State Transport Research Articles

Topological protection of highly entangled non-Gaussian two-photon states

We study theoretically the evolution of entangled non-Gaussian two-photon states in disordered topological lattices. Specifically, we consider spatially entangled two-photon states, modulated by Laguerre polynomials up to the 3rd order, which feature ring-shaped spatial and spectral correlation patterns. Such states are discrete analogs of photon-subtracted squeezed states, which are ubiquitous in optical quantum information processing or sensing applications. We find that, in general, a higher degree of entanglement coincides with a loss of topological protection against disorder, this is in line with previous results for Gaussian two-photon states. However, we identify a particular regime in the parameter space of the considered non-Gaussian states, where the situation is reversed and an increase of entanglement can be beneficial for the transport of two-photon quantum states through disordered regions.

Spatiotemporal monitoring and assessment of noise pollution in an urban setting

The impact of noise pollution in urban healthy livings are not well documented and is seen often get less attention than it should. The increasing noise in urban settings must be studied further due to its site-specific nature for adoption of appropriate control measures or for better zoning of city's land uses. The present study assessed and evaluated the spatiotemporal variability of noise level and noise pollution indices for Chattogram City Corporation (CCC) in Bangladesh as study area. A total of 123 selected points were uniformly distributed to 41 wards under CCC has been taken as measuring sites. An ArcGIS 10.4 software is used to develop and evaluate the variations in noise descriptor and pollution indices in a graphical format. The study found that irrespective of sources, in general, city dwellers experienced moderately high noise with an average noise level of 75 dBA exceeding the limit values set by the Department of Environment (DoE), Bangladesh, World Health Organization (WHO), American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official (AASHTO) for different land uses individually or in combination. With an exception of few wards located far from major roads and with less population and industries, the city dwellers at 14 wards located in the north west, central and few parts of south belt experienced as high as 80 to 90 dBA based on noise equivalent (Leq), noise climate (NC) and noise pollution level (NPL) indices. The higher NPL of its standard value of 88 dBA is found at 14 wards align with the higher Leq and NC located close to major and urban road networks in CCC, while other 12 wards located in the central belt of the city are also with upper bound of limit values. Based on the results and reviewing the recommendations and standards, only three (3) out of the 41 wards or areas considered are under normally acceptable situation, while 12 wards are under normally unacceptable and the noise levels of the rest locations are clearly unacceptable. An immediate zoning of city's land uses and urban settings are to be taken in the identified wards. The outcomes of this study may assist policy makers, regulatory bodies and local council to adopt appropriate measures to ensure healthy living environment for city dwellers.

Simulation of Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Overhead Power Lines and Railroad Traction Networks

The establishment of smart grids requires special attention to the safety of power industry facilities and the reduction in their negative impact on personnel and the environment. A significant factor of such an impact is the considerable intensities of electromagnetic field (EMF) generated by such facilities. In the context of power industry digitalization, the development of methods and tools for EMF digital simulation is needed to ensure the electromagnetic safety of the service personnel. Computer models designed to adequately determine the EMF generated by overhead power lines (OPL) can be implemented based on the methods and tools created to determine operating parameters of electric power systems in phase coordinates developed at Irkutsk State Transport University. The technique of electromagnetic safety analysis is implemented based on the proposed approach and has the following features: a systems approach, which is the possibility of simulating electromagnetic fields in terms of properties and characteristics of a complex electric power system; versatility, which allows simulating power lines and traction networks of various designs; appropriateness to the environment achieved by considering the profile of the underlying surface, underground utilities, and artificial structures of rail transport, such as galleries, bridges, and tunnels; comprehensiveness, which is provided by combining the computation of operating parameters and the determination of EMF intensities. The paper describes methods and algorithms developed to determine the intensities of electromagnetic fields generated by multi-conductor power lines at fundamental and higher harmonics frequencies. A technique for the EMF determination at the points of OPL orthogonal crossing is also presented.

