State Of War Research Articles

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТРАТЕГІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАМИ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

Domestic enterprises in modern times operate in a rather turbulent environment, influenced by war, pandemics, and logistical changes. All of this presents new challenges for enterprise management, requiring a higher level of strategic vision, continuous monitoring, and responsiveness to potential changes. In 2022, most enterprises were forced to reconsider their strategic goals, particularly regarding profit levels. Issues with electric power, logistics, and the occupation of agricultural territories contribute to significant problems in food supply. A notable negative factor is the substantial rise in raw material costs, increasing the production cost for processing enterprises. Therefore, effective strategic management is crucial for processing industry enterprises.
 The efficiency at the enterprise level reflects the connection between the achieved results and the amount of resources invested in the activities. The aim of the work is to determine the features of strategic management of enterprises in conditions of a state of war. The conducted analysis showed that strategic management is reasonably understood as the process of managing an enterprise that, through the formation and implementation of strategic goals and tasks, considering the available potential, allows achieving competitive advantages.
 The process of strategic management should be adapted to market conditions and self-regulation processes in relations between economic entities. The main emphasis is placed on the development of development strategies and predicting the results of their implementation.
 The stages of strategic management are generalized. Hierarchical relationships of factors influencing the strategic management system are proposed. Unlike existing approaches, this allows for a more comprehensive consideration of factors determining the effectiveness of strategic management, considering crisis management, and forming a mathematical model for intelligent decision support in strategic management.

Forms of regulatory regulation to ensure tactical literacy of official combat missions by personnel of the National Police of Ukraine

In the article, the author examines the legislative provisions regarding the tactical competence of the National Police of Ukraine during the performance of their official and combat tasks, including combat training of personnel during a state of war. Specifically, attention has been given to the origins of some fundamental concepts in their work, the authority to ensure and implement measures of the legal framework during a state of war, the performance of official duties, and the execution of combat tasks by police officers.
 The research's scientific novelty lies in the in­depth theoretical study of the legal aspects of tactical competence of National Police officers while carrying out their official and combat duties. The performance of police services during times of war, emergencies, or other critical situations necessitates specific competencies, skills, and character traits for police personnel. Key requirements for police officers include the ability to make rapid decisions in critical situations, act while considering all circumstances, possess a basic level of military training and skills to effectively cooperate with military units and other law enforcement agencies during a state of war, take responsibility for organizing and providing humanitarian aid to civilians, including evacuation and first aid, as well as ensuring the preservation of the rights and freedoms of citizens, even in wartime conditions, avoiding excessive use of force, and regulating their activities in accordance with the law.
 The research underscores the importance of utilizing the appropriate competencies, skills, and character traits for the successful execution of tasks by police officers in times of war, emergency situations, and other critical circumstances.

Монетарне золото як складова міжнародних резервів центральних банків

Introduction. International reserves of central banks (CBs) are used to support the exchange rate of national currencies and have an impact on the monetary policy. In the unified standards of the IMF, international reserves include only gold, and not all precious metals. The state can call on its reserves in case of emergencies, so they are often compared with the volume of imports. It was natural to expect changes in the structure of international reserves due to the coronavirus pandemic. Problem Statement. Monetary gold does not lose its weight as a stable component of reserves, despite the volatility of world prices and the comparative profitability of other components of these reserves. Countries differ in the dynamics and share of monetary gold in reserves, as well as the possibilities of mining and physical preservation of reserves. A serious problem is the adequate revaluation of precious metals, which affects the high volatility of international reserves of many countries. The purpose of the article is to assess the role of monetary gold as a component of international reserves for the implementation of monetary policy in conditions of systemic stress, such as the coronavirus pandemic. Methods. Comparative and correlational analysis was used to characterize changes in reserves; abstract-logical analysis - to generalize the reasons for differences in the levels of the gold reserve; statistical and economic analysis - to study the influence of these variability factors on gold. Results. The analysis made it possible to distinguish monetary gold from the general circle of precious metals, to structure non-monetary gold. Several types of risks related to the ownership of gold have been singled out, which the Central Bank should take into account when managing reserves: the threat of manipulation by large players on commodity and stock exchanges; high historical and expected price volatility; the probability of loss of gold during storage and transportation due to damage, robbery, counterfeiting, etc. Conclusions. Gold remains a valuable component of the country's currency reserves. At the same time, it should not be considered as an anti-inflation product for the short term, although it retains the status of a reliable asset. There is no significant correlation between the size of the gold reserve and its share in the reserves of the Central Bank. The hypothesis that a higher level of development of the country's economy corresponds to a smaller share of gold was not confirmed. In Ukraine, the National Bank should define, as a component of monetary policy, a separate strategy for monetary gold, taking into account the state of war and the prospects of post-war economic reconstruction. In the management of monetary gold reserves, central banks should take into account the risks inherent in it. At the same time, it can be successfully used to neutralize certain risks of general reserves and liquidity risk, soften fluctuations in the national currency rate and normalize the balance of payments. It is advisable to improve the toolkit of gold price forecasting and stress testing using hypothetical and historical scenarios.

