State Secrets Research Articles

ECONOMIC RIGHTS TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS OBJECTS, CREATED ON THE BASIS OF RESEARCH AGREEMENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF UKRAINE

The article deals with the features of the distribution of economic rights between customers of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD) and higher educational institutions, as executors of such researches.During the study the author has analyzed general provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine regarding the distribution of rights to the results of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD) between the customer and the executor of such researches. In addition, the author has analyzed provisions of special legislation regarding the distribution of economic rights to scientific and scientific-technical (applied) results, which are IPR objects.Based on this analysis, it has been found that the distribution of economic rights to IPR objects, which are the results of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD), at the level of «customer — executor of such researches» will depend on: 1) the type IPR objects that will be created and 2) the sources of fundingof such researches. In relation to such IPR objects as inventions, utility models, industrial designs, copyright, layout designs (topographies) of integrated circuits, plant varieties, animal breeds and performances the following options for distribution of economic rights are possible:1) in case of non-budgetary financing of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD) — rights belong jointly to the customer and the higher educational institution-executor of such researches. This may be changed by a contract between the customer and the executor.2) in case of budgetary financing of researches — rights belong to the higher educational institutions-executor of such researches. In addition, the legislator does not provide for the possibility to change the said provision by contractually. At the same time, the customer of such research should be assigned the right to use IPR objects for free.3) in the case of budgetary financing of the researches, while the obtained IPR objects are state secrets or objects obtained under a state defence order — rights belong to the customer of such research. This cannot be changed contractually either;4) in the case of mixed financing (own funds of the higher educational institution and budgetary funds) – rights belong to the party that will be determined contractually by the customer and the executor of the basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD).In the case of a scientific discovery, we can only talk about moral rights, namely – the right of attribution. Thus, the indicated object is outside of the scope of the rules regarding the distribution of economic rights.As to phonograms and videograms, the economic rights to these objects will belong to that party to research agreements that will actually “create” those objects. This can be either the customer or the executor of such researches.As to trade secrets, the economic rights will, as a general rule, belong to both the customer and higher educational institution — the executor of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD). In this case, disposing of these rights will be carried out jointly. This can be changed contractually. Also, suggestions to improve the legislation of Ukraine have been made.

State secrets revealed

State secrets revealed

ДЕЯКІ ПРОБЛЕМНІ ПИТАННЯ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ТА ПРОВЕДЕННЯ ВІЗУАЛЬНОГО СПОСТЕРЕЖЕННЯ ОПЕРАТИВНИМИ ПІДРОЗДІЛАМИ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ПРИКОРДОННОЇ СЛУЖБИ УКРАЇНИ

В статті розкрито окремі особливості організації та проведення візуального спостереження оперативними підрозділами Державної прикордонної служби України. Проаналізовано теоретичні та практичні аспекти проблемних питань, що стосуються поняття «візуальне спостереження», а також досліджено розкриття даного поняття іншими науковцями.
 Розглянуто сучасний стан правого регулювання здійснення візуального спостереження як один із методів оперативно-розшукової діяльності, який застосовується оперативними підрозділами Державної прикордонної служби України з метою виявлення та фіксації даних щодо протиправної діяльності на державному кордоні.
 На сьогодні правовою основою діяльності оперативних підрозділів Державної прикордонної служби України щодо здійснення візуального спостереження під час кримінального провадження є Конституція України, Кримінальний та Кримінальний процесуальний кодекси України, Закони України «Про Державну прикордонну службу України», «Про оперативну розшукову діяльність», «Про державну таємницю», інші нормативно-правові акти відомчого та міжвідомчого характеру. У той же час означені законодавчі акти мають низку прогалин.
 Оперативно-розшукова діяльність є особливою правоохоронною функцією, особливістю якої є переважно негласний характер і яка складається з системи гласних і негласних пошукових, розвідувальних та контррозвідувальних заходів. Проведення оперативно-розшукових заходів включає в себе у організацію візуального спостереження як за особою, так і за місцем або річчю.
 Завданням оперативно-розшукової діяльності як специфічного виду державної діяльності є пошук і фіксація фактичних даних про протиправні діяння окремих осіб та груп, відповідальність за які передбачена Кримінальним кодексом України, розвідувально-підривну діяльність спеціальних служб іноземних держав та організацій з метою припинення правопорушень та в інтересах кримінального судочинства, а також отримання інформації в інтересах безпеки громадян, суспільства і держави.
 Проведений аналіз ефективності роботи оперативних підрозділів Державної прикордонної служби України свідчить про відсутність диференційованого підходу до організації та проведення різних видів візуального спостереження.
 В статті авторами визначено деякі проблемні питання організації та проведення візуального спостереження оперативними підрозділами Державної прикордонної служби України в прикордонних районах.