Molecular simulation study of oil-water two-phase fluid transport in shale inorganic nanopores

The moisture contents have significant effects on shale gas and oil adsorption and transport. In this study, the oil–water two-phase occurrence state and fluid transport in shale inorganic calcite nanopores are investigated utilizing molecular dynamics simulation. The multilayer sticking flow (negative slip) of oil and water is observed in calcite nanopores. The water bridge forms in the middle of the nanopore when water/oil ratio was high. With the decrease of water percentage, the water bridge breaks up, forming a layered structure. The flow regime changes from slug flow to laminar flow, which results in a dramatic decrease in total volume flux. The liquid–liquid slip effect between water and oil layer is observed, which has a positive effect on the enhancement of oil flow in calcite nanopore. This work reveals the two-phase configuration and flow behavior in calcite nanopores and provides the theoretical support for shale oil exploration.

Analysis of Green Traffic Development in Zhoushan Based on Entropy Weight TOPSIS

Green transportation is a kind of urban transportation system with low pollution and multiple urban environments. At present, the development of green transportation in China is progressing and gradually occupying a relatively important position. In order to understand the development of green transportation in China, based on the concept of green transportation, this paper analyzes the development of green transportation in Zhoushan as an example, and selects the data from three aspects: basic indicators, means of transportation and road construction in Zhoushan City. The entropy weight method is used to determine the entropy value and weight of each index, and the index evaluation system is established. In addition, the ideal solution method was used to calculate the relative closeness degree to analyze the development of green transportation in Zhoushan city from 2016 to 2018. According to the relative proximity degree calculation data, it can be shown that the calculation value of 2017 is larger than that of 2018. The results show that the development of green transportation in Zhoushan in 2017 is the best, followed by 2018. The above results help to understand the current development status of Zhoushan green transportation, further understand the existing problems and the important factors affecting the development of Zhoushan green transportation. In order to promote the development of urban green transportation in China, suggestions are put forward on the basis of the analysis of the development of Zhousan’s green transportation to promote the development of green transportation in Zhoushan from four aspects: strengthening the construction of urban road transportation system, optimizing transportation, improving the infrastructure of new energy vehicles and promoting the concept of green transportation.

Travel-Related Economic Burden of Chimeric Antigen Receptor TCell Therapy Administration by Site of Care.

IntroductionWe previously examined how expanding access to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy administration sites impacted patient travel distances and time. In the current study, we estimated travel-related economic burden associated with site-of-care options among patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma.MethodsWe used geographic information system methods to quantify travel-related economic burden across three site-of-care scenarios: academic hospitals; academic and community multispecialty hospitals; and academic and community multispecialty hospitals plus nonacademic specialty oncology network centers. Socioeconomic status, administration sites, and county of residence were derived from the US Census Bureau and publicly available sources. Travel costs were based on governmental guidelines, US census wage data, and Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Travel distance and time to the nearest CAR T cell therapy administration sites were estimated from previous research.ResultsTotal national estimated costs associated with traveling for CAR T cell therapy were $21.1 million if CAR T cell therapy was offered exclusively in academic hospitals, and $14.7 million if expanded to include community hospitals plus nonacademic specialty oncology network centers, representing a $6.5-million reduction associated with expanding access to eligible patients. The largest cost-saving component was lodging/meals. Regional and demographic cost differences were statistically significant between academic hospitals and nonacademic hospitals/specialty oncology centers. In all scenarios, patients living below the federal poverty level (FPL) had higher weighted mean total costs versus patients living above the FPL. White and Native American patients were estimated to have the highest weighted mean total costs across race/ethnicity groups. For all subgroups, costs were reduced by expanding access beyond academic hospitals.ConclusionCAR T cell therapy is currently restricted to academic hospitals; total travel costs could be substantially decreased if access is expanded to nonacademic hospitals and specialty oncology centers. Patients in rural areas and those living below the FPL are particularly disadvantaged by restricted access.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12325-021-01839-y.

