State Secrets Research Articles

Termination of the employment agreement in the case of abolition of admission to a state secret: to problem issues

Problem settings. Problems of protection of state secrets have become especially relevant in recent years, during the deep socio-economic transformations in Ukraine, when, on the one hand, new threats to national security, and on the other, and this must, unfortunately, admit protection of state secrets not always carried out properly. The existence of problems in this important area for the protection of the state is evidenced by the frequent labor disputes, including over various conflicting aspects of access to and access to state secrets, which are considered in administrative courts. Therefore, the need for a careful revision of certain provisions of the law governing, in particular, the refusal to grant access to state secrets becomes obvious. Analysis of recent researches and publications. O. Bondar, L. Kupina, O. Semenyuk, A. Tsapenko, O. Yaroshenko studied the legal aspects of termination of the employment contract in connection with the revocation of access to state secrets. However, today we need new topical research, the search for modern approaches to regulatory issues of dismissal of the employee due to these circumstances. Target of research. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of the termination of the employment contract in case of revocation of access to state secrets in Ukraine. Article’s main body. The article covers problematic issues related to the termination of the employment contract at the initiative of the employer in the case of denial of access to state secrets or revocation of access to state secrets if the duties of the employee require access to such secrets. Doctrinal definitions of the concept of «state secret» are analyzed. It is proposed the author’s definition of the term «state secret» which means a type of secret information that covers information in the area of defense, economics, science and technology, foreign relations, state security and law enforcement, the disclosure of which harms or threatens the national security of Ukraine and which is protected by the state in accordance with regulations. The authors reveal the content and features of the legal mechanism for granting and revoking access to state secrets. It is proved that the employer must inform the employee in advance that his admission to the state secret carries certain restrictions established by law and he must be acquainted with the established degree of responsibility for violating the law on state secrets. Attention is drawn to the fact that the current legislation of Ukraine does not provide a clear list of positions and jobs that require access to information that is a state secret. This is due to the fact that each company has its own characteristics and the degree of secrecy and nature of information and the degree of admission to it and the admission procedure itself. Therefore, it is hardly possible to apply the methods of systematization and differentiation due to the multiplicity of features, because it will be extremely difficult to foresee all the positions for charging. Conclusions. It is proposed to exclude such grounds for termination of employment contract as revocation of access to state secrets from the list of grounds for termination of employment at the initiative of the employer and include it in the grounds for termination of employment that do not depend on the will of the employment contract. It is determined that the mechanism of the procedure for granting access to state secrets in relation to certain subjects requires changes at the legislative level which will avoid real threats to the national security of our state. Proposals to the Law of Ukraine «On State Secrets» have been formulated. To obtain access to state secrets, certain entities, such as the President of Ukraine, the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the Prime Minister of Ukraine and other members of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Chairman of the Supreme Court, the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, the Prosecutor General, the Security Service Ukraine, the Chairman and other members of the Accounting Chamber, the People’s Deputies of Ukraine, must not only have a written commitment to preserve state secrets but also be inspected by a special body. The refusal to pass a special inspection is an indisputable ground for refusing to grant access to a state secret.

Zero-Trust-Based Protection Scheme for Users in Internet of Vehicles

At present, the Internet of Vehicles technology is developing rapidly, but in the process of networking it may be attacked by hackers. In view of the tampering attack on the user’s device and identity, we establish a multifactor authentication scheme to achieve dual identity authentication through device fingerprint authentication and PKI authentication. In response to the attack by hackers in the application of data transmission, we use the SM series of state secret algorithms for data encryption and take advantage of the immutable and decentralized characteristics of blockchain to ensure the security and integrity of data collection and transmission. Through the zero-trust security network architecture, the security level of the system in the process of data transmission is effectively improved, the identity-centered dynamic access control is carried out, the user’s behavior is monitored in real time, and the malicious nodes are screened and eliminated, which improves the stability and security of the Internet of Vehicles data transmission system. By adopting the identity authentication pass rate, fingerprint authentication pass rate, API authentication pass rate, and SPA packet transmission acceptance rate as the factor set, the evaluation level of the vehicles is calculated. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional boundary-centered security protection, our scheme can protect a wider range of application security, even if there are security problems, the loss is less. Through the training simulation of the convolutional neural network, the classification accuracy of the trust level is improved.

