological laboratories is a mandatory requirement for infectious safety, however, low or absent air and vapor permeability of these PPE and their elements can contribute to disruption of the functional and thermal state. The aim of the study is a physiological and hygienic assessment of PPE against pathogenic pathogens based on indicators of the thermal state of the body when modeling the professional activities of microbiological laboratory workers. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the laboratory of personal protective equipment and industrial exoskeletons of Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health on 12 practically healthy individuals — male and female medical workers while simulating work activities and sanitary and epidemiological requirements for a microbiological laboratory. Results. The values of skin and body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and blood oxygen saturation levels obtained in the dynamics of the study made it possible to determine the degree of stress in the thermal and functional state of the body of medical workers. The indicators obtained during the experiment were assessed in accordance with current regulatory documents. A number of thermal state indicators obtained during the study had statistically significant differences from their initial values at p<0.05. Conclusions. When using personal protective equipment against pathogenic pathogens under comfortable microclimatic conditions, an increase in some criterion indicators of the examined individuals was noted, in particular to the upper limit of permissible values of thermal state, which indicates the leading influence of PPE on the thermoregulation of the body and necessitates a reduction in the process of production activities and requires limiting the maximum duration of a work shift under given conditions is three hours, followed by a break to restore the thermal state and water-salt balance. Ethics. The study was conducted in compliance with ethical principles and norms, an extract from the minutes of the meeting of the local ethics committee No. 9 dated 11/23/2022 was obtained.

The role of nanosize dependence of dislocation and surface roughness concentrations to calculate lattice thermal conductivity in In0.53Ga0.47As nanofilms

ABSTRACT Systematic empirical relations were established for the nanosize-dependent surface roughness, ϵ ( D ) , dislocations, N D ( D ) , and effective length to examine their effects on the temperature-dependent lattice thermal conductivity (LTC) within the framework of the Morelli-Callaway model for In0.53Ga0.47As alloy films with thicknesses ranging from 10 to 70 and 1400 nm, the latter representing the material’s bulk state. The results were analyzed for film thicknesses of 2, 5, 200, and 500 nm, under the assumption that electrons and impurities are unaffected by nanosize, while a small alloy parameter significantly and sensitively alters the LTC curve in medium and high-temperature regions. According to these new findings, and considering phonon scattering processes, the LTC’s temperature dependence is sufficiently reduced at the nanoscale and fits well with the available reported experimental findings. It was also discovered that the LTC’s peak maximum value and its corresponding temperature are influenced by the film’s dislocation concentration, surface roughness, and thickness. Unravelling the complex interplay between nanosize-dependent dislocation and surface roughness concentrations becomes critical for a thorough knowledge when examining the delicate nuances of LTC in In0.53Ga0.47As nanofilms. Finally, the Morelli-Callaway-based model has been modified to calculate LTC for nanofilms without fitting parameters, provided their related bulk state values are known.

Infrastructure Diagnosed by Solar Power Supply in an Intelligent Diagnostic System in Five-Valued Logic

This article discusses the issue of diagnosing low-power solar power plants using the five-valued (5VL) state evaluation {4, 3, 2, 1, 0}. We address in depth how the 5VL diagnostics built upon 2VL, 3VL, and 4VL—two-valued diagnostics, three-valued logistics, and four-valued diagnostics. Logic (5VL) assigns five state values to the range of signal value changes, and these states are completely operational ({4}), incomplete ({3}), critical efficiency ({2}), and pre-fault efficiency ({1}). For the identical ranges of diagnostic signal values, all three of the applied state valence logics interpret failure as changes outside of their permitted ranges. Diagnostic procedures made use of an AI-based DIAG 2 system. This article’s goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the DIAG 2 intelligent diagnostic system, including its architecture, algorithm, and inference rules. Diagnosis with the DIAG 2 system is based on a well-established technique for comparing diagnostic signal vectors with reference signal vectors. A differential vector metric is born out of this examination of vectors. The input cells of the neural network implement the challenge of signal analysis and comparison. It is then possible to classify the object components’ states in the neural network’s output cells. Based on the condition of the object’s constituent parts, this approach can signal whether those parts are working, broken, or urgently require replacement.

