State Emergency Service Research Articles

A hardware and software complex for adaptive monitoring of a limited ecosystem with a cloud segment

In modern conditions, as Ukraine faces numerous challenges in the fields of ecology and security, the development of comprehensive monitoring methods for restricted ecosystems becomes increasingly relevant. The research resulted in the creation of a decomposed model for data movement within this closed system, featuring a modular structure. This is a crucial aspect for the rapid expansion of the existing system's functionality and the hot swapping of complex components. Upon reviewing the issue, it was determined that the methods of adaptive monitoring research for restricted ecosystems using special services on the potentially dangerous objects and objects of critical infrastructure were not sufficiently effective. The authors proposed, modeled, and developed a new hardware-software complex that enables the implementation of a set of tools specifically tailored for monitoring in areas of anthropogenic pollution. The optimal set of sensors for the sensor module was enhanced. A unique superposition of local and cloud solutions for data accumulation, analysis, processing, and visualization is recommended for further work in this and related fields. The integration of a new solution stack in the sub-gigahertz range, with the extension of the spectrum, distinguishes the project with resilience, while the Advanced Encryption Standard adaptation implements mid-attack protection. The expected effect of implementing the multisensory system lies in the early detection of emergency situation factors, forecasting, and decision-making regarding the elimination of the arising danger, as well as the prompt involvement of relevant units of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine and other government structures. The simple implementation mechanism of the system ensures scalability and the quick replacement of key elements.

Population health as a component of public security: the experience of the European Union and Ukraine

The scientific article, taking into account the original concept of public safety, examines the European experience and domestic approaches to public health protection in a comprehensive, risk-oriented and preventive mode. The urgency of the investigated issues is shown not only in national, but also in international dimensions. The EU initiative on health security (2020-2025), which aims to create a regional workforce responsible for the prevention and control of infectious disease challenges and strengthen regional cooperation to overcome cross-border health security threats, has been positively evaluated. It is established that the outbreak of COVID-19 in the world has created new "opportunities" for organized criminal groups, given that law enforcement agencies are actively involved in resolving crisis situations in order to reduce the further spread of viral infection.
 From the standpoint of legal comparative analyses, the Ukrainian approach to public health protection within the national public safety program is highlighted. In particular, in Ukraine, the sphere of public security includes relations related to compliance with quarantine rules and the fight against particularly dangerous infectious diseases and epidemics. It was noted that the task of the Ukrainian authorities in the context of countering the spread and consequences of the corona crisis was not only the introduction of administrative and strengthening of criminal liability, but also the introduction at the local level of clear and specific rules of conduct during quarantine and timely and full communication of their content to the population.
 It is emphasized that the duty of citizens during large-scale threats to health is to strictly comply with regulations and requirements of competent authorities. It was determined that this directly depends, first of all, on the clear interaction of such state institutions as the bodies of the National Police, the State Emergency Service, the National Guard, local self-government bodies, communal enterprises, health care institutions, transport, human rights organizations, public associations for the protection of law and order among themselves and with the public.

Foreign experience in training operators of the Emergency Assistance System for the population via a single telephone number 112

For a person who finds himself in a situation where there is a threat to his life or health, or the life or health of his relatives, the time within which the competent authorities will come to his aid is critically important. In order to respond to emergencies in a timely manner, Ukraine has established a mechanism for responding to citizens' appeals. This mechanism includes the State Emergency Service of Ukraine, the National Police of Ukraine, emergency (ambulance) medical care, emergency gas service and other emergency services. However, it is not entirely convenient to call these services for help, as the call is made by different phone numbers and in situations where a variety of phone numbers will lead to a loss of time and serious consequences.
 Ukraine's integration into the European community requires our country to review the mechanisms for protecting a person in an emergency situation. It is established that the main purpose of implementing the system of emergency assistance to the single telephone number 112 in Ukraine is to provide timely assistance to European level with the ability to communicate in foreign languages, prompt involvement of necessary emergency services, which is a decisive factor in providing assistance, emergency response.
 The article also considers the issues of training employees who receive calls to the single emergency number «112», their interaction with each other during the performance of duties at emergency response centers, as well as their interaction with employees who directly provide assistance to scene. It is established that the training of operators who organize the rescue operation is carried out at the police academy.
 The training system for 112 Centre operators in Estonia is one of the best in the world and can be borrowed for implementation in Ukraine. At the same time, the «Emergency Assistance System for the Population via a Single Phone Number 112» is a rather complex mechanism for the implementation of which, in addition to analysing positive foreign experience, it is necessary to involve a fairly wide range of specialists from various fields, and therefore to create an appropriate regulatory framework to regulate the interaction between different response services.