THE USE OF VIDEO MATERIALS IN THE FORMATION OF LINGUOSOCIOCULTURAL COMPETENCE OF SENIOR SCHOOL LEARNERS

The article, based on the analysis of the latest scientific research of modern education, reflects the experience of using video materials, the role of innovative technologies in the field of education, and significant attention is paid to the formation of linguosociocultural competence. The authors of the article argue that the innovative technologies of education today reach a new level of actualization and improvement of mastery, the study of certain fields and sciences, as well as the possibility of gaining experience in work with the improvement of already acquired skills in various spheres of activity. 
 The authors emphasize that modern programs provide an opportunity not only to promote the effective development and learning of a foreign language but also to monitor the performance of tasks, and to develop training exercises that are individually suitable for each learner. 
 The article determines the methods of improvement and preparation for the formation of linguosociocultural competence and the role of using video materials, which are selected for each learner, as well as methods of control over the performance of tasks and practices by intercultural communication. 
 When using various video materials in the field of education, there is an increase in motivation to learn a foreign language and the possibility of individualizing the educational process, which gives the results of quality education, a creative approach to optimal conditions for completing tasks, and gradual steps for learning a foreign language.
 A separate component should be the pedagogical interaction between the teacher and the learner, which ensures the creation of optimal conditions for the free use of educational materials and teaching practices, and the exchange of experience between the teacher and the learner. Since the foreign language environment becomes an integral part of the life of every person who studies a foreign language, the importance of foreign language communication between representatives of other peoples and cultures should be noted.
 The authors single out the ideas which deserve the implementation of video materials in the field of education, the study of the latest technologies that we receive every year, as well as the formation of liguosociocultural competence.
 The article highlights the problems that may arise when using video materials in the educational process, educational materials and combining them into one whole database that is convenient for learners, as well as the implementation of the educational process taking into account the state of war in Ukraine. 
 The components of linguosociocultural competence, the stages of its formation in senior school learners, exercises that will contribute to its formation when using video materials are considered.

ОЦІНКА КОНКУРЕНТНИХ ПЕРЕВАГ ГОТЕЛІВ ТУРИСТИЧНОГО КУРОРТУ МИГОВЕ ЯК БАЗОВИХ ЧИННИКІВ ПОВЕДІНКИ СПОЖИВАЧІВ ПОСЛУГ ГОСТИННОСТІ

In a broad and general sense, hospitality services are components of tourist services, and their quality shapes and influences consumer behavior, the level of service and comprehensive development of tourism and its products. Hotels and tourism also create a positive impact on the economy of many countries or regions. But now, due to the prolonged state of war and the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, domestic tourism is still experiencing difficult times. Many hotels and other tourism-related businesses experience the problems that lead to the reduction of their network, and in the most critical case - to closure. These risks create difficulties for people who work in the tourism industry or interact with it as counterparties. Our task is to diagnose the external competitive advantages of the hotel infrastructure and justify their consideration in relation to the potential behavior of consumers of hospitality and tourism services in order to successfully operate the respective destinations, using the example of the mountain resort of Mygove, Chernivtsi region. In the process of carrying out the research, literary, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, and analogy methods were used; specifically scientific: factor analysis and statistical methods. The article examines the methodology of diagnosing external competitive advantages of hotel infrastructure and substantiating their application in tourism for the purpose of successful functioning of relevant destinations and the state of hotel infrastructure on the example of the mountain tourist resort of Mygove, Chernivtsi region. The results of the scientific research can be used by local self-government bodies for the development and justification of long-term strategic plans for the organization, management and development of the tourist business and hotel infrastructure of the Mygove mountain resort in the conditions of the influence of various factors on the behavior of tourists as potential consumers. Theoretical, methodological and applied developments, together with the obtained results, can be used in similar studies for other regions in overcoming crisis phenomena of the tourism and hotel business caused by pandemics, martial law in Ukraine and abroad.