Методика оцінки ефективності комплексної системи захисту інформації автоматизованих інформаційних систем органів військового управління

The issue of information security is an important part of the concept of introducing new information technologies in military affairs. "The one who possesses reliable and complete information - the one who owns the situation, and the one who owns the situation - that is able to manage it in his own interests, and the one who is able to manage - that is able to win." Therefore, the protection of information in the information environment of military command and control agencies is currently a very urgent problem that needs to be addressed.Information security in military command and control has a number of features compared to well-known concepts. This is due, on the one hand, to the specifics of the work of staffs as carriers of state and military secrets, and on the other, to a typical organizational and staff structure with corresponding permanent functions. The modern concept of information warfare also provides for the widespread use of special means of combat in the information space. This determines the urgency of the problem of information security.

INSTITUTE OF PROBATION SERVICE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

In the article, based on the results of an empirical study, the development prospects of the probation service institute in the Russian Federation are presented. The probation service in Russia will focus on the development of juvenile probation in the Russian Federation, which will become the basis for ensuring the successful social adaptation of juvenile offenders in the post-prison period and their subsequent reintegration into modern Russian society. For the first time, the author of the article proposes the structure of the new Federal Law “On the Probation Service in the Russian Federation”. In the development and subsequent discussion in parliament of the Russian Federation of this bill, the author of the publication suggests paying attention to the section "The main activities of rehabilitation centers of the Federal Security Service of Russia". It is determined that the criminal-executive and criminal legislation in Russia as a whole establishes the principle of differentiating the appointment and execution of criminal punishment, especially for juvenile convicts serving criminal sentences in prisons. The problem of legal regulation of the activities of the organizations considered here is extremely acute today. The problem of legal regulation is associated with the post-prison adaptation of persons released from prison. Taking into account the experience of some foreign sovereign states of Asia and Europe, it is necessary to complete the work that has already begun and to adopt the Federal Law on Post-Prison - Social Adaptation of Persons Exempted from Criminal Punishment. The author also determined that penitentiary re-socialization of a convicted person is oriented towards full or partial restoration of social (life) skills, which allows a minor convicted person to reintegrate into society in the post-prison period, independently navigate the issues of obtaining a profession, employment, creating his own family, etc. A juvenile convict, while in prison, partially or completely loses family ties, loses contact with the outside world, friends, acquaintances, and even close relatives turn away from the teenager. But they are necessary for the teenager throughout the entire period of stay in places of deprivation of liberty, and especially after release from the colony in the first post-prison period. The author also proved that a teenager receives in prisons the necessary primary professional, cultural and aesthetic educational, social skills that will guide him in the process of social adaptation in one or another sphere of life. The material in this article does not contain information (information) relating to state secrets of the Russian Federation.