Досвід застосовування теплових акумуляторів в умовах блекауту

This study is the first and so far the only one in Ukraine dedicated to the experience of using mobile thermal energy storage in emergencies, in particular blackouts. The article considers the issue of ensuring energy security. The classification of heat storage system parameters is given. The considered model of an autonomous heating system with a heat storage system. The impact on the thermal energy storage heating system with different designs of heat generators and fuel types is shown. The results of the operation of a combined system consisting of an autonomous heating system of a separate building equipped with an electric boiler and thermal energy storage are presented. Thermal energy storage is used not only as a buffer between the heat generator and the heating system but also as a source of heat. Integrating the thermal energy storage into the building's heating system ensures constant heat supply to the building, 100% coverage of peak dynamic loads, halving the boiler unit capacity and operating costs by 20%. It has been proven that the presence of thermal energy storage allows solving the problem of providing a stable heat supply in the conditions of a power outage. A detailed description of the conducted study of methods and equipment used during field operation and data processing is given. The results of the field tests of the thermal energy storage in winter operation conditions are provided. Features of the use of the controller for monitoring the heating system's operation with thermal energy storage are provided. The results of field tests are given. An analysis of the received data was carried out. Formulated directions for further scientific research, development, and practical recommendations for the use of mobile heat accumulators in the national economy and the state emergency service of Ukraine. Economic criteria and efficiency criteria aimed at reducing operational costs are considered. The obtained research results can be used to predict the operation of heating and cooling systems equipped with thermal energy storage. Keywords: Heating system, security, blackout, thermal energy storage, monitoring.

ПРОБЛЕМАТИКА ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ЗОНУВАННЯ ГРОМАДСЬКОГО ПРОСТОРУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТІВ. НА ПРИКЛАДІ М. ЛЬВОВА

The article is devoted to the research of problems of the functional and planning structure of existing objects of publicly accessible public spaces within the university campuses of the city of Lviv and identifying the main trends in their design and successful functioning. Based on the analysis of the scientific publications and studies that related to this topic, the main aspects of the formation of public space at the universities were presented. Thousands of students enter the universities of Ukraine every year, and all of them daily use the public spaces next to the university buildings, which are the important places for social interaction and communication of students. It is worth noting that the main criterion for the success of public university spaces is the high intensity of their use, which is determined in foreign experience by the involvement of catering and trade establishments in the functional filling of campuses. There are an important arguments, the everyday access and working mode without days off, a large number of incoming groups and to use educational zones with flexible planning in planning structure. While the domestic public spaces at universities operate sporadically, the first floors are equipped with one entrance group, which reduces the number of pedestrian transit connections with the building, and outdated approaches are used to design even modern university public spaces for students. A field survey and analysis of the territory of the academic campuses of Lviv Polytechnic National University, Stepan Gzhitskyi Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Lviv State University of Life Safety of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine was conducted. The main shortcomings of the functioning and operation of these territories were identified and highlighted.