Between Genocide and War Crime – Legal-Cultural Analysis of the Russian Aggression in Ukraine

The cultural context, where two neighboring Slavic nations are in a state of war and the Russian imperialistic approach has never gone away for good, must be taken seriously into consideration. The international legal analysis of the Russo- Ukrainian war is not enough to truly understand the essence – rationale – of this armed conflict and then to find a solution to how to solve it and punish the perpetrator – the Russian Federation. The arguments gathered here by the author come from her own experience during trips to Russia and Ukraine, as well as military courses facilitation where students are taught that in modern warfighting it becomes more and more valid to change the (Western) lens and begin thinking as the perpetrator does. Only then we are objectively able to see and understand if the atrocities committed by Russian troops in Ukraine bear the hallmarks of a war crime or an act of genocide.

Stages of Media Studies Development in Western Sociology: Formation of Propaganda Models and Their Influence on Changes in the Public Mass Consciousness

At the end of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s, scientists became interested in the media as a subject of research, and there was also a concrete practical implementation of the technologies of mass media influence in political life. The defining feature of this period was the limitless power of the mass media to influence human behavior through persuasion, and the impetus for such conclusions was given by the successes of the Entente states in the First World War. Also, the targeted influence of the media on the public and the development of the PR system helped not only the American presidents to influence the domestic audience in the USA and beyond, but also the large-scale propaganda influence helped A. Hitler comes to power. At the first stage of the study of mass communications and the theory of propaganda, two scientific directions are distinguished: the Chicago school of pragmatism, represented by American researchers, and the Frankfurt school, which was developed by European scientists. Analysis of their research demonstrated the superiority of one-way communication, and the means of mass-communication influence was the power of persuasion, with the help of which the audience was deprived of critical thinking and turned into passive participants in communication. This laid the foundation for the first theories of propaganda, which were effectively used to achieve foreign policy goals by the then leaders.

Формування навичок емоційної стійкості учасників освітнього процесу в умовах надзвичайних ситуацій

The article emphasizes that organizing the educational process during a state of war fosters collective hope for social change and improvements in life. It also alleviates people's fears of the future and the unknown, aiding educators and students in utilizing education as a tool for building a peaceful and just world in the future. The authors analyzed available informational resources in Ukraine and abroad concerning the development of emotional resilience skills among participants in the educational process amid emergencies. It's highlighted that despite a significant increase in natural disasters, technological catastrophes, social and military conflicts worldwide, issues related to organizing education in emergencies haven't become a priority in scientific research. In the context of ongoing and integrated manifestations of extraordinary situations—be it natural (COVID-19 pandemic), technological (power outages, lack of communication, accidents in heating stations, fires), social (cyberattacks, population evacuations, false alerts in institutions), or military (rocket attacks, drone strikes, territorial threats, etc.)—the Ukrainian education system strives to continue functioning. This demands considerable physical and, more importantly, psychological efforts from educational participants, given that they all work under constant stress. However, the problems related to organizing education in emergencies of a military nature have yet to find proper reflection in Ukrainian pedagogical science. One of the significant psychological factors for effective performance in emergency situations is emotional resilience, which reduces the negative impact of strong emotions, maintains readiness for action, and prevents severe stress. Therefore, the authors conclude that further scientific research on the emotional resilience of educational participants in situations of war, characterized by frequent occurrences of various emergencies, is crucial for Ukraine. Developing methodologies for fostering and enhancing emotional resilience skills is essential.