FEATURES OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION CONSTITUTING A STATE SECRET IN UKRAINE AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES

The relevance of the subject is largely conditioned upon the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation, which, regretfully, does not exclude cases of criminal offences regarding the disclosure of information constituting a state secret. The purpose of the study is to analyse some aspects of criminal liability for disclosure of state secrets in Ukraine and to identify, based on positive foreign experience, proposals for improving this institution in Ukraine. The research methods were: analysis and synthesis, dialectical, comparative legal, Aristotelian and formal-dogmatic. In the process of analysis, it was identified that at the legislative level in Ukraine, the protection of state secrets is regulated in detail, lists of information that may contain state secrets, and cases when information cannot be a state secret, no matter what. In addition, the Criminal Code of Ukraine defines adverse consequences in the form of criminal sanctions that may occur for persons who disclose information constituting a state secret. It is determined that the analysis of the provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and its correlation with the legal provisions of other regulations, including the study of international legislation, allows concluding that the criminal law provisions defining liability for violation of the state secret protection regime should be transferred to another section. The materials of this study can be used in consideration of the problems of criminal law, in law-making activities in the development of provisions for improving criminal liability for disclosure of information constituting a state secret in Ukraine.

Effect of Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 on Gut Barrier Function, Internal Redox State, Proinflammatory Response and Pathogen Inhibition Properties in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells.

In farm animals, intestinal diseases caused by Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli may lead to significant economic loss. In the past few decades, the swine industry has largely relied on the prophylactic use of antibiotics to control gastrointestinal diseases. The development of antibiotic resistance has become an important issue both in animal and human health. The use of antibiotics for prophylactic purposes has been banned, moreover the new EU regulations further restrict the application of antibiotics in veterinary use. The swine industry seeks alternatives that are capable of maintaining the health of the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotics offer a promising alternative; however, their mode of action is not fully understood. In our experiments, porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cells) were challenged by Salmonella Typhimurium or Escherichia coli and we aimed at determining the effect of pre-, co-, and post-treatment with Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 on the internal redox state, paracellular permeability, IL-6 and IL-8 secretion of IPEC-J2 cells. Moreover, the adhesion inhibition effect was also investigated. Enterococcus faecium was able to reduce oxidative stress and paracellular permeability of IPEC-J2 cells and could inhibit the adhesion of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Based on our results, Enterococcus faecium is a promising candidate to maintain the health of the gastrointestinal tract.

The Development of Domestic Criminal Legislation on Liability for Disclosure of State Secrets from the Time of Ancient Rusto 1996

The article discusses the main stages of development of domestic legislation on criminal liability for disclosure of state secrets from 1397 to 1996. Within the periods from 1397 to 1917, from 1917 to 1943 and from 1943 to 1996 the characteristic feature of the first and second stages of the development of criminal responsibility for the disclosure of state secrets is that there was no separate norm providing for responsibility for this crime for the persons beyond the military. In addition, some acts qualified as disclosure were previously equated to espionage and entailed much harsher penalties than at present. The second stage was characterized by the introduction in 1943 of an independent articleto the Criminal Code of the RSFSR of 1926, providing for responsibilityof officials who are not military personnel for the disclosure of state secrets and for the loss of documents containing them. It underwent several changesbefore 1958, after which it entered the Criminal Code of the RSFSR 1960.

ВАЖЛИВІСТЬ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ РОЗВІДКИ І ТАЄМНОЇ ДИПЛОМАТІЇ В УРЯДУВАННІ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to secret diplomacy and intelligence in the context of Ukraine and its strategic partners. Topics are cross-sectoral and relate to political science, public administration and administration. The urgency is due to the fact that competent intelligence and secret diplomacy improve the quality of public administration and governance, which contributes to achieving the expected results in the field of security and defense. In conditions of armed aggression by the RF this is extremely important. Some weaknesses in the process of diplomatic relations with strategic partners, in the relations of the state leadership and intelligence at the present stage of Ukraine’s statehood have been identified. Options for increasing competence and cooperation are substantiated. For the first time at the level of the degree seeker, examples of incompetence in the relations between the state leadership and representatives of the intelligence services were summarized on the basis of the basic principle of the US Army “after action review”. It is proposed to expand the Normandy format of negotiations, involving the United States and Great Britain, with which Ukraine has secret diplomatic relations. The information provided in the article is not a state secret. But the author’s judgments concern the non-public side of government and international relations.