Comparative analysis of the regulations of humanitarian demining in a radiation-contaminated area

A comparative analysis of the regularities of the implementation of a control typical operation of humanitarian demining in a radiation-contaminated area was carried out by comparing the time of implementation of the method of jerking an anti-tank mine, which is located at a distance of 50 meters from the shelter, where the sapper is located during the execution of the most dangerous stage, in three different options for the use of a complex of means individual protection by sappers of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine under various conditions of possible radiation exposure: a combination of a protective suit L-1, armor protection of the type of protective body armor of the IV level of protection, a protective armor helmet of the level of protection III-A, and a respirator of the type ZM 6200 ffp3; a combination of L-1 protective suit, armor protection of the IV level of protection type protective body armor, III-A level of protection armor helmet, and GP-5 type filter gas mask; a combination of L-1 pro-tective suit, armor protection type IV protective vest, III-A protective helmet, and compressed air apparatus Dräger 7000. This was caused by the fact that an important and unsolved part of the problem of humanitarian demining is the lack of regularities in the operational activity of sappers of the State Emergency Service in conditions of radiation contamination. The uniqueness of the considered situation is that only in Ukraine there is a need for humanitarian demining of radiation-contaminated area. The analysis of the obtained regularities showed that the time of execution of typical operations of the considered process is described by a normal distribution regardless of the combination of personal protective equipment in which sappers work. At the same time, if the time of performing typical operations in a set of protective equipment, which includes an isolating device, differs significantly from their performance in a set that includes a filtering gas mask, then the time of performing it in a set with a respirator of class ffp3 is practically no different from the time of performing it in a set with filter gas mask.

DESIGN FOR PREMISES OF PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Problem statement. The article highlights one of the most urgent problems in today's protection of children in educational institutions. The authors examined the main requirements of the current legislative and regulatory documentation regarding the protection of children in preschool education institutions during hostilities, the recommendations of the State Emergency Service, the main provisions of the concept of safety of educational institutions, as well as norms. The purpose of this study is to develop proposals for the design of protected spaces in children's preschool institutions that will ensure the maximum possible safety, physical and psychological comfort of staying in a protected space. The main aspects regarding the design of premises in children's preschool institutions are considered in detail. One of the most important tasks of arranging a shelter in a children's preschool is to ensure visual comfort, taking into account factors that can reduce stress and feelings of anxiety in children. The main room of the shelter should have a rest area with children's beds, a play area with a carpet filled with toys, and an area for classes with tables and chairs. The comfort of staying in a protected space should be provided by means of interior design, through the use of appropriate colors, soft lighting, and appropriate decor. In our opinion, one of the main elements of shelter design should be wall painting, which should encourage and divert attention from a stressful situation. Proposals for designing protected spaces in children's preschool institutions have been made. These proposals will make sure that children are as safe, comfortable, and as safe as they can be. Recommendations regarding the equipment and options for wall painting in the main rooms of the shelter in children's preschool institutions are offered. In particular, murals with an unpainted part for multiple uses as coloring with colored chalk or markers, and a mural as a walled playground. Research results can be used in practice when setting up a shelter in children's preschool institutions.

STUDY OF FIRE LOCATION TIME IN HIGH-STORY BUILDINGS IN CITIES OF UKRAINE

The effectiveness of extinguishing a fire depends on the speed of arrival of fire and rescue units at the scene and the time it will take to deliver the "first" barrel (extinguishing agent) to the location. The rapid supply of fire extinguishing agent gives a chance to localize and then eliminate the fire in the initial phase, although the result depends significantly on the action in the "first minutes of the fire". The urban settlements into appropriate groups based on population and territory using methods of cluster analysis were divided. One settlement was selected from each group of cities, and then data on fires for the period of 2020 was processed. The statistical data obtained from the operational coordination centers of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in the cities of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Poltava, and Berdyansk, which characterize the process of extinguishing fires, namely the time of arrival of fire and rescue units at the scene of the fire, the time of localization of the fire and the area of the fire, were analyzed. Statistical data were selected only for high-rise buildings. The interrelationship of the following parameters was established: burning area, building floor, time of fire localization. The obtained static data indicate that the area of fire and the time of localization increases on average from 3.5 to 6 times. The result of the data analysis provides a clear understanding of the need to improve the available means and methods (tactics) of extinguishing fires in multi-story buildings. We proposed to use the Typhoon-10 impulse fire extinguisher, which has been converted into a pneumatic gun for the discrete delivery of fire extinguishing substances placed in a special container, as the basis of firefighting tactics in multi-story buildings. Discrete delivery of fire-extinguishing substances in a container allows to reduce the time of localization of fires in multi-story buildings due to the efficiency of deployment of the installation and accurate delivery through the window opening directly to the center of the fire.