An Enhanced Power Allocation Strategy for Microgrids Considering Frequency and Voltage Restoration

In a microgrid, load power should be properly shared among multiple distributed generation (DG) units, not only for fundamental power but also for negative sequence and harmonic power. In this paper, the operation of a microgrid under imbalance and nonlinear load conditions is studied, and a consensus algorithm-based distributed control strategy is proposed for the microgrid power allocation, frequency, and voltage restoration. First of all, the output current of DG unit is decomposed by second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) modules to obtain the fundamental power and harmonic power through the power calculation formula. Then, state values of DG units, such as local power, frequency, and voltage, are transmitted on a sparse communication network. Under the action of a consensus algorithm, the real power of DG units is allocated following the equal increment principle; the reactive power, imbalance, and harmonic power are allocated according to the capacities of DG units; and the frequency of the microgrid and the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) are rated. In the consensus-based strategy, DG units only communicate with their neighbor units; thus, the “plug and play” function is reserved. Compared with the centralized control strategy, the proposed strategy with a distributed consensus protocol can simplify the maintenance and possible expansions of the system, making the microgrid more flexible. Moreover, as the structure of the detailed network is not required, it is easy to apply in practice. Simulation and experiment results are presented to verify the proposed method.

Rule by glorification: The imposition of state honours and ‘grateful coerced subjects’ in contemporary Vietnam

By bestowing honours, states produce subjects. But what kind of subjects are created if those honoured do not seek state honours, because they find the honours not worth the responsibilities they have to shoulder, or because they do not internalise the state's values that the honours embody? Building on ethnographic materials from Vietnam, this article explores how some who receive honours are “grateful coerced subjects” on whom state honours are imposed through social pressure, persistent persuasion, or as a matter of fait accompli they cannot refuse. The bestowal of honours exposes them to pressure from the wider society to comply with state's goals and values to prove themselves worthy of the honours, in ways they find physically burdensome and morally problematic. Yet the coerced subjects do not hold a grudge against the state, and even feel grateful to the state for conferring honours on them.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE-VAULT STATION OF THE SHALLOW CONTOUR INTERVAL OF THE KHARKIV METRO

Purpose. The development of the Kharkiv metro is characterized by the development of new structures and technologies for their construction. The extensive metro system in the city of Kharkiv and the presence of deep and shallow underground stations require scientific substantiation of these complex underground objects. The method of the scientific article is the numerical analysis of a single-vaulted shallow contour interval station, the vault of which has a special design (perforated reinforced concrete blocks). Methodology. To achieve the goal, the design of the station with a prefabricated vault and "slurry wall" was analyzed, as well as the engineering and geological conditions of its construction. A finite-element model of a single-vault station of a shallow contour interval was created. The model reproduces the geometric dimensions of the real structure of the Kharkiv metro, the layers of soil in which it is laid, the conditions of adjacency of "slurry wall", as well as perforated vault blocks. The model is based on volumetric finite elements and more fully reflects the interaction of the station with the surrounding massif. The calculation of the finite-element model for the joint effect of the self-weight of the model and the moving load of the NK-80 (combined loading) was carried out. Findings. The value of the stress-strain state of a single-vault station of the shallow contour interval was obtained. Analysis of displacements and stresses at concentration points was carried out. The situation of overstressing of the station structure and the appearance of cracking zones in the case of combined load action was revealed. Originality. The value of the stress-strain state was obtained with a combination of self-weight and moving load of NK-80, as well as with the separation of the portion of the latter. The obtained results indicate the need to revise the design of the shallow contour interval station, the vault of which has a special design (perforated reinforced concrete blocks). Practical value. It consists of the obtained results, which show the vector of development of station structures of the Kharkiv metro.

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A PYLON STATION OF THE METRO BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF USING NATM

Purpose. For quite a long time, the metro station of the pylon type of deep contour interval was considered an underground structure that no longer has development potential. However, after the introduction of innovative technologies during the construction of the Dnipro metro, in particular the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), this design is being used again and has developed further use. The purpose of the scientific article is to analyze innovations in the technology of construction of a three-vaulted pylon metro station from precast reinforced concrete using NATM, which require scientific justification. Methodology. In order to achieve the goal, the traditional technology of constructing a deep contour interval pylon station was revised. An analysis of the features of NATM, which allow it to be used during the construction of a pylon station in strong rock, has been carried out. A step-by-step analysis of the construction of the station was implemented with the involvement of mathematical modeling based on the finite element method. For this purpose, a number of finite-element models of each stage of construction of a pylon-type station have been created. After the numerical analysis, the indicated models were adjusted in accordance with the changes associated with the new construction technology. Findings. The value of the stress-strain state of the pylon station was obtained during the numerical analysis of each stage of construction. Stress analysis proves the possibility of applying innovative construction technology in the case of a pylon station. Originality. On the basis of the performed numerical analysis of the phased construction of a pylon station based on NATM, dependencies were obtained that allow revising the existing concept of the construction of this type of station in strong rocks. The obtained data justify the application of NATM and release the potential of the analyzed underground structure. Practical value. The substantiation of the innovative technology based on NATM allows expanding the scope of its application and successfully carrying out the construction of such complex underground facilities.