POLA INTEROGATIF PENYIDIK PADA SAKSI AHLI BAHASA PADA KASUS DELIK ADUAN

<p>Legal language can develop in accordance with the confession of the suspect in the Interrogation Report process. The Interrogation Report is a state secret that should not be published to the general public. However, in the interest of this research, the Interrogation Report process is allowed only to the certain extent. The novelty of this research is in the field of data collection which focus on the interrogation of investigators with legal language experts. This study is normative legal research which use normative legal approach and consists of studying legal principles. The data in this study are from police interrogation report 2013 on complaints offence about domestic violence committed by members of the Indonesian police.After analyzing the interrogation result, The results of this research show first, the structure of the discourse of Interrogation report in the complaint offense case at the Central Java Regional Police with the in the following form: opening section, content section, and closing section, which clarify the structure of the content related to the identity of expert witnesses according to scientific expertise, statements of truthful reporting related to the legal realm, clarity based on information and evidence. Second, qualified investigators are needed. This research can give new contribution in the world of linguistics and police research and a reference for further research in the field of pragmatics, critical pragmatics and can also be followed up in the field of forensic linguistics. The study of pragmatics and forensic linguistics is a field of applied linguistics that deserves to be researched in the context of efforts to develop linguistic scholarship. This research data can be developed for forensic linguistic research. Forensic linguistics is a new field of science in the field of applied linguistics.</p>

Outer Membrane Vesicles From Fusobacterium nucleatum Switch M0-Like Macrophages Toward the M1 Phenotype to Destroy Periodontal Tissues in Mice.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory oral disease that affects nearly 50% of all adults. Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) is known to be involved in the formation and development of periodontitis. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) harboring toxic bacterial components are continuously released during F. nucleatum growth and regulate the extent of the inflammatory response by controlling the functions of immune and non-immune cells in tissues. Macrophages are important immune cells in periodontal tissue that resist pathogen invasion and play an important role in the pathophysiological process of periodontitis. However, the role of the interaction between F. nucleatum OMVs and macrophages in the occurrence and development of periodontitis has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of F. nucleatum OMVs on the polarization of macrophages and the roles of this specific polarization and F. nucleatum OMVs in the pathophysiology of periodontitis. The periodontitis model was established by inducing ligation in C57BL/6 mice as previously described. Micro-CT, RT-qPCR, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and tartrate acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining assays were performed to analyze the periodontal tissue, alveolar bone loss, number of osteoclasts and expression of inflammatory factors in gingival tissue. The changes in the state and cytokine secretion of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) stimulated by F. nucleatum OMVs were observed in vivo by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, Western blot and ELISA. Mouse gingival fibroblasts (MGFs) were isolated and then cocultured with macrophages. The effects of F. nucleatum OMVs on the proliferation and apoptosis of MGFs were analyzed by flow cytometry and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. The periodontitis symptoms of mice in the F. nucleatum OMVs + ligation group were more serious than those of mice in the simple ligation group, with more osteoclasts and more inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) being observed in their gingival tissues. M0 macrophages transformed into M1 macrophages after the stimulation of BMDMs with F. nucleatum OMVs, and the M1 macrophages then released more inflammatory cytokines. Analysis of the coculture model showed that the MGF apoptosis and LDH release in the inflammatory environment were increased by F. nucleatum OMV treatment. In conclusion, F. nucleatum OMVs were shown to aggravate periodontitis, alveolar bone loss and the number of osteoclasts in an animal model of periodontitis. F. nucleatum OMVs promoted the polarization of macrophages toward the proinflammatory M1 phenotype, and the inflammatory environment further aggravated the toxicity of F. nucleatum OMVs on MGFs. These results suggest that M1 macrophages and F. nucleatum OMVs play roles in the occurrence and development of periodontitis.

Critical Systems Protection (CSP): The US Secret Service’s Tactical Cyber Capability for Securing Protectees

This paper examines a largely unknown cybersecurity function within the United States Secret Service (USSS), that is separate and apart from its traditional cybersecurity mission in financial crime investigations. This program - Critical Systems Protection (CSP) – is instead focused on the Secret Service’s protective mission and analyzes and secures the cyber environments of facilities and locations visited by the agency’s protectees. Exploiting publicly available documents about CSP, this paper will document this unique organization that combines some of the highest profile issues in cybersecurity – operational and tactical level cybersecurity efforts, and the security of cyber-physical systems. Drawing on open-source information and government documents, this paper sketches out the CSP mission, its partnerships with other agencies and organizations, and some of the tools and other capabilities it has developed.