Building Information Modeling for Bridges and Structures: Outcomes and Lessons Learned from the Steel Bridge Industry

The recent push to adopt building information modeling (BIM) for bridges and structures in the transportation industry has encountered major barriers owing to the lack of standardization. Unlike the building industry that has the National BIM Standard®–United States (NBIMS-US™) as a formal open platform standard and guide for the development of interoperable BIM software, the transportation industry does not currently have a similar open platform standard to enable the creation of interoperable BIM software to serve the needs of transportation stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of the research for one of the first use cases and development of data exchange requirements and model view definitions in adopting the open platform NBIMS-US applied to bridges and structures for the U.S. transportation industry. A subcommittee of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and the National Steel Bridge Alliance Steel Bridge Collaboration was formed to conduct a pilot study into the creation of information delivery manuals (IDMs) for steel bridges. This study served as pilot for the development of future IDMs in the transportation industry. As a result, the current IDM for Steel Bridge Detailing and Fabrication serves as the starting point of TPF-5(372) BIM for Bridges and Structures development of the Design to Fabrication model view definition. Finally, this study provided the outcomes and recommendations needed to expedite the development of IDMs for other use cases in the bridge and transportation industry.

Effect of variations in layer thickness and resilience modulus on flexible pavement performance

A pavement mechanistic-empirical analysis is based on a pre-designed structure checked for required performance criteria. In case the latter are not met, this structure is modified and reprocessed. In this context, analyzing the effect of variations in project parameters on pavement performance prediction subsidizes a better understanding of results provided by computer programs. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of layer thickness and resilience modulus variations on flexible pavement performance. To do so, performance was estimated for the 20th project year through Elastic Layered System Model 5 (ELSYM5) software and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Mechanistic-Empirical method (ME). Using multiple regression models for result adjustment and through statistical assessments on regression coefficients calculated, it can be concluded that pavement lifespan consumption, predicted by simulations on ELSYM5, is sensitive to variations in coating and subbase thickness and in subgrade resilience modulus. For AASHTO ME method, predicted values for distresses were significantly sensitive to variations in coating, base and subbase thickness, and in base and subgrade resilience modulus. Comparing both approaches, it is concluded that ELSYM5 can be a viable alternative to the application of a ME pavement design method.

Possible superconductivity from incoherent carriers in overdoped cuprates

There is now compelling evidence that the normal state of superconducting overdoped cuprates is a strange metal comprising two distinct charge sectors, one governed by coherent quasiparticle excitations, the other seemingly incoherent and characterized by non-quasiparticle (Planckian) dissipation. The zero-temperature superfluid density n_s(0)ns(0) of overdoped cuprates exhibits an anomalous depletion with increased hole doping pp, falling to zero at the edge of the superconducting dome. Over the same doping range, the effective zero-temperature Hall number n_{\rm H}(0) transitions from pp to 1 + pp. By taking into account the presence of these two charge sectors, we demonstrate that in the overdoped cuprates Tl_22Ba_22CuO_{6+\delta}6+δ and La_{2-x}2−xSr_xxCuO_44, the growth in n_s(0)ns(0) as pp is decreased from the overdoped side may be compensated by the loss of carriers in the coherent sector. Such a correspondence is contrary to expectations from conventional BCS theory and implies that superconductivity in overdoped cuprates emerges uniquely from the sector that exhibits incoherent transport in the normal state.

Performance Evaluation of a Prestressed Belitic Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement (BCSA) Concrete Bridge Girder

Belitic calcium sulfoaluminate (BCSA) cement is a sustainable alternative to Portland cement that offers rapid setting characteristics that could accelerate throughput in precast concrete operations. BCSA cements have lower carbon footprint, embodied energy, and natural resource consumption than Portland cement. However, these benefits are not often utilized in structural members due to lack of specifications and perceived logistical challenges. This paper evaluates the performance of a full-scale precast, prestressed voided deck slab bridge girder made with BCSA cement concrete. The rapid-set properties of BCSA cement allowed the initial concrete compressive strength to reach the required 4300 psi release strength at 6.5 h after casting. Prestress losses were monitored long-term using vibrating wire strain gages cast into the concrete at the level of the prestressing strands and the data were compared to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Load and Resistance Factor Design (AASHTO LRFD) predicted prestress losses. AASHTO methods for prestress loss calculation were overestimated compared to the vibrating wire strain gage data. Material testing was performed to quantify material properties including compressive strength, tensile strength, static and dynamic elastic modulus, creep, and drying and autogenous shrinkage. The material testing results were compared to AASHTO predictions for creep and shrinkage losses. The bridge girder was tested at mid-span and at a distance of 1.25 times the depth of the beam (1.25d) from the face of the support until failure. Mid-span testing consisted of a crack reopening test to solve for the effective prestress in the girder and a flexural test until failure. The crack reopen effective prestress was compared to the AASHTO prediction and AASHTO appeared to be effective in predicting losses based on the crack reopen data. The mid-span failure was a shear failure, well predicted by AASHTO LRFD. The 1.25d test resulted in a bond failure, but nearly developed based on a moment curvature estimate indicating the AASHTO bond model was conservative.