VOLUME-PLANNING SOLUTIONS OF PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS WITH PLACEMENT OF SHELTERS

The article highlights one of the most pressing problems of today ‒ the protection of children in educational institutions. The author analyzes the main requirements of the current legislative and regulatory documentation on the protection of children in preschool education institutions during military operations; recommendations of the State Emergency Service; the main provisions of the concept of security of educational institutions. The purpose of this study is to develop proposals for the placement of protected premises in preschool institutions, which will ensure the maximum possible safety, physical and psychological comfort of staying in a protected space in these conditions. Proposals have been developed to change approaches to the space-planning solutions of preschool buildings with the arrangement of protected rooms in the middle span of the building, which will ensure the maximum possible safety, physical and psychological comfort of staying in a protected space. The possibility of using the bedrooms of a kindergarten as a shelter is substantiated. A comparative analysis of regulatory requirements for insolation and energy saving in preschool educational institutions is carried out. It is emphasized that there is a mismatch between the requirements of these requirements and the safety of existing premises of preschool institutions. Proposals for new building codes for the protection of children in educational institutions, including the area of the premises per child, recommendations for the use of these premises in peacetime, and the composition of furniture and equipment, are analyzed. If these proposals are adopted, which include the use of bedrooms as permanent premises in the protected part of the building, as well as ensuring the optimal ratio of energy saving and insolation requirements, architects will have to completely revise their approach to the space-planning solutions for kindergartens. The new space-planning solutions will make preschool buildings more compact, which will provide energy savings, and most importantly, there will be rooms in the middle part of the building that will be enclosed by at least two main walls and, with appropriate structural strength, can be used as shelters. The results of the research can be used in practice in the construction of shelters in preschools.

EXISTING THREATS IN THE CIVIL SECURITY CONTEXT AND MEASURES TO REDUCE THEIR IMPACTS

The article deals with civil security ensuring problem in Ukraine. The problem urgency of the population and territories protecting from emergency situations is due to a significant number of natural and man-made accidents and disasters, social upheavals that lead to numerous victims and substantial economic losses, as well as the presence of threats and military conflicts on our country's territory. A general description of various types of emergency situations is provided. It was determined that the leading causes of emergency situations are accidents and disasters at industrial facilities and transport, natural disasters, diseases and injuries among people, agricultural animals and plants, armed conflicts and other social and political nature factors. The authors analyzed the civil security current state in the Ukraine territory. Statistical data on dead and injured numbers as a result of emergency situations by nature of origin (man-made, natural, social, military) and level of spread (state, regional, local, facility) are presented. It is noted that 66 emergency situations were registered during the past year, as a result of which 7 thousand 4 people died and 11 thousand 72 people were injured. Special attention is paid to emergency situations of a military nature of the state level. It was established that the primary efforts of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine units for the past year were focused on eliminating the consequences of Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine and providing assistance to the population. The need to improve measures to ensure civil safety and prompt response to emergency situations and events was emphasized. It was concluded that the effective prevention and emergency situations consequences liquidation requires the concentration of efforts of the entire state, the organization of various management bodies, forces and means interaction, and in general, the formation and implementation of state policy in this field. Keywords: civil security, emergency, danger, protection, military operations.