Geheimnis und Verborgenes im Mittelalter: Funktion, Wirkung, und Spannungsfelder von okkultem Wissen, verborgenen Räumen und magischen Gegenständen

Geheimnis und Verborgenes im Mittelalter: Funktion, Wirkung, und Spannungsfelder von okkultem Wissen, verborgenen Räumen und magischen Gegenständen

The essence of the category "integrity of military officials"

The article is devoted to the definition of the essence of the virtue of military officials.
 It was found that the tightening of requirements for the level of legal consciousness, legal culture, law-abidingness of representatives of public authorities is a global trend today. In most civilized democratic countries, a number of restrictions and prohibitions have been established for persons who perform the functions of the state, including for military personnel. The introduction of free access to declarations of persons authorized to perform the functions of the state or local self-government, an increase in attention to the observance of the rules of academic virtue indicate an increase in ethical requirements for the behavior of representatives of the security and defense sector in Ukraine.
 The need to implement the above provisions to ensure the good behavior of military officials requires the creation of an administrative and legal mechanism, with the help of which the goals declared by the rule-maker could be translated into the plane of real legal relations. This requires a revision of the provisions of acts of military legislation, which reflect the principles and standards of conduct of military officials, especially those related to relations with the civilian population, as well as the implementation of actions in the performance of their duties that may contain corruption risks.
 The virtue of military officials can be considered in several aspects, each of which emphasizes the importance of the phenomenon under study for solving the problems of improving the effectiveness of the functioning of the security and defense sector. In the legal aspect, the virtue of military officials is a set of legal prescriptions that establish their duties, as well as prohibitions and restrictions on their behavior that accompany the entire period of military service. In the information aspect, this type of virtue means the existence of a procedure for disclosing certain information and data about military officials (in compliance with the legislation on the protection of personal data and the requirements of the legislation on state secrets). In the moral and ethical aspect, the virtue of military officials presupposes the existence in society of an established position regarding the inadmissibility of corruption and other manifestations of impiety by persons in military service. In the value aspect, the phenomenon under study means the establishment of high moral qualities and intolerance to corruption as values of society, which are reflected in ethical codes, codes of honor and other documents independently developed and approved in individual professional communities. In the activity aspect, the virtue of military officials can be viewed as a complex of actions, consisting of two main categories: a) those that a soldier is obliged to implement while serving; b) those from which the soldier must refrain.

Dynamic and compressed quantum many-body state secret sharing based on site-independent matrix product states

Dynamic and compressed quantum many-body state secret sharing based on site-independent matrix product states

Построение автоматной модели системы допуска к государственной тайне на основе IDEF0-модели

Currently, it is an urgent task to increase the efficiency of the system of access to state secrets through the creation and implementation of modern information technologies. The article proposes an approach to the transition from the conceptual model of the system of access to state secrets to the model of finite automata.
 The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time an approach has been proposed to build an automatic model of the state secret access system based on the IDEF0 model describing the processes occurring in the state secret access system. 
 The practical significance of the research lies in simplifying the construction of a mathematical model of the state secret access system, which can be used to develop an appropriate automated information system.

К ВОПРОСУ ОБ УСТРАНЕНИИ ПРОБЕЛОВ В ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВЕ, СВЯЗАННЫХ С ДОПУСКОМ ЛИЦ К ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ТАЙНЕ В СУДЕБНОМ ПРОЦЕССЕ

Current legislation in the field of admission of litigation participants to state secret is discussed in the article. The legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation related to the interpretation of the Law of the Russian Federation «On State Secret», as well as the observance of the right of persons participating in the case to qualified legal assistance in court proceedings are also analyzed. The gaps in the legislation that lead to the emergence of administrative barriers that prevent the persons participating in the case from getting acquainted with materials containing state secrets are identified in the article. Specific recommendations for amending the current legislation in the field of protecting state secret in order to fulfill constitutional human rights as to qualified legal assistance and a fair trial are proposed by the authors.