ДОСВІД ДЕЯКИХ ЗАРУБІЖНИХ КРАЇН ЩОДО КРИМІНАЛЬНО-ПРАВОВОЇ ОХОРОНИ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ТАЄМНИЦІ

У статті наведено детальний аналіз систем охорони державної таємниці у Франції, Естонії й Узбекистані, які були порівняні із системою охорони державної таємниці України. У процесі вищезазначеного аналізу було досліджено закордонне законодавство щодо систем захисту державної таємниці та положення місцевих кримінальних кодексів щодо охорони державної таємниці як механізм захисту державної таємниці. Порівнювались вид і розмір покарання за вчинення злочинів, пов’язаних із розголошенням інформації, що становить державну таємницю, у Франції, Естонії, Узбекистані й Україні. У результаті було з’ясовано, що найсуворіше покарання за розголошення державної таємниці передбачене Кримінальним кодексом Франції та становить до тридцяти років позбавлення волі, тоді як Кримінальний кодекс Узбекистану передбачає позбавлення волі до п’яти років. Найбільш детальна класифікація інформації, що становить державну таємницю, існує в Естонії, де вся інформація розподілена на класи та підкласи, для кожного такого класу і під-класу визначаються тип секретності та термін охорони її державою. На основі всієї дослідженої інформації та документів ми пропонуємо внести зміни до відповідних положень Кримінального кодексу України та Закону України «Про державну таємницю», щоб запозичити найкращий європейський досвід, зокрема ми пропонуємо встановити кримінальну відповідальність для юридичних осіб за розголошення державної таємниці та посилити покарання за злочини у сфері охорони державної таємниці. Більше інформації та цікавих фактів ви можете знайти, прочитавши повну версію статті.
 У зв’язку з необхідністю розвитку України в галузі оборони ми запропонували систематизувати перелік секретної інформації в галузі оборони, розділивши її на три рівні: конфіденційна оборонна, секретна оборонна, надзвичайно секретна оборонна.На основі закордонного досвіду кримінально-правової охорони державної таємниці зроблено висновки щодо необхідності вдосконалення українського законодавства у сфері охорони відомостей, що становлять державну таємницю.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL LEGAL REGULATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BODIES' ACTIVITY IN THE SPHERE OF ELECTRONIC MONEY TURNOVER TAKING INTO ACCOUNT PUBLICITY AND TRANSPARENCY PRINCIPLES

ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL LEGAL REGULATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BODIES' ACTIVITY IN THE SPHERE OF ELECTRONIC MONEY TURNOVER TAKING INTO ACCOUNT PUBLICITY AND TRANSPARENCY PRINCIPLES

Peculiarities of State Experts Activity on Secret Issues of the State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine

The study is focused on the protection of state secrets in the State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine (SPS). The subject matter of scientific work is the features of state experts on secret issues, whose activities play a key role in classifying information as a state secret. The paper is aimed at analyzing the impact of numerous reforms of the SPS system on the composition and characteristics of the relevant state experts.
 During the research, the author has carried out the analysis of laws and bylaws, where special attention was paid to the List of officials entrusted with the functions of state experts on secret issues, and the Code of Information Constituting State Secrets. The research emphasizes that the relevance of the analysis is related not only to the already implemented changes in the system of the State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine, but also to the expectation of no less important reforms that significantly affect the structure, subordination and forms of activity of SPS agencies.
 As a result of the conducted analysis the author has provided characteristics to the features of quantitative and qualitative structure of the state experts which were caused by structural changes of SPS agencies. The peculiarities of the activity of state experts of SPS are characterized, such important requirements to their qualification as the corresponding experience and deep possession of the maintenance and essence of daily needs of SPS system are allocated.
 The obtained results substantiate the expediency of expanding the composition of state experts on secret issues in the field related to SPS of Ukraine.
 Based on the findings of the study, the author has offered the position of the Head of the Department for the Execution of Criminal Punishments to be included in the List of officials entrusted to perform the functions of state experts on secret issues.

State Secrets in the Perspective of Public Transparency (Study of the journalism code of ethics)

Good governance is a government that is transparent, open, and participatory. Includes the whole process of managing public resources since the process of decision making, implementation, and evaluation. The benefits of freedom of information are not only to create a government that is clean, efficient and able to prevent corruption, but also to improve the quality of public participation in the process of making public policies, and supervising their implementation. The main problem raised in this study is how to state secrets from the perspective of public transparency. study of Undang-Undang No. 40 the year 1999 concerning the press and the journalistic Code of Ethics and the obstacles in trying to obtain information.

