State Agricultural Experiment Stations Research Articles

CORN FOR GRAIN IN CONTINUOUS GROWING UNDER DIFFERENT FERTILIZER SYSTEMS AND WEATHER CONDITIONS

On the experimental field of the Poltava State Agricultural Experimental Station named after M. I. Vavilov of the The Institute of Pig Breeding and Agro-Industrial Production of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, during 1984-2023, on typical chernozem in conditions of unstable moisture of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe, were conducted researches to study the continuous growing of corn for grain and its productivity. Precipitation is the leading factor in providing corn with available moisture in this region. Different hydrothermal conditions, especially the amount of moisture during the agricultural year and the vegetation, led to sharp fluctuations in grain yield over the years, which occurred in a wide range. The analysis of the average values ​​of corn productivity for each 10 consecutive years of conducting these studies made it possible to establish that during the first decade of observations, the dynamics of this indicator in subsequent periods took place in the paradigm of its growth, albeit at a different level. Maize grain yield and its correlation with different weather conditions and fertilization systems, regardless of the replacement of maize hybrids, ranged from direct to inverse and from low to high. Long-term application of different doses and ratios of organic and mineral fertilizers contributed to changes in both quantitative and qualitative indicators of humus in the soil. It was determined that the content of total carbon in the fertilized areas was higher by 3,0 and 3,3 relative percent compared to the unfertilized ones. Special attention was paid to the ratio between humic and fulvic acids, which directly depends on the fertilization system. The different effect of this agrotechnical measure on the amount of humus accumulation in the soil is shown. Thus, in areas without fertilizers (control), its accumulation occurs at the level of an average indicator and a weak effect of organic acids on the mineral part of the soil, while under the organo-mineral fertilization system, this process takes place intensively, and the mineral part remains almost unchanged.

The study of potato hybrids in the Kola North

The article presents data on the study of potato varieties (2020–2022) in the Murmansk region on the basis of an integrated scientific research institution Murmansk State Agricultural Experimental Station – a branch of the VIR. In the trial dig, the hybrid 211/1 was isolated, which exceeded in all main indicators (yield, marketability, mass of tubers from one bush, mass of one tuber) the standard sample – the most adapted to the conditions of the Kola North (variety Elizabeth). There were good results in the main cleaning in terms of marketability: in 2020: hybrid 211/1 – 98.9%, hybrid 114/11 – 98.6, hybrid 2103/7 – 99.4, hybrid 211/9 – 99.4%; in 2021. – 211/1 – 98,1, 114/11 – 96,3, 2103/7 – 98,4, 211/9 – 99,1%; in 2022. -211/1 – 99,5, 114/11 – 99,8, 2103/7 – 99,2, 211/9 – 99%. In 2020 and 2021, the hybrid 211/1 stood out among the other four in terms of yield, marketability, weight of tubers from one bush, weight of one tuber. In 2022, hybrids 114/11 and 211/9 had the best yields. The mass of one tuber in the main harvest in 2022 for the hybrid 114/11 is 126.3 g (more than the standard). According to the maturation time, all samples are close to the standard. According to the research results, the most adapted hybrid 114/11 can be recommended to the population of the northern region.

Results of testing potato varieties in the European North

Relevance. Potato varieties Eurasia and Onezhskiy were developed as a result of cooperation between the Murmansk State Agricultural Experiment Station – branch of the VIR and the Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture "Belogorka" and were included in the State Register of the Russian Federation in 2014 (Onezhsky) and in 2017 (Eurasia). To determine the prospects for cultivation in the Kola North, the varieties were tested in the conditions of the Murmansk region.Materials and methods. The research was carried out on the experimental field of the Murmansk State Agricultural Experiment Station – branch of the VIR in 2018-2020. Potato varieties Eurasia and Onezhskiy were obtained from the Leningrad Research Institute of Agriculture "Belogorka". The plot in the experiment included 4 rows of 15 tubers in each row. The planting pattern is 70x35 cm. Repetition – four times. The location of the plots is systematic with the plots being shifted along tiers. Early maturity was assessed using one test coping on the 70th day after planting. The Elizabeth variety was used as a standard. The results were processed using the method of analysis of variance according to Dospekhov.Results. The research results showed that the Onezhsky variety is distinguished by high starchiness, non-darkening flesh and good taste, is resistant to pathogens: Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilbersky) Percival, Streptomyces scabies (Thaxter), Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens, relatively resistant to Phytophthora infestans (Mont . De Bary), is weakly affected by Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV). The Onezhsky variety, on average, over three years of research exceeded the standard sample in terms of yield and plant productivity. The Eurasia variety has high starchy content, good taste, culinary type B, is resistant to pathogens: Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens, Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilbersky) Percival, moderately susceptible to Phytophthora infestans (Mont. De Bary). The Eurasia variety also exceeded the standard sample in terms of yield and plant productivity. Thus, the Onezhsky and Eurasia potato varieties are recommended for cultivation in the Kola North.