КРИМІНАЛЬНО-ПРОЦЕСУАЛЬНІ ГАРАНТІЇ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ТАЄМНИЦІ, У КРИМІНАЛЬНИХ... ПРАВОПОРУШЕННЯХ, ВІДНЕСЕНИХ ДО ПІДСЛІДНОСТІ СЛІДЧИХ СЛУЖБИ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ

The article carries out a scientific and comparative analysis of the problematic issues of guaranteeing state secrets in the investigation of crimes against the foundations of national security. Scientifically based ways of solving them are proposed. The purpose of the article is to study the problematic issues of guarantees of state secrets in the investigation of crimes against the foundations of national security and to develop scientifically based proposals for their solution. The provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine regarding the pre-trial investigation of criminal proceedings, which contain information that constitutes a state secret of Ukraine, are considered in detail. On the basis of the analysis of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, the research of scientists and materials of practice, the legal measures to ensure the protection of state secrets in criminal proceedings are listed, and the problems of legal protection of the institute of state secrets are also determined. It is substantiated that the criminal-procedural guarantees of state secrets are defined by the criminal-procedural law and other legislative and departmental normative legal acts that do not contradict it, the means and methods of the legal and effective functioning of the criminal process, which ensure the protection of state secrets, the realization of the rights and legitimate interests of the participants in the criminal process, as well as the rights and obligations of the persons conducting the criminal process, and the performance of the tasks of criminal justice. Criminal-procedural guarantees and criminal-procedural guarantees of state secrets have a common legal nature and are aimed at protecting the rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities participating in it, as well as quick and complete disclosure of crimes, exposure of the guilty and ensuring the correct application of the Law so that everyone who committed a crime is brought to justice and no innocent person is punished.

Исследование методов защиты конфиденциальных данных

The article analyzes the main methods of protecting confidential information. Organizational and technical measures to protect it are considered. Criteria for an adequate assessment of methods for protecting confidential data are highlighted. Within the framework of experimental studies, the best method of protecting confidential data has been identified. Currently, much attention is paid to the protection of confidential information - that is, information that a limited number of people have the right to access. This may be personal data of citizens or secrets of commercial activity of firms, official and state secrets, or materials of legal proceedings. As a result of the leakage of secret information, there is a loss of customers, a decrease in income, etc. Attackers can seize valuable information, damage the reputation of citizens, gain access to bank accounts, private and state secret documents. To ensure the protection of confidential information, not only the development of separate mechanisms and methods of protection is required, but a whole systematic approach is needed - a set of measures, such as the use of software and hardware, engineering and cryptographic tools; legal and organizational measures. The complex nature of protection arises from the complex actions of intruders who seek to obtain important information for them by any means. Among the methods of preserving confidential data, the most common are: data certification, licensing, categorization, certification. Disclosure of confidential information is one of the main security threats. The implementation of threats is the result of one of the actions and events: disclosure of confidential information, leakage of confidential information and unauthorized access to protected information. In case of disclosure or leakage, the confidentiality of restricted access information is violated.

State secret as a subject of criminal encroachment under Article 276 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

В данной статье раскрывается сущность понятия «государственная тайна» как предмета совершения преступного деяния против государственной власти в виде шпионажа. Авторами анализируются принципы формирования государственной тайны и составляющая ее информация.

СПЕЦІАЛІЗАЦІЯ АДВОКАТІВ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ: СТАН І ПЕРCПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ

The article provides a study of the influence of the martial law introduced in Ukraine on the development of the specialization of the lawyer's activity. The authors set a goal to characterize the current state of the development of the specialization of the lawyer's activity under war conditions in Ukraine and to outline its prospects, taking into account the requirements and consequences of the state of war. To achieve it, the general dialectical method of cognition, methods of systematic and selective analysis, synthesis of information, as well as the comparative method that is necessary for the study of foreign experience on the issues considered in the publication were used. It is noted that under the conditions of war, a new challenge for lawyers has become the need to quickly respond to changes in the demand for lawyer services, which is based on large-scale migration processes, complex economic realities, and a significant shift from "peaceful civilianism towards war-related criminal practice." The demand for legal services related to the areas of tax law, criminal law, bankruptcy, agrarian and land law is predicted. However, in the opinion of the authors, in the long run, the specialization in the legal profession, caused by the conditions of martial law, should be considered more globally, particularly in the context of the idea of the development of the military justice system, in which the legal profession should take its proper place. To substantiate this thesis, the experience of NATO member states (using the example of the USA) and Israel is cited. As a result, it has been concluded that the war causes transformations in the legal profession, as well as in all other spheres of society's life. Therefore, for lawyers who are in a state of forced professional reorientation, the well-known life wisdom: "If one door closes, another one opens" is worth recalling. At the same time, it was emphasized that the absence of a balanced system of military justice in a warring country is a "nonsense" and a direct threat to national security. The Defense Security Forces of Ukraine currently number one million people and this number will only grow (we do not count retired military personnel, family members of military personnel who also need legal assistance). Military business is a rather specific and dangerous profession that requires a lawyer to have a set of specific knowledge, abilities, skills, and even logics of thinking. Separately, one should think about the issues of whether the lawyer has a military rank, one's compliance with other requirements that would give the access to documents containing state secrets, the ability to travel to the front line of hostilities and without problems to go to military facilities for the effective protection of rights and interests of their clients, etc. All this requires careful analysis and well-considered decisions, which collectively outline the future prospects for scientific exploration.