The Taking of Evidence in a Fair Trial in the Light of the ECtHR – Especially the Protection of Confidential Information or State Secrets as Evidence

This article deals with the requirements of a fair trial while taking evidence in court. In particular, it outlines the content and scope of rights when examining defence or prosecution witnesses, and procuring documentary or other material evidence. Furthermore, it explores the extent to which confidential information or state secrets may be protected during the taking of evidence in court, and the limits placed on the application of such protective measures by the defence’s right to a fair trial.

СТРУКТУРНО-КЛАСИФІКАЦІЙНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

The article reveals the main aspects of the structural and classification characteristics of providing information security. In the context of revealing the purpose of scientific research processed a number of sources, separate articles of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine of December 29, 2016 “On the Doctrine of Information Security of Ukraine”, some articles of the Law of Ukraine “On the Concept of the National Informatization Program”, the Law of Ukraine “On Information”, the Law of Ukraine “On State Secrets” and the Law of Ukraine “On Access to Public Information”. It is determined that information security is a state and level of protection of the information sphere and is manifested in the formation, use and development of the interests of both citizens and society, including the state as a whole. It is established that information security has an interdisciplinary nature, namely it covers the legal, technical, technological, psychological foundations and causes great complexity and multilevel relationships between the components of information security. It is proved that the application of approaches to the classification of information security, which are used in the scientific article, is one of the ways to carry out a structural analysis of the process of providing information security, without violating the relationships between its components. It has been determined that the key features of each of the components of the provisioning process allow in the future to carry out the process of ensuring information security in a comprehensive manner and form the tactical and strategic directions of such activities. It was found that consideration and reflection of all the main issues of comprehensive providing information security allows to harmonize the Ukrainian legislation in the information sphere, and this in the long run will contribute to the formation of an effective state policy in the information sphere.

The Red Atlas: How the Soviet Union Secretly Mapped the World by John Davies and Alexander J. Kent James Risen (review)

SEER, 98, 1, JANUARY 2020 186 the relations between the wartime leaders of the Grand Alliance. The work complements the publication of the three-volume journal of the Soviet ambassador in London, Ivan M. Maiskii. It is an important contribution to understanding the Soviet point of view during World War Two, undistorted in the present period of so-called ‘new cold war’. Département d’histoire Michael Jabara Carley Université de Montréal Davies, John and Kent, Alexander J. The Red Atlas: How the Soviet Union Secretly Mapped the World. Foreword by James Risen. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL and London, 2017. xiii + 234 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Appendices. Indexes. $35.00. In the old Soviet Union maps were secret. The present writer well remembers how, in the 1970s, his desire to look at detailed eighteenth-century cadastral maps of a part of central European Russia for purely academic purposes was frustrated by the caution of archivists. Whether the authorities believed that such maps, somehow secretly copied, might be used by Western intelligence agencies for some nefarious purpose was unclear. It later transpired that even Soviet scholars often had difficulty accessing such materials. With respect to the general public the modern maps of towns and cities available for purchase were usually deliberately distorted. If access to maps of the USSR was restricted, Soviet maps of foreign countries or regions were generally unavailable with the exception of those at smaller scales. Western maps were, of course, available in the West and these were used by the Soviets to compile their own maps of Western countries and of other parts of the world. Between 1950 and the end of the Soviet period the Military-Topographic Directorate of the Soviet General Staff (that part of the Soviet military responsible for mapping) conducted a secret mapping project covering the whole world at a variety of scales and in several series. According to the authors of this volume, this constituted ‘the most comprehensive global topographic mapping project ever undertaken’ (p. 11). Estimates vary, but according to one, in excess of a million maps were produced. The authors group them into, firstly, topographic maps or topos (military and civil series), secondly city plans (military and civil series) and, thirdly, special maps of various kinds. Whilst most such maps were regarded as state secrets during the Soviet era, the breakup of the USSR in 1991 radically changed the situation. Many maps were deposited in newly-independent states such as the three Baltic states and REVIEWS 187 became available to view and copy. Others entered the market illegally or by other means. Many are now in private collections. The present volume, written by two self-confessed ‘map enthusiasts’ (one a retired Information Systems specialist, the other an academic specialist in cartography) gives a brief account of the history of Russian and Soviet mapping followed by a detailed discussion of the style, content and symbology of the Soviet maps, the cartographical methods employed and the story of how the maps entered into the public domain. The target readership is ‘the general reader’. It has to be said, however, that the authors occasionally allow their evident enthusiasm to overwhelm them. For example, their discussion of the technicalities of the map making methods used, beginning on page 19, seems likely to exhaust the understanding and the patience of many a reader. The real highlight of the book is the maps themselves. Liberally scattered through the text, and with an appendix of nearly sixty examples in Appendix 1, the full-colour map extracts give a vivid impression of the detailed analysis which went into the compilation of the maps and of their sheer aesthetic quality. Soviet maps have long been known for their ability to present enormous detail even at smaller scales. What is amazing is the range of data covered including, in some cities, building heights, road widths and bridge capacities, and, for selected water bodies, channel depths and navigability. Clearly the Soviets used not only Western maps and satellite imagery but many other sources, in all probability including feet on the ground. The fact that some militarily sensitive objects were not depicted on Western maps, but appear...