Magnetic frustration and paramagnetic state transport anomalies in Ho4RhAl and Er4RhAl: Possible test cases for newly identified roles of itinerant electrons

We report the results of magnetic, heat-capacity, electrical and magnetoresistance measurements on Ho4RhAl and Er4RhAl, characterized by 3 sites for rare-earths (R). The main conclusions are: (i) Antiferromagnetic ordering sets in at (TN = ) ~ 8.8 and ~ 4.0 K respectively. While Ho compound appears to enter into a complex spin-glass phase at T < TN (at nearly 5 K), spin-glass component appears to set in essentially almost at TN for the Er case. (ii) The loss of the spin-disorder contribution in the magnetically ordered state is not pronounced, mimicking that in Gd2PdSi3, a compound which now attracts interest in the area of topological Hall effect and magnetic skyrmions, indicating complex Fermi surface. (iii) There is a minimum in the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity in the case of only Ho above TN, but significant negative magnetoresistance is observed over a wide temperature range in the paramagnetic state increasing with decreasing temperature for both the cases. This finding establishes that these compounds belong to a select group of intermetallics in which spin-disorder contribution apparently increases gradually as one approaches respective TN with decreasing temperature. This could be an experimental signature for the effect due to classical spin-liquid above TN. In view of these properties analogous to those of Gd2PdSi3, it is of interest to investigate these 4:1:1 compounds further to understand possible unconventional roles of itinerant electrons, not only in the magnetically ordered state but also in the paramagnetic state, predicted by some theories in recent years for which this Gd compound is considered to be a classic example. Besides, magnetoresistance and isothermal entropy change (magnetocaloric effect) track each other. Isothermal entropy change at the peak in its plot versus temperature is large in comparison with that of the Gd analogue, possible implication of which is pointed out.

Environmental risks of innovations in the management of motor transport systems

In modern conditions, when the negative impact on the components of the environ-ment is constantly increasing, and global environmental problems are becoming more and more urgent, the issues of attracting environmental investments in energy and resource-intensive sectors of the economy are becoming more and more urgent. Among all the sources of destructive influence, one of the least studied are motor transport systems, which are a combination of highway and flow of motorvehicles that move along it. In the current conditions of the modern development of the state road network and the implementation of the "Big Construction" program, the problem of assessing the environmental risks of innovations in the management of motor transport systems becomes especially relevant and requires a solution in the context of ensuring the state's environmental safety. Goal. The goal of the work is to develop approaches to assessing the envi-ronmental risks of innovations in the management of motor transport systems to ensure an appropriate level of the state environmental safety. Methodology. The analytical methods to develop an organizational and economic mechanism for managing environmental risks of innovation in the functioning of the state's motor transport systems were used in the work. Re-sults. The main environmental problems of the functioning of motor transport systems are analyzed and priority ones are highlighted. The general foundations of environmental risk management of innovative activity are analyzed. The efficiency of the state motor transport systems management system is estimated. Measures to determine the environmental risks of innovation have been developed. The organizational and economic mechanism for managing the environmental risks of innovation in the functioning of the transport systems of Ukraine were proposed. Originality. The system of environmental risk man-agement of innovation has been further developed in the context of the eco-innovation process of develop-ment of motor transport systems, which will increase the level of environmental safety of the state. Practical value. The use of the proposed general organizational and economic mechanism for managing the environmental risks of innovation in the functioning of the state's motor transport systems will increase the efficiency of this process. The obtained result is the basis for the development and implementation of effective mechanisms for the ecoinvestment in the development of motor transport systems. In the long term, this will help to improve the state's ecoinvestment climate and indirectly increase the level of environmental safety.