PROBLEMS OF THE PROCESS OF LIQUIDATION OF EXTRAORDINARY SITUATIONS AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MILITARY INFLUENCE ON THE SYSTEM OF TRAINING SPECIALISTS IN THE OPERATION OF EMERGENCY AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT

The work examines the field of problems of training specialists in the operation of emergency and rescue equipment in the conditions of uncertainty of the process of receiving and modernizing the latter. During the hostilities, the system of training specialists of the State Emergency Service faced a number of challenges that significantly affected the quality of knowledge and skills that graduates of higher education institutions receive. If the problem of the issue is considered only in the part of the training of specialists in the operation of emergency and rescue equipment, then the following should be noted. A stable structural and logical scheme of the process of coordination and improvement of the efficiency of the system of training specialists in the operation of emergency and rescue equipment provides for the presence of a mandatory procedure for the coordination of operational and technical parameters of emergency and rescue equipment and the methodology of training specialists in its operation. It has been proven that today there is a range of additional tasks related to both the organization of material support of units of the State Emergency Service and the process of training and retraining of specialists in the operation of equipment and technical means. In order to comprehensively solve the mentioned issues, it is necessary to form an effective methodology for provision and training, taking into account the experience of domestic and international researchers and the principles and criteria of NATO. A structural and logical scheme of the methodology for increasing the effectiveness of the process of preventing emergency situations in conditions of uncertainty of the parameters of the training of specialists and the operation of emergency rescue equipment has been formed, which consists of 6 procedures, the application of which is limited to the field of regional conditions for the use of emergency rescue equipment and are related to each other directly and feedback, which in the end allows to further unify the process of training specialists taking into account experience and NATO standards. Keywords: structural and logical scheme, operation, emergency rescue equipment, emergency situation, training of specialists.

How well do we search for missing people in Queensland, Australia?

Most countries, states or counties have an organised Search and Rescue (SAR) response to reported missing people, whether it is by statutory authorities such as the police or by volunteer groups. The success or otherwise of the ensuing searches is often dependent on the training of the coordination team and the adherence to known and proven search strategies. It would be realistic to assert that the chances of a successful search are reduced if the coordinator cannot put those searchers in the right location. This paper examines the functionality of the SAR system in Queensland, looking at the coordination structure, the strategies utilised in determining search areas and whether they are still fit for purpose. The response to SAR is a police responsibility with the assistance of volunteer groups such as the State Emergency Service, and to this end a significant effort is undertaken to train both police coordinators and volunteer searchers.

Improving the operational efficiency of control centers for emergency events by using GIS technologies

The object of the study is the functioning of control centers during emergencies. Ukraine has faced large-scale emergency events caused by Russian aggression. The experience of crisis management in emergency events showed the need to find new solutions and improve the activities of emergency management centers at the State Emergency Service of Ukraine and GIS technologies in decision-making support systems. The curent paper has formulated a conceptual model of the work of emergency management centers at the Emergency Service of Ukraine; based on it, their main functions were formed. Identification of risks for objects that carry potential danger was carried out and a block diagram of object risk assessment was developed to improve the work of emergency control centers at the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. An approximate list of software and online resources for the operation of emergency management centers at Emergency Service of Ukraine is provided, which makes it possible to summarize the risks that are present in the given territory, isolate them, and pay special attention to prevent possible consequences from them. Based on the computer software MARPLOT, CAMEO, and ALOHA, an example of response to an emergency event was described. In this case, the weather conditions, physico-chemical parameters of the dangerous substance, and the radii of the danger zones of its distribution and the number of people who need to be evacuated were taken into account. In practice, having this knowledge, a head of the emergency management center at the State Emergency Service of Ukraine will be able to effectively manage people without exposing them to danger, as well as conduct timely evacuation. The use of these programs makes it possible to reduce the time of hazard assessment and visualize them, which creates advantages over the existing methodology of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in terms of speed of hazard assessment. The results have made it possible to solve the problem of increasing the efficiency of the emergency management centers at the Emergency Service of Ukraine and to create the prerequisites for building a geo-information portal that could combine various methods and techniques on one platform