The many crises of Mayak

Since the USSR began producing plutonium for atomic bombs, the Mayak plant near Chelyabinsk has been a source of environmental pollution, emitting radioactive waste into rivers and lakes. In 1957, there was a major explosion, exposing hundreds of thousands of people to radiation. The authorities concealed the disaster, and Mayak is regarded as a state secret. When the East-West conflict ended, the plant lost its importance. Nuclear missiles were dismantled, and Mayak became known as a global centre for reprocessing spent nuclear fuels. Today, the Soviet spirit still dominates at Mayak. Information is kept secret, the truth is denied, justification is found for illegal activities and there is a refusal to pay compensation to the people who have suffered. This is the basis on which the Mayak enterprise is founded.

СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ПО ПЕРСПЕКТИВЕ РАЗВИТИЯ СРЕДСТВ ДОСТАВКИ НОСИТЕЛЕЙ СВЕДЕНИЙ ОГРАНИЧЕННОГО ДОСТУПА

The object of research is to ensure the protection of information from unauthorized access. The subject of the study is to ensure the protection of information from the threat of compromise when delivered into the special case by courier. The purpose of the study is to develop proposals for improving the devices of delivery of carriers of information of limited access by courier in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The methodology of research is based on modeling of situations of transportation of information carriers and a systematic approach to methods and means of protection of state secrets. Proposals were outlined to improve the means of delivery of carriers of limited access information, in fact two promising studies. The first area of research is the development and implementation of an automated system in the army of transportation of types of carriers of information of limited access that are used today in the army. The second direction of research is the development and replacement of types of carriers of information to the new ones made of materials with self-destructive structure under certain conditions. The analysis of technical solutions for the automated transportation system. It was determined a universal remedy for the destruction of carriers of information is a combustible mixture, providing the combustion reaction according to the type of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. To protect the environment and courier from the combustion process justified the use of composite heat resistant materials. Technical means of recording parameters indirectly characterizing the presence of delivery threat factors were identified. The main working elements of the model of the system of transportation and destruction of documents are formulated. The tests of the demonstration sample of the special case were carried out, which show the rationality of approaches in the development and design of the system. Application of the developed delivery system can be a special unit of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation provides delivery of carriers of information of limited access unit of the service of protection of state secrets of the Army, Federal guard service, Federal security service, the State courier service of the Russian Federation, security agencies of banks and private firms.