Budgetary changes and organizational performance: Evidence from state transportation agencies

AbstractExisting punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) literature identifies the causes of policy punctuations. However, there are a lack of theoretical and empirical studies on the effects of policy punctuations on organizational performance. This study extends PET from policy formulation to policy outcomes and explores how public agencies transfer budgetary inputs to organizational performance outcomes in the policy context of American state highway transportation infrastructure. Based on a longitudinal research design, the research employs a panel two‐way fixed effects regression model to analyze the performance consequences of budgetary changes for 50 states during an almost 20‐year period (1995–2013). The key findings indicate that state expenditure (highway maintenance) changes experience much more friction and volatility over time than performance (acceptable roads) changes. In addition, state highway transportation agencies can mitigate the impact of large budgetary cuts on organizational performance, but do not seem to capitalize on large budgetary gains to improve performance.

Stormwater Harvested from Permeable Pavements as a Means to Save Potable Water in Buildings

The main objective of this work is to analyse the potential for potable water savings in university buildings by using stormwater collected from permeable pavements. Six buildings located on the campus of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) were selected to obtain monthly water consumption patterns and parking lot areas. The same six buildings were then evaluated considering their location in eight different cities in Brazil, with different rainfall patterns. Simulations using the computer programme Netuno were run to obtain the potential for potable water savings in each building and city combined. The structural design of permeable pavements was also assessed using two methods available in the literature, that is, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and Brazilian Portland Cement Association (ABCP). The hydrological-hydraulic design of the permeable pavement was also carried out. The designed thicknesses were compared with the thicknesses obtained using the computer programme Permeable Design Pro. The potential for potable water savings between 18.4% and 84.8% was obtained, depending on the city, building and non-potable water demand considered. For the structural design, the thicknesses obtained by using both methods were similar; however, it was observed that the AASHTO method better represents the pavement model. Regarding the hydrological-hydraulic design, the differences obtained show that the simplification performed for the pavement drainage was in favour of safety. In conclusion, the use of permeable pavements in stormwater harvesting systems is promising, aligning the drainage aid, structural capacity and potential for saving potable water.

Management Capacity, Financial Resources, and Organizational Performance: Evidence from State Transportation Agencies

Scholars have shown the importance of financial resources to organizational performance. More money should enhance performance. However, this predicted link between funding and performance is often unrealized—more resources do not automatically improve the production of public organizations. We contend the skillset of management in charge of that money matters in the funding-to-performance link. We test how managerial capacity moderates how financial resources shape organizational performance. We hypothesize that a higher managerial capacity can lead to a stronger relationship between financial resources and organizational performance in the public sector. This is empirically tested in the context of road infrastructure development with data from all 50 U.S. state transportation agencies from 1995 to 2013. We find that the relationship between improvements in road quality (organizational performance) and capital and physical maintenance expenditures (financial resources) is stronger with high scores on the Government Performance Project quality of capital and infrastructure management (managerial capacity).

Perbandingan Kepadatan Kering Tanah Lempung Distabilisasi Serbuk Arang Tempurung Kelapa dengan Serbuk Arang Bambu

Clay soil is the basic part of a building construction, but such type of soil has the stability problems, hence it needs to be stabilized to increase its bearing capacity. Some natural materials in Bangka Belitung Province have not been optimally utilized, e.g. coconut shells and bamboo, which can be used as stabilization materials. In this article, we compare the dry density of clay soil mixed with coconut shell charcoal powder to clay soil mixed with bamboo charcoal powder. The percentage of stabilizing material used is 5%, 10% and 15% of the dry soil weight. Soil classification is based on the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) standard including the low plasticity inorganic clay (CL) group and following the standards of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Classification (AASHTO) including the A-6 soil group. The compaction test result show that the dry density of the clay soil increases with the addition of stabilization agent using either coconut shell charcoal powder or bamboo charcoal powder. The results were almost the same where the difference was only about 0.001 (gr / cm3) for the stabilizer mixture of 5% and 10% as well as the difference of 0.002% (gr / cm3) for the stabilizer mixture of 15%. The increase in soil dry density indicates that the bearing capacity of clay soil increases with the increase in the percentage of stabilizing material