SHARED PAIN, THE WAR AND IDENTITY: PECULIARITIES OF UKRAINIAN LITERARY METAMODERNISM

This article examines specific manifestations of the metamodern structure of feeling and features of metamodern poetics represented in contemporary Ukrainian literature, as well as the influence of the state of war, in which Ukraine has been involved since 2014, on the perception of the universal aesthetic characteristics of metamodernism in the national artistic discourse.The global phenomenon of metamodernism is considered in the article in its connections with the previous modernist and postmodern traditions and in the context of the political and cultural processes of the end of the 20th — beginning of the 21th centuries. While scrutinizing Ukrainian fictional works, we referred to the main contemporary research on metamodernism, post-posmodernism, metamodern structure of feeling, and metamodernist aesthetics but the basis of the literary analysis of Ukrainian texts included mainly the studies by Timotheus Vermeulen and Robin van den Akker, Alison Gibbons, Seth Abramson, and Greg Dember. On the basis of their research the specific set of traits of the Ukrainian literary metamodernism was developed, including oscillation, hyper-self-reflexivity, open potentiality as a spatiotemporal characteristic of the artistic worlds, eccentricity of characters («quirky»), ironesty, return of metanarratives (notably, metanarrative of the Ukrainian national identity), attention to influence of media on the identity shaping, imitation of the formal features of postmodernism, the cultivation of immersion in someone else’s felt experience (a «need for a we»), adherence to the ideas of transhumanism and the Anthropocene, cautious optimism and normcore. Despite the unique historical background of the formation of Ukrainian metamodernism (in particular, the persistent attempts of re-colonization of Ukraine by russia during the period of the State Independence, three revolutions and the current war), the key features of this phenomenon in Ukrainian literature are considered to be a «need for a we», hyper-selfreflexivity, and awareness of the importance of a person’s connection with the community.

Правове регулювання статусу військовополонених відповідно до норм міжнародного гуманітарного права: історична та сучасна ретроспектива

Annotation. The article is devoted to the study of the norms of international humanitarian law in force in Ukraine regarding prisoners of war and the history of their implementation in the Ukrainian legal field. A thorough analysis of the norms of international humanitarian law and their implementation in national legislation is carried out. The Third Geneva Convention clearly defines the concept of prisoners of war, which is particularly important for the issues under study, to whom both the personnel of the armed forces of one of the warring parties, as well as members of the resistance movement, as well as the population that defends its state from attack and is not reorganized in official armed formations. Ukraine has undertaken to fulfill all obligations regarding prisoners of war, which are prescribed in the Geneva Conventions, as well as additional protocols to the Geneva Conventions of June 8, 1977, which were ratified by Ukraine on August 18, 1989 and entered into force on July 25, 1990. Ukraine also undertakes to implement the UN Convention against Torture, which has been in force in Ukraine since November 5, 1998. The lack of proper legal regulation of the status of prisoners of war, their legal understanding and a defined set of guarantees was noted. Attention is focused on the declarative nature of norms. In general, despite the state of war in Ukraine, the situation of enemy prisoners of war who are in captivity of the state of Ukraine is based solely on Ukraine's adherence to the norms of IHL and international conventions for the protection of these rights, it is necessary to state the real observance of human rights, respect for the dignity of the person and the rule of law . Along with this, the urgent problem is the status of prisoners of war in the aggressor state, the impossibility of obtaining access to information about them in accordance with international and national institutions, cruel and inhumane treatment - this is a colossal pain of our society. The perspective of further research is defined as the issue of forming military law into a complex branch of national legislation, determining the guarantees of prisoners of war, the issue of their exchange, etc.