The peculiarities prevention emergency analysis abroad associated with the underwater location of explosives

Purpose: analysis of the prevention emergencies features of associated with the underwater location of explosive objects in the leading countries of the world.
 Method: the qualitative review of the science sources of the leading countries of the world, which discusses the features of humanitarian underwater demining at the regional level.
 Findings: bibliographic information has been collected and analyzed from 105 sources; based on the results obtained, it was found that until recently, the national armed forces had exclusive experience in destroying underwater explosive objects, and today these dangers are eliminated along with them by various organizations (commercial companies, non-governmental organizations, teams of central and local authorities, etc.).
 Theoretical implications: the method of systematic analysis of information sources by simultaneously considering both military and humanitarian information on issues of underwater demining has been further developed.
 Practical value of the research: the main result of research on the subject of the article is the determination of the need to adjust the activities of the personnel of non-military organizations in addition to the skills that are given during the primary training by specialized units of the navy.
 Value of the research: the process of preventing emergencies related to the underwater location of explosive objects must be considered taking into account the significant differences in the activities of sappers of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine from the activities of sappers of the Navy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, that have been shown.
 Research Limitations/Future Research: The conclusions drawn may differ from the analysis of the international activities charitable and non-profit organizations engaged in the clearance of mines and unexploded ordnance, which may pose a danger to civilians. Future studies should be related to experimental studies of the activities characteristics of sappers of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine.
 Paper type: Conceptual.

EMERGENCY PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE TO VICTIMS OF WAR IN UKRAINE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE POPULATION OF THE CITY OF BORODYANKA, KYIV REGION)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the provision of emergency psychological assistance by psychologists of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine to the affected population of Borodyanka, Kyiv region, during military operations in Ukraine in February-April 2022. The purpose and tasks of emergency psychological assistance are highlighted. The stages of providing emergency psychological assistance by psychologists of the State Emergency Service to the affected population of Borodyanka, Kyiv region during military operations in Ukraine have been revealed. Behavioral features of the population were analyzed and mental reactions to military operations were singled out. The practice of providing emergency psychological assistance to victims in the conditions of military operations is given.

Application of the method of territorial long-term forecasts to determine the maximum water discharge rates under the conditions of spring flood 2022-2023 formation across the Desna basin

Despite the conditions of both climate change and long-term trend to decrease of hydrological characteristics of the Ukrainian rivers' spring flood that was established by many authors, the formation of high-water river floods accompanied by rising water levels and release of water to floodplains still remains probable.
 Thus, according to the data of the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Center (UkrHMC) of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine (web: www.meteo.gov.ua), the hydrometeorological conditions of snowmelt and rain runoff formation during the autumn-winter and spring periods of 2022-2023 across the basins of the Dnipro and Desna rivers and their tributaries were characterized as those having a complex nature. This led to a rise of these rivers' water levels with flooding of floodplains, disruption of transport connections, as well as flooding of populated areas in Kyiv, Chernihiv and other Ukrainian regions.
 The purpose of this study is the issues related to determination of natural factors that lead to extreme large-scale spring floods, and long-term forecasting of maximum runoff of spring floods in 2022-2023 across the Desna River basin.
 To ensure operational forecasting support and assessment of the spring floods size across the basin of the Desna River and other left tributaries of the Middle Dnieper, the research used a method of territorial long-term forecasts of spring floods maximum runoff. The method takes into account a complex of hydrometeorological factors which, when combined annually, lead to the formation of spring floods of different sizes.
 The results of the long-term forecast for maximum water discharge rates during the spring flood in 2022-2023 retrieved from the forecasting computer complex "SEYM" show satisfactory statistical estimates of the forecast for maximum water discharge rates during a spring flood provided that a high pre-flood water content of the rivers during recession of a winter flood is considered. The forecast lead time for maximum water discharge rates of the spring flood in 2022-2023 varied from 20-30 days for small tributaries of the Desna River to two months for the Desna and Seim rivers themselves.
 Application of the method of territorial long-term forecasts of characteristics of river spring floods allows spatial monitoring of the rivers' water content provided that forecasting is conducted using the methodology of maximum water discharge rates for any rivers of a certain territory, including those with relation to which there are no observations of their water runoff.
 An early warning about a dangerous river water level during winter-spring periods can significantly reduce the scale of negative consequences and ensure achievement of socio-economic and environmental effects.