Судебное обжалование решений и действий должностных лиц органов, осуществляющих оперативно-розыскную деятельность: проблемы регламентации и перспективы совершенствования правовой процедуры

The article deals with the issues of legal regulation and the actual implementation of the procedures for appealing against the actions of officials carrying out operative-investigative activity. It is noted that there is uncertainty in the choice of the type of legal proceedings (criminal or administrative) also as a level of the court for such complaints (court of the subject of the Russian Federation or district court). Another problem is related to the actual assignment responsibility for the plaintiffs to substantiate complaints about covert operative-investigative measures which, as a rule, leads to a refusal to consider them. The authors are invited to introduce a universal appeal procedure in the framework of administrative proceedings. The secret nature of the operative-investigative activity does not allow the plaintiff to fully substantiate the essence of his claims, so this task may be performed by the court. In order to preserve information constituting a state secret, it is necessary to introduce a closed procedure for dealing with such complaints.

КРИМІНАЛЬНО-ПРАВОВА РЕГЛАМЕНТАЦІЯ ЗЛОЧИНІВ У СФЕРІ НЕДОТОРКАНОСТІ ДЕРЖАВНОГО... КОРДОНУ УКРАЇНИ ТА ЇЇ УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ

Committing crime in the field of inviolability of state boundary of Ukraine is violation of interests of the state in the field of the guard of state boundary, violation of interests of the state is in the field of the guard of state boundary, violation of the set order of his crossing, and also violation of interests of society and individuals. Except it, crimes in the field of marked can be the stage of preparation to other grave or especially heavy crimes or encroaching upon them, or by the means of feasance of other crimes. As operative and inquisitional practice, special services of the foreign states, persons or their groups hostilely adjusted to our country, confirms use illegal penetration to Ukraine for a conduct against her of subversive activity, for example, trenching upon life of state or public figure, diversion, espionage, contraband goods of weapon, ammunition, military technique, assassination, contraband goods of narcotic facilities, psychotropic substances, their analogues or прекурсорів or falsifyed medicinal facilities. The illegal crossing of state boundary from Ukraine outside her territory can be perfect the citizens of Ukraine, that collected information illegally, that presented a state secret, by persons that committed crime in Ukraine and have for an object to avoid legal responsibility for different offences. The aim of the article is continuation of research of dispositions of the articles of КК of Ukraine, that set responsibility for committing crime in the field of inviolability of state boundaries of Ukraine, and formulation on this basis of suggestions in relation to the possible improvement of corresponding norms of criminal right. Crimes offer as a result of research, envisaged century of century 332, 3322 , 334, to distinguish in the separate division of Special part of КК of Ukraine. As actions of leader of illegal passage of persons through the state boundary of Ukraine not always coincide with the actions of organizer of this crime, it costs to add to the century 27 КК of Ukraine Types of corresponding part, that would determine the concept of leader, that is there is a person, that manages the feasance of criminal offence, heads distribution of roles and feasance of certain actions. Also to add to the century 332 КК of Ukraine part fourth, that would set an increase responsibility for the actions, envisaged by parts first, second and third the real article, if they entailed death even one person or other heavy consequences. To КК of Ukraine it is desirable to include concept suffering from a crime in the release of century 55 the Criminal code of practice of Ukraine, adding society and state to the physical and legal person, that also suffer at the feasance of criminal offences. Expedient is a return to КК of Ukraine of century a 331 illegal crossing of state boundary of Ukraine. It is necessary to set an increase responsibility at illegal passage of person (persons) through the state boundary of Ukraine from selfish motives in case of receipt for such operating of pay on a sum, that in 600 and more than times exceeds untaxable a minimum of acuestss of citizens in the moment of feasance of this criminal offence. Third type of criminal activity, envisaged to the century 334 КК of Ukraine of Non-observance of the routes, places of landing, air-routes, corridors or echelons, marked in permission as independent crime it follows to envisage the separate article and attribute her to Division of CHI of Special part of КК of Ukraine «Criminal offences against safety of motion and exploitation of transport». Corpus, envisaged century delict 3321 , it follows to attribute to Division of ІХ of Special part of КК of Ukraine «Criminal offences against public safety».