АНАЛІЗ ВПЛИВУ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ АСИМЕТРІЇ НА ПРОЦЕС РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ІНТЕРЕСІВ

The article notes that information asymmetry is provoked by the unevenness of digital processes, which affects the country's competitive position on the world stage. The author examines Ukraine's position in the ranking of countries by indicators of global digital competitiveness, which demonstrate the manifestations of information asymmetry and polarize the world into leaders and outsiders in terms of the level of development of the information society. The author's vision of the factors that provoke information asymmetry is outlined, which, in the process of their corrective management influence and solving problematic aspects, form a vision of the vector of the national economy, the priority of concepts and targeted measures of the information economy. The information asymmetry by areas and nature of influence on the process of realization of national economic interests is studied. It is proved that within the same sphere of information asymmetry several processes with different vectors can function. The author outlines the conflicts of interest provoked by information asymmetry in the system of level organization of economic relations, since it prevents the effective redistribution of wealth produced by the latest knowledge and modern innovative and information technologies from more successful countries, industries, productions, and spheres of activity to less progressive ones. It is noted that the unresolved conflict situations in the multilevel structure of economic relations contribute to the deepening of negative manifestations of information asymmetry. Management measures to eliminate the negative manifestations of information asymmetry in the perspective of achieving key national interests are outlined. It is proved that the phenomenon of information asymmetry is manifested in: determining its essence and economic content; dualistic manifestation of influence on the process of realization of national interests in the system of economic relations; causal movement of information asymmetry; in the legislative consolidation of information asymmetry, which is manifested in the restriction of access to information in the areas related to state and commercial secrets.

МЕТОД ВИЯВЛЕННЯ ПОРУШЕННЯ ЦІЛІСНОСТІ ЦИФРОВОГО ЗОБРАЖЕННЯ, ЗАСНОВАНИЙ НА СПЕКТРАЛЬНОМУ РОЗКЛАДАННІ СИМЕТРИЗОВАНОЇ МАТРИЦІ БЛОКУ

The work considers an important scientific and practical task of increasing the effectiveness of detecting violations of the integrity of information, in particular digital images, which is its common representation, which is becoming one of the main ones for specialists in the field of information and cyber security today. Undetected, unauthorized changes to information in a timely manner can lead to negative, catastrophic consequences for individuals, enterprises, banks, firms, and for humanity as a whole, when it comes to information that constitutes a state secret, contains data from the military industry, nuclear energy, chemical industry, etc., which determines the relevance of the problem under consideration. The main result 102 of the work is an improved universal method for detecting violations of the integrity of a digital image, ready for practical implementation, the theoretical basis of which is based on the analysis of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of symmetric blocks of the image matrix, which correspond to the original blocks. The paper substantiates the method of symmetrization of the block matrix, which allows to significantly (by more than 23%) reduce computational and, as a result, time costs for image examination in comparison with the time costs of the prototype method. It is proved that for the majority of the obtained symmetric blocks that correspond to the blocks of the original CG, the angle between the eigenvector corresponding to the maximum eigenvalue of the block and the normalized vector of the modules of the eigenvalues is equal to a certain value that does not depend on the specifics of the original image, but is sensitive to its changes, which made it possible to ensure the universality of the method and increase its efficiency in the sense of the accuracy of detecting a violation of the integrity of the image by more than 5%, compared to the analogue. The significance of the obtained results lies in ensuring, due to the use of the proposed method, an increase in the efficiency of the process of detecting violations of the integrity of the image according to the criteria of computing (time) costs for the examination of one image and the accuracy of detection.