Currency calculations during the war

Introduction. The introduction explores the impact of war on foreign economic activity and currency transactions in Ukraine. It examines how the war influences the Ukrainian economy, emphasizing the importance for businesses to be aware of changes in currency transactions during times of war. The purpose of the paper is to analyze restrictions on currency transactions during the state of war in Ukraine and potential penalty sanctions for violations of currency legislation. Results. Currency transactions in Ukraine during the war impact a significant sector of the economy and the lives of the country's citizens. To ensure financial stability, the National Bank of Ukraine and the government have implemented a series of measures, creating challenges for businesses and the population. These measures include changes in the currency exchange rate, restrictions on the issuance of foreign currency, and limitations on cross-border transfers, and others/ Conclusions. During the period of martial law, currency transactions have faced significant challenges and changes. The National Bank of Ukraine and the government have implemented and continue to implement a series of measures to ensure stability in the currency market and mitigate the negative impact of the war on Ukraine's financial system. To minimize the adverse effects, restrictions on cash withdrawals, issuance of funds in foreign currency, cross-border currency transfers, and more have been introduced. Equally important, all economic ties with the aggressor country have been halted. Over the years of war, it has become clear that control over currency transactions plays a crucial role in ensuring economic stability. In turn, businesses need to monitor all these changes implemented by the country's leadership to continue developing successfully and contribute to the growth of our country's economy.

Southern theory, knowledge production and Russia’s war in Ukraine: An interview with Raewyn Connell

This is an interview with Raewyn Connell held through email in April 2023 and has been later updated in October 2023. It consists of the following three sections: ‘Southern Theory and Its Enemies’; ‘Russia’s war in Ukraine and the Global Field of Knowledge Production’; ‘The position of Russia in the North-South dichotomy’. It includes a variety of ideas, that is, southern theory, subaltern empire, Global East, post-socialist coloniality, sanctions, appropriation of anticolonial narratives by Putin, North and South in sociology, and so on. The main aim of the interview is to demonstrate how the ideas of Raewyn Connell relate to a current configuration of knowledge production in sociology, especially in the state of war and its possible influence on international sociology.

Управління підприємствами: виклики воєнного часу

Full-scale invasion of the Russian federation on the territory of Ukraine has significantly changed operating conditions of Ukrainian enterprises, forcing management to look for new ways to organize business-processes. Methods of enterprise management used in pre-crisis period no longer can guarantee stable functioning of a company. Therefore, there is a need to develop new approaches that correspond to the actual conditions. This research aims to identify the factors influencing the management system at Ukrainian enterprises, and tools used by the management of Ukrainian enterprises to ensure effective work in the conditions of martial law. Methods of generalization, analysis and syn­thesis, comparison, scientific abstraction and systematization were applied in process of research. In this research changes in the operating conditions of enterprises in Ukraine under the influence of the factors of the systemic crisis caused by the state of war, the nature and level of losses from their consequences were studied. The difficulties faced by Ukrainian enterprises in the conditions of martial law and the factors that provoke them were determined. The methods used to ensure the stability of enterprises in a crisis state were defined. As a result it was concluded that in order to overcome the systemic negative issues caused by the martial law, it is necessary to change management approaches at enterprises. The priority directions of such changes should be the implementation of new technologies, the deve­lopment of new management structures, and the focus on deepening interaction with personnel.

Інституційні засади бюджетного планування

The study of the institutional foundations of budget planning determines the activities of institutions in the field of forming the revenue part of the budget, effective planning of the expenditure part, ensuring the balance of the budget and increasing the level of macro­economic balance, which is especially relevant during the period of martial law in order to adapt the institutional environment to social, economic and social transformations in the country. The institutional environment of budget planning is important, as one of the main regulators of budget relations, with the aim of ensuring macroeconomic balance both in the short-term period and in the medium-term perspective. Adaptation of the institutional environment to social and economic changes and determination of priority directions for the further development of financial and budgetary relations require attention. The article aims to reveal the institutional foundations of budget planning in the system of macroeconomic regulation. The main research methods are dialectical and systemic. Structural, com­parative, factorial and logical methods were also used. In the course of the research, the essence of the institutional environment of budget planning was determined, the content of the budget institute and the budget policy institute was revealed. Adaptive changes in the institutional environment of budget formation, which were caused by the start of a full-scale war, are analyzed and priority directions for further improvement and development of the institutional environment of budget planning are given. Effective institutional environment of budget planning has a significant impact on the level of macroeconomic balance, social and economic development of the country and achievement of priorities determined by medium-term social goals. The state of war on the territory of Ukraine has become a rather significant challenge, including for the financial and budgetary institutional environment. The conducted study of the current legislative framework indicates a gradual change in the institutional environment of budget formation before transformations in social, economic, and public relations. Further impro­vement and development of the institutional environment for budget formation in terms of creation and implementation of effective financial mecha­nisms is appropriate, in order to ensure macroeconomic stability and further socio-economic development of the country.