Rethinking Japan: The Politics of Contested Nationalism by Arthur Stockwin and Kweku Ampiah

Reviewed by: Rethinking Japan: The Politics of Contested Nationalism by Arthur Stockwin and Kweku Ampiah Chris Winkler (bio) Rethinking Japan: The Politics of Contested Nationalism. By Arthur Stockwin and Kweku Ampiah. Lexington Books, Lanham MD, 2017. xii, 299 pages. $116.00, cloth; $42.99, paper; $40.50, E-book. Rethinking Japan provides an easy-to-read overview of postwar politics and what—according to the authors—has changed in Japan since the 1990s, particularly since 2012. Arthur Stockwin and Kweku Ampiah argue that the "new" Japan that has emerged is "more controlled, less democratic, less oriented toward peace, more internationally assertive, more inclined to confront neighboring countries, more unequal … [and] more concerned to flaunt national traditions" (p. 268). In tracing the steps that led to this brave new world, the authors first review the early postwar regime up to the 1980s and 1990s (chapter 1), before discussing the various political and socioeconomic changes that occurred in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s (chapters 2 and 3) and finally what they call the advent of the "2012 political system." This last part includes chapters on the debate about "Abenomics" (chapter 5), the revision of the Constitution of Japan (chapter 6), the Designated State Secrets Law and freedom of the press (chapter 7), historical revisionism and national identity (chapter 8), collective self-defense legislation (chapter 9), and Japan's foreign relations (chapters 10 and 11). The book's main story is no doubt the transition toward the aforementioned 2012 system. The authors strive to convey a realistic image of Japan during a period that has seen the country undergo substantial change. Thus, it is fitting for the book to begin and end with brief discussions of the changing images of Japan in the West and how most of them had little to do with the realities of Japanese society and politics (pp. 3–5). For instance, the authors spend quite a few pages convincingly arguing that postwar Japanese governments have been far more proactive than widely assumed in the West (p. 272). This is the key argument of chapter 12, where the authors show that as far back as the Bandung Peace Conference in 1955 (in other words, just three years after the end of the Allied Occupation of Japan), the government did not yield to U.S. pressure (pp. 251–54). Seeing how Japan was experiencing "fundamental change in the politics, political economy, and conduct of foreign policy" (p. 2) and a democracy that was not "dead," "but rather [had] its character … being twisted into new shapes" (p. 2), the country was "moving into uncharted waters, and this means that assumptions about Japan need careful rethinking" (p. 7). After introducing the basic framework of postwar politics such as the 1955 regime centered on the single-party dominance of the Liberal Democratic [End Page 444] Party (LDP) (pp. 23–31), Japan's high economic growth period, and the mercantilist foreign policy based on the Yoshida Doctrine (p. 22), the authors examine what has changed and how since the 1980s and 1990s. They introduce readers to electoral reforms and the start of the single member district (SMD) system (pp. 44–45); the bursting of the speculation bubble economy in 1993, the resulting halt of high economic growth, and the subsequent neoliberal reform attempts to end the economic stagnation of the lost decade(s) (pp. 36–37); the effects of these reforms on the labor market such as an increase in workers without permanent employment (p. 39); and the post–cold war geopolitical order and the challenges the Japanese government faced in dealing with the first Gulf War, which provided the impetus for more proactive participation in international peacekeeping (p. 37). According to Stockwin and Ampiah, one more important impetus for the rise of the "2012 regime" is the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ)-led government, which temporarily replaced the LDP-Clean Government Party (Kōmeitō) government from 2009 through 2012. They argue that the backlash against the inexperienced new government would eventually pave the way for the LDP's return to power. They focus on the inexperience of most DPJ parliamentarians in running the national government. This proved a major obstacle: when the party...

Russia: “No entry”!