ORGANISATION OF ACCOUNTING AND ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF BUDGETARY FUNDS BY THE UKRAINIAN SSNS

The article summarises and substantiates methodological issues related to improvement of the organisation of the accounting process of budgetary institutions and analyses the use of budgetary funds under conditions of uncertainty (martial law). Based on the materials of reliable accounting and financial statements of the 1st State Fire and Rescue Unit of the Main Directorate of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in the Dnipro region, methodological approaches to accounting for exchange and non-exchange transactions are determined. The basic principles of accounting organisation and elements of formation of the accounting policy of a strategic budgetary institution are analysed. The form of accounting as locally unified (automated) is evaluated and the accounting registers and their method of formation are presented. The study of the regulation of accounting records has made it possible to identify certain features in terms of regulatory and legislative subordination. In particular, it is emphasised that the Methodological Council on Accounting in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine contributes to ensuring uniform methodological approaches to the organisation of the accounting process. It is established that the formation of accounting records in the institution is carried out on the basis of the Working Chart of Accounts, which is formed with the preservation of the account classes of the Chart of Accounts in the public sector. It has been proved that local automation of accounting for all business transactions facilitates control over the use of budgetary funds and promotes the introduction of uniform methodological accounting principles. Based on the reliable financial statements of a budgetary institution, an analysis of dynamic changes in the structure of expenditures by elements of expenditures on exchange operations is carried out. The results of the analysis led to forecasts of expenditures for a short-term period of one year.
 The paper develops methodological approaches to forecasting calculations. It proves the impossibility of using trend equations as the main method of forecasting economic phenomena under conditions of uncertainty (martial law). An algorithm for forecasting the volume of expenditures based on the use of the rate of acceleration of dynamics as a multiplier is presented. The methodology of calculation was used in the course of the study and the forecasting of expenditures for the next reporting period was carried out. It is proposed to apply the obtained results as a calculation of the institution's allocation plan for the next reporting period under conditions of uncertainty (martial law).

Hydrochemical characteristics of the Upper reaches of the Tisza River


 
 
 The purpose of this study is to analyse the hydrochemical regime and surface water quality of the upper reaches of the Tisza River from its source to Tiachiv, which also includes the transboundary section of the river. The data of the Borys Sreznevskyi Central Geophysical Observatory of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine for the period 1984-2018, as well as the results of route surveys during 2015-2018 served as materials for the study. The hydrological parameters of the river, in particular the level and flow of water, the distribution of the flow and the change of power sources throughout the year were analysed. Based on of the collected materials, a detailed analysis of the hydrochemical indicators of the water quality of the Tisza, Black Tisza, and White Tisza rivers was carried out. During the research, the natural conditions of the territory and economic activity were studied and their influence on the values of physic-chemical indicators, main ions and mineralization of water, biogenic substances, heavy metals and specific pollutants was analysed. The ratio of seasonal, average annual, average multi-year and maximum permissible concentra-tions (MPC) of hydro-chemical indicators was considered to determine their seasonal variability and multi-year dynamics. The role of natural factors in the formation of the chemical composition of river waters is determined, and the main sources of anthropogenic influence are also indicated. Seasonal variability of the indicated groups of indicators was also analysed considering different phases of river water content. It was determined that the waters of the headwaters of the Tisza River are calcium carbonate, moderately fresh with average mineralization (192-245 mg∙dm-3) and clear seasonal variability. Cases of increased concentrations of nitrogen-containing compounds in the waters of the upper reaches of the Tisza River due to the intensive decomposition of organic substances from house- hold wastewater were revealed. High concentrations of iron in river waters were recorded, which is related to the peculiarities of the geological structure of the territory. The seasonal variability of the content of synthetic surfactants was established. A decrease in the content of specific pollutants during the study period was observed.
 