Urban smart transportation based on big data

Traffic congestion has become more and more serious in the last decade. Because of the backward transportation system, it is impossible to analyze the large amount of feedback data. At the present stage, the development trend of big data is gradually emerging, and traffic problems are taken as the starting point. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the methods of big data to improve traffic congestion. In this paper, the development status of intelligent transportation based on big data is mainly described. In combination with Hadoop technology, positioning data acquired by on-board terminals is taken as an example for analysis, and the driving radius and driving distance map are experimented. It is of great significance to study the application of big data platform based on Hadoop technology in the transportation industry. A large number of data resources and low-cost big data technology can be effectively utilized to promote the development of transportation, thus promoting social development and progress.

Electron Mobility in Bulk n-Doped SiC-Polytypes 3C-SiC, 4H-SiC, and 6H-SiC: A Comparison

This communication presents a comparative study on the charge transport (in transient and steady state) in bulk n-type doped SiC-polytypes: 3C-SiC, 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC. The time evolution of the basic macrovariables: the “electron drift velocity” and the “non-equilibrium temperature” are obtained theoretically by using a Non-Equilibrium Quantum Kinetic Theory, derived from the method of Nonequilibrium Statistical Operator (NSO). The dependence on the intensity and orientation of the applied electric field of this macrovariables and mobility are derived and analyzed. From the results obtained in this paper, the most attractive of these semiconductors for applications requiring greater electronic mobility is the polytype 4H-SiC with the electric field applied perpendicular to the c-axis.

The Functions of the State Transport Security System

Introduction: the functioning of the state system for ensuring transport safety is based on the Russian legislation that defines the goals, objectives, principles and legal status of participants in transport legal relations. The main branch of the federal law on transport security leaves open the list of measures that make up the content of the system, does not define its main functions. The paper presents the results of the analysis of the international and Russian legislation and the opinions of the scientists of various branches of law regarding the formation of a stable security system. Objective: to develop proposals for a system of measures to ensure transport security, to define and systematize the function of this system. Methods: the study was conducted using the general scientific and specific scientific (logical and legal, comparative and legal) methods of cognition. Results: the author has structured and supplemented the legally established system of measures to ensure transport security, defined and systematized the functions of the system. This study has the possibility of practical application when making changes to the legislation regulating the area of legal relations under consideration. Conclusions: the state system for ensuring transport security is a set of legal, economic, organizational, information, technical, technological and political measures taken in the field of the transport complex and aimed at its safe and sustainable functioning. Based on the target content and tools for regulating transport security, the following functions of the system are identified: strategic (target), regulatory (legal), organizational, informational, incentive and control.

Engineered modular microphysiological models of the human airway clearance phenomena.

Mucociliary clearance is a crucial mechanism that supports the elimination of inhaled particles, bacteria, pollution, and hazardous agents from the human airways, and it also limits the diffusion of aerosolized drugs into the airway epithelium. In spite of its relevance, few in vitro models sufficiently address the cumulative effect of the steric and interactive barrier function of mucus on the one hand, and the dynamic mucus transport imposed by ciliary mucus propulsion on the other hand. Here, ad hoc mucus models of physiological and pathological mucus are combined with magnetic artificial cilia to model mucociliary transport in both physiological and pathological states. The modular concept adopted in this study enables the development of mucociliary clearance models with high versatility since these can be easily modified to reproduce phenomena characteristic of healthy and diseased human airways while allowing to determine the effect of each parameter and/or structure separately on the overall mucociliary transport. These modular airway models can be available off-the-shelf because they are exclusively made of readily available materials, thus ensuring reproducibility across different laboratories.