ІНКЛЮЗИВНЕ ФІЗИЧНЕ ВИХОВАННЯ ЗДОБУВАЧІВ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ З ІНВАЛІДНІСТЮ: АКЦЕНТИ В СУЧАСНОМУ ВИМІРІ

The relevance of the study is due to the rapid increase of students with disabilities as a result of the war and the urgent need to adapt the educational process of higher school to the challenges of the state of war. We consider the benchmarks for solving the mentioned problem from the standpoint of domestic pedagogical science with an emphasis on taking into account the determinants of inclusive education and the use of forms, means, and methods of physical education. The purpose of the research is to identify and justify the emphasis on inclusive physical education of students with disabilities in the modern dimension. The research is based on the use of a complex of general scientific theoretical methods: analysis, synthesis, systematization, and generalization. The results. It has been studied that the change of emphasis in the interpretation of the concept of disability leads to the need to provide a comprehensive approach to creating conditions that would contribute to the full realization of the inclusion of students with disabilities during their studies in higher education institutions. It was found that inclusive physical education is currently the most effective means of inclusion, the main idea of which is to ensure the psychological comfort and interest of students with disabilities in the course of classes due to complete freedom of choice of means, methods, and forms of implementation of their physical education. The main goal of modern inclusive physical education with the help of various types of motor activity is the formation and development of physical condition, physical and psychological abilities, which ensure the adaptation of students with disabilities to their state of health, the variability of the environment, caused by transformations in the social life of the country. Attention is focused on the influence of inclusive physical education on the mental sphere of students with disabilities under martial law. The necessity of focusing inclusive physical education on creating a basis for students with disabilities to gain experience in health care skills and inclusion in active motor activity aimed at improving their health is determined. For many students with disabilities under martial law, inclusive physical education is the only way to "break" the closed space, enter society, find new friends, and get an opportunity for active physical activity. Conclusions. In the conditions of martial law, inclusive physical education is primarily aimed at creating conditions for the full realization of the physical and mental development of students with disabilities during the educational process, organized based on modern general scientific and special technologies of the theory, methodology and practice of physical culture, adapted to the needs of modern times.

Social innovations in the company’s strategic goals: peculiarities, classification, efficiency evaluation

The article is devoted to the features, classification and evaluation of the effectiveness of social innovations in the implementation of the company's strategic goals. The object of the study is the process of formation and implementation of social innovations in the company's activities. At the same time, the development of the concept of social innovations from the 19th century to the present is considered in detail. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of social innovations and strategic goals of the company in Ukrainian and foreign economic science. The research problem is the complexity of forming modern classifications and evaluating the effectiveness of social innovations in the company's strategic goals. The essence of the obtained results is the disclosure of the theoretical provisions of social innovations and strategic goals, the determination of approaches and methods for evaluating the effectiveness of social innovations, as well as the role of social innovations as a tool for achieving the strategic goals of the enterprise. In the reasoned conclusions of the study, it is explained that the gradation of the results of the implementation of social innovations at the enterprise depending on the type (personal, economic, image and social) indicates that each of them has both positive and negative features; methods of evaluating the impact of innovations on the company's performance are shown. In particular, the assessment of the effectiveness of social innovations is also important because their implementation requires a lot additional efforts, which shifts the focus and can distract from solving important issues that are often urgent. The state of war, the destruction of the usual approaches to doing business, the loss of qualified management personnel, specialists in various processes does not allow to effectively find and implement innovations in the social, environmental and managerial components. All these aspects are considered in the context of the effective implementation of the company's strategic goals in the conditions of a dynamic transformational society, in which the research results can be used in practice.