 

CURRENT STATUS AND PROPOSALS REGARDING THE PROTECTION OF THE CIVILIAN POPULATION

The Code of Civil Protection of Ukraine is the main legislative document regulating measures for the protection of civilians. A number of normative documents were created to protect the population from the action of conventional means of destruction, air shock wave, in accordance with the requirements of the legislation. The current legislation and building codes on technical measures of civil protection did not provide for the realities of war, did not take into account the needs of people with limited mobility. For the second year, the war continues, people are dying, and the leadership of the State Emergency Service sees no problems in protecting civilians and has no desire to change the existing imperfect civil protection system. The overwhelming number of current shelters and anti-radiation shelters was built in Soviet times and according to Soviet standards. Today, buildings meet the requirements of the mid-20th century for protective properties, but do not at all meet the modern requirements and realities of war. In particular, the estimated capacity of storages and anti-radiation shelters does not correspond to the anthropological parameters of modern man, including the less mobile population groups. An analysis of the regulatory documentation of the countries of the world showed that the capacity indicators specified in the standards are most likely an error that occurred several decades ago and has been repeated during this time. We analyzed the possibility of using shelters facilities in accordance with the planning of benches and beds according to the recommendations of the State Emergency Service. We proposed the necessary parameters or placing for placing rows of benches and beds in shelters and anti-radiation shelters. The given examples show that using existing shelters cannot be acceptable according to the State Emergency Services standards and recommendations.However, after carrying out a set of measures for the reconstruction and refurbishment of these buildings, these premises can be used as temporary structures to protect the population.

The ways to overcome the crisis situations in the fuel and energy complex field under martial law (Ukrainian experience)

The article reveals the problems of functioning of the fuel and energy complex of Ukraine under martial law. It was determined that Ukraine faced a crisis in the field of energy security due to Russian terrorist attacks on well infrastructure facilities, as well as the main strategies and mechanisms of response to crisis phenomena in the field of the fuel and energy complex, which are carried out through legislative and regulatory changes, were investigated; analyzed changes aimed at ensuring the security of supply and access of citizens to energy during wartime and preventing humanitarian crises. The article provides an overview of the adopted legislative changes in the field of the Ukrainian fuel and energy complex, defines the role of the Energy Community, which helps Ukraine to restore critical infrastructure objects faster and minimize damage from terrorist missile attacks, and also helps with the logistics of necessary materials to overcome crisis phenomena. It is noted that in order to become more independent in the field of fuel and energy complex in the future, Ukraine needs diversification, energy efficiency and fast renewable energy. From the point of view of diversification, Ukraine needs to increase its purchases of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from such suppliers as the USA, Qatar, Norway, African producers and others. Ukraine was able to pass the heating period 2022/2023. And this result was ensured by the heroic efforts of gas workers, heat workers, electricians, employees of the State Emergency Service, transport and logistics. The power industry held on, albeit at a high cost — unfortunately, there were casualties among repairmen, operating personnel, and engineering staff, not to mention the damaged and destroyed infrastructure At present, the global energy crisis is not over yet, therefore, it is extremely necessary to consolidate the efforts of the entire civilized world to avoid possible negative bifurcations in the further development of the situation, in particular, to prevent options and conditions under which this crisis can turn into a global political crisis Ukraine needs to take into account the energy development trends of the world and Europe and focus on decentralized and distributed "green" energy.