Russia is in the habit of issuing travel bans. It is not publicly known how often such bans are imposed every year. They affect academics, journalists, human rights campaigners and leaders of religious communities. The FSB, the state secret service, plays a key role in the imposition of the travel bans. The official reason given is that the people affected pose a threat to Russia’s national security. In some cases, this risk must be of monstrous proportions. For example, the German ethnologist Johannes Rohr, who has been conducting research on indigenous peoples, has been prohibited from entering Russia until 2069.

Abstract C50: Dissecting vulnerabilities of pancreatic tumors’ silent fraction unravels secrets of an alternative cell state

Abstract Tumors contain a heterogeneous mixture of live cells that are either undergoing proliferation or reside in a nonproliferative state. Cells that do not divide are often associated with increased chemoresistance, challenging therapies that target rapidly proliferating cells. In pancreatic cancer, paucity of blood vessels frequently generates hypoperfused, “arid” regions that constrain tumor cell metabolism and proliferation. Nonetheless, experimental conditions for studying tumor cells in vitro typically mimic well-nourished, “fertile” environments optimized for supporting proliferating cells rather than the more prevalent quiescent state. Characterization of the poorly vascularized KPC model confirmed that the quiescent phenotype is common and is strongly correlated to reduced tissue perfusion. To formulate culture conditions that will emulate the arid microenvironment associated with the nonproliferative state in vitro, we systematically deprived various nutrients from tumor cells and established the necessary components for attaining cell quiescence. Deprivation of amino acids on top of glucose, oxygen, and serum levels was essential for obtaining a complete and reversible cell cycle arrest without loss of viability. Cell cycle arrest was accompanied by a number of physiologic adaptations. Metabolomic analysis indicated reduction in the levels of TCA cycle and mevalonate pathway intermediates indicative of increased reliance on nonglycolytic metabolism. In addition, free amino acid pools were diminished and tumor cells exhibited a significant increase in autophagic flux and micropinocytosis, suggesting that amino acid availability is limited under arid conditions. Concomitant with reduced proliferation and metabolic rewiring, tumor cells under arid conditions exhibited remarkable resistance to gemcitabine. To explore alternative strategies to target these nonproliferating pancreatic tumor cells, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic screen and compared vulnerabilities under ”fertile” and “arid” conditions. Functional annotation of sgRNAs depleted under arid conditions indicated a striking dependence on oxidative phosphorylation for survival. Remarkably, our analysis also revealed that a number of targetable genetic and epigenetic programs driving cell cycle progression were not essential and, in some instances, even hazardous for cells under arid conditions. These results suggest that pancreatic tumor cells that cease proliferation in a nutrient-depleted environment are physiologically rewired and may exhibit a distinct drug response profile from rapidly proliferating cells. The experimental model we developed allows investigation of this dominant yet understudied cell population and may serve as a platform for identification of agents targeting the quiescent fraction of tumors. Citation Format: Yogev Sela, Jinyang Li, Miriam Doepner, Shivahamy Maheswaran, Clementina Mesaros, Ian Blair, Ophir Shalem, Ben Stanger. Dissecting vulnerabilities of pancreatic tumors’ silent fraction unravels secrets of an alternative cell state [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2019 Sept 6-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(24 Suppl):Abstract nr C50.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Legal Features of Aerial Video

The purpose of the study is to systematize the requirements of regulatory documents of the United States of America, the countries of the European Union and the Russian Federation regulating the procedure for aerial video recording using UAVs. As a result of the study, information that allowed UAV owners to quickly resolve issues related to obtaining permission to fly, observing the established procedure for using airspace, fulfilling requirements to ensure data confidentiality and nondisclosure of state secrets, UAV registration and certification of an external pilot activity was presented. The efficiency of resolving issues is ensured by the fact that the main provisions of regulatory documents are supplemented by links to relevant resources, which allows obtaining more detailed information depending on the specific situation. The procedure for implementing practical actions to fulfill the requirements of legal acts is also set out. The novelty of the work lies in the way of presenting the requirements of regulatory documents, ensuring their familiarization by the UAV owners in a minimum time and in the amount determined by the specifics of performing aerial video recording in each specific case.