Safety standards in anesthesiology and during regional anesthesia: implementation in Ukraine

Patient safety in surgical settings is an integral part of the further sustainable development of medicine in Ukraine. This is key in times of the war and post-war state when the budget deficit at all levels of public administration and health care is significant and may grow significantly in the future. Medical errors during anesthetic management and surgery are particularly costly and significantly burden the health care system. Even the wealthiest economies cannot afford such mistakes. The price is particularly high for Ukrainian realities, and these mistakes are fatal for our health care. For this review, the authors used the electronic databases MEDLINE and Embase. 15 studies were included in the review. A part of the data was also included from the department research. Demonstration of own results is limited, as the data have already been published in other publications or materials are in the reviewing process. Basic monitoring according to the WHO standards / World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists (WFSA) is mainly used in hospitals of European Union countries. Results are close to 100 % for pulseoximetry and blood pressure, 98 % for electrocardiography, and 96 % for capnography. In Ukraine, monitoring methods do not have critical differences, except for a slightly lower (73.7 %) spread of capnography and ECG monitoring (83.4 %). The situation is less encouraging in the context of regional anesthesia. In Ukraine, the situation is much worse. According to the survey conducted by our department, ultrasound navigation is available in only 67 % of hospitals. There is also a low level of taking safety measures, which include checklists, training, and clinical analyzes of errors. Conclusions. According to the data of this literature review, the components of the Declaration of Helsinki on safety in anesthesiology are gradually being implemented in Ukraine, the use of the WHO checklist “Safe surgery” and safety standards of regional anesthesia is spreading. The main directions for further development are the education of physicians and other staff on patient safety, the approval of national standards and monitoring of their implementation in practice, the creation of a notification and audit system for complications and critical incidents during anesthesia.

Place of the banking system of Ukraine in the post-war reconstruction of the country

Methods. The theoretical and scientific-methodological basis of the research was made up of the principles of financial science and banking. Methods of analysis and synthesis were used during the study of the impact of historical events taking place in modern Ukrainian society on the development of the banking industry. Factors ensuring the stability of the banking system of Ukraine in an unpredictable economic environment were investigated using the system approach. Factor analysis made it possible to determine the role of the banking system in the modern development of the national economy, as well as to determine its mission in the period of post-war recovery of the Ukrainian economy. Results. The study identified the specifics and problems of the functioning of the banking system of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law and outlined its role in the further post-war reconstruction of the country. The sensitivity of the banking system of Ukraine to the influence of martial law and the growth of external financing of the state and social sector was revealed. In addition, the study showed that the state of war has a serious negative impact on the lending processes of the Ukrainian economy: an increase in the level of non-repayment of loans, deterioration of the quality of bank assets. It is argued that this problem should be solved in the context of post-war reconstruction. The main areas of activity of the National Bank of Ukraine, the legislative authorities and the banking institutions themselves to overcome the negative impact of the martial law are determined, taking into account the international experience of the development of the banking system during the post-war reconstruction of the country. The received recommendations are aimed at developing the banking system and increasing its influence on the economic growth of the country after the war. Novelty. The study paid attention to lending by Ukrainian banks in the post-war period, and also took into account the impact of military actions on the territory of Ukraine. This made it possible to establish how military conflicts affect the financial stability of the banking system of Ukraine and how this is reflected in the lending of economic projects in the country. This interaction became a key element of the study, which contributed to a better understanding of the challenges facing the banking system of Ukraine in the conditions of post-war recovery. Practical value. Strategies for the development of the banking system in Ukraine in post-war recovery are proposed, using international experience and taking into account the state of war.

Prospects of development of Ukrainian air transport regulation

The world transport system is unthinkable without aviation. Currently, there is a positive trend in the field of air transportation, and the role of aviation on a global scale cannot be overestimated. Today our state is in a state of war, but we can claim that Ukraine has significant potential for the development of the aviation market. Before the war, the passenger air transportation market had the highest growth rates among all modes of transport in Ukraine. Such prospects are due, first of all, to significant unmet demand for air transportation, as well as a favorable geographical location for the development of transit transportation. At the same time, the development of instruments for regulating the industry at the national level is of particular importance. This article is devoted to finding ways to improve the legislative and regulatory framework of air transport.

Corporate Media, Political Elites, and Perpetual War

David Michael Smith reviews journalist Norman Solomon's War Made Invisible, an eloquent moral call to end the bloody state of perpetual war that the United States has engaged in since the advent of the "war on terror."