Farm Fields as Toxic Sinkhole

Farm Fields as Toxic Sinkhole

Evaluation of maize hybrids for resistance to major diseases and pests in the conditions of the southwestern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Topicality. The results of phytopathological evaluation of breeding material (the maize hybrids (Zea mays L.)) against the natural background of the main diseases fusarium (Fusarium (F. moniliforme J. Sheld), bacteriosis (Bacillus mesentericus-vulgatus Flugge), white rust (non-parasitic disease), boil smut (Ustilago zeae (Beskm.) Unger)) are given. The damage of corn hybrids by the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hb) was determined. Purpose. Our research was aimed to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of new maize hybrids for resistance to major diseases and pests in the conditions of the southwestern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The studies was conducted on the fields of Bukovyna State Agricultural Experimental Station of Institute of Agriculture in Carpathian region NAAS in selective crop rotation of NAAS according to generally accepted methods of field experiments, methodical recommendations and handbooks. The resistance of 299 maize hybrids was evaluated, including 125 hybrids in the competitive variety trial and 174 in the preliminary variety trial. Pochayivskyi 190 MV and DB Lada hybrids were used as a standard for comparing early-ripening hybrids, and Orzhytsia 237 MV and DB Khotyn hybrids were used as a standard for comparing mid-early hybrids. Early-ripening hybrids are included in the FAO 180–199, and mid-early hybrids – in the FAO 200–299. Results. Sampling based on hybrids resistance to major diseases and damage by European corn borer will improve grain quality and productivity of newly developed maize hybrids. Highly resistant, resistant and medium resistant to diseases hybrids were identified, which can be recommended for state variety testing: to Fusarium pathogen – 52, 97 and 92 (80.5 %) hybrids, bacteriosis – 143, 106, 38 (95.9 %), white smut – 190, 59, 34 (94.8 %), boil smut – 279, 8, 10 (99.3 %), respectively, and to damage by European corn borer: highest resistant (damage 0–5 %) – 172, high resistant (6–15 %) – 75, and medium resistant (damage 16–25 %) – 35 (94.3 %) hybrids. Conclusion. As a result of multi-year research, a number of maize hybrids, which are characterized by resistance to major diseases and pests and high yielding properties (9.2 t/ha), were bred by the Bukovyna State Agricultural Experimental Station of the Institute of Agriculture in the Carpathian Region of NAAS in co-authorship with breeders of the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS., Thus, 77 maize hybrids have high resistance to damage by European corn borer, 8 hybrids were distinguished by high resistance to the pathogen of boil smut. In addition, 97 maize hybrids were resistant to Fusarium pathogen. The implementation of these hybrids in production will significantly improve the maize yield in the southwestern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. For the second year, the early ripe hybrid (FAO 180) DB Tyras, created in co-authorship with the State Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, is undergoing state variety testing. The hybrid is characterized by high resistance to pathogens of Fusarium, boil smut, the potential yield of which is 13.5 t/ha. Key words: hybrid, maize, natural background, disease, pest, resistance, injury, damage

MOISTURE SUPPLY AND WEED INFESTATION OF SPRING BARLEY CROPS (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) DEPENDING ON THE BASIC TILLAGE SYSTEM

Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most common crops in the world of agriculture. Field research was conducted at the Poltava State Agricultural Experimental Station. M. I. Vavilov during 2021–2022. The research results show that the smallest number of weeds in crop crops (32.8 pcs./m2) was counted during tillage using Mini-till technology. When tillage, according to classical technology, there was an increase in the number of weeds by 2.4 pcs/m2 compared to the Mini-till system. The maximum abundance of weeds was observed on the No-till variant, which is 5.1 pcs/m2 more compared to Mini-till tillage. A similar level of weed infestation of crops was observed with shallow tillage (37.4 pcs./ m2). A decrease in the number of weeds was achieved on average during the growing season of spring barley by 7.1%, compared to No-till technology when tillage according to the classical scheme, which provided for plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm. Studies have revealed that the most negligible mass of raw weed plants in an air-dry state was formed with shallow primary tillage. Compared to other experiment variants, their mass was less, by 4.7–20.7 and 4.6–20.3 %, respectively. Studies have found that regardless of the technology of primary tillage, annual monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species prevailed in the structure of biological groups of weeds. As for perennial weeds, there was an increase in their share by 2.9–3.8 times compared to other variants of the experiment, only with shallow tillage. It was found that the largest reserves of available moisture in a meter layer of soil both at the time of sowing and harvesting spring barley were formed on the variants of non-flange tillage, which were more extensive, respectively, by 5.7–13.3 and 4.1–4.7 mm, compared to the variant of the classic primary tillage.

Chemical composition of chicory root ash (Cichorium intybus L.)depending on the yield level

The world practice of growing chicory root is ineffective for Ukrainian phenotypic forms of varieties, since the weight and shape of the root crop, and the accumulation of ash elements in the plant, differ from modern forms. The purpose of the study was to establish the features of accumulation of the main ash macro- and microelements in the root crop and leaf mass of chicory of the Umanskyi-99 variety, considering the different background of mineral nutrition, the size of root crops, and yield levels. The study was conducted on the premises of the Khmelnytskyi state agricultural experimental station of the Podillia Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The leaf mass (petioles and leaf blade) and root crops were combusted, and then the content of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and a complex of meso- and microelements (Ba, Si, Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, B, Cr, Zn, Co) was determined in the ash using a spectrograph, or using standardised methods. The content of the studied trace elements in leaves, roots, and petioles ranged from 1×10-4 up to 1×10-2%. The specific removal of nutrients to form 8.1 t/ha of root dry matter and the corresponding amount of by-products was 216.6 kg/ha of nitrogen, 79.6 kg/ ha of phosphorus, 277.9 kg/ha of potassium, 92.7 kg/ha of calcium, 88 kg/ha of magnesium, and 109.3 kg/ha of sodium. A significant part of macronutrients accumulated in the leaf mass, so about 60-84% of the removed elements were returned to the soil. It is established that the chemical composition of ash of different-sized and different-yielding root crops differs. The content of phosphorus and potassium in root crops at an average yield level is the lowest among the samples under study, and at a high yield, it significantly exceeds low-yielding ones. Therefore, for optimal removal of nutrients when growing chicory root crops, a fertiliser system should be developed to obtain commercial roots at the level of average yield, which would reduce the specific removal of phosphorus and potassium. The practical significance of the results obtained is to highlight the features of the removal of the main macronutrients by chicory root plants, which is the basis for developing an effective fertiliser system for a high planned yield and choosing a strategy for using by-products (leaf mass) as a source of immobilised nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

YIELD AND BALANCE OF NUTRITIONAL ELEMENTS IN WINTER GRAIN CROPS DEPENDING ON SOWING PERIOD IN THE SOUTHERN STEPPE OF UKRAINE

One of the factors of soil formation is the plant world, which accumulates organic matter through the process of photosynthesis. Organic matter is transformed into humus, which is the main dominant of the soil. In addition to humus, organic matter provides the accumulation of macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The first priority is to create the optimal content of essential nutrients and humus in soils, along with the development of methods to improve the efficiency of fertilizer application. Organic production should not be primitive or extensive. On the contrary, crop production must be sustainable and highly productive. Soil fertility must be restored. The dominant soil is humus. Its quantity is the first criterion for the formation of crop yields, including cereals. Humus is restored at the expense of organic matter through a complex transformation. The aim of the research was to establish the change in soil fertility and the yield of winter wheat and winter barley, depending on the timing of sowing in the conditions of organic farming in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Research methods. Field experiments were carried out on the territory of the Odessa State Agricultural Experimental Station of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. The experiment studied the effect of sowing dates on the productivity of winter wheat and barley varieties, as well as the renewal of soil fertility and the balance of basic plant nutrients. The total area of the experiment is 4617 m2; the accounting plot is 16.5 m2. Varieties of winter wheat and barley were sown in 10 days interval - from September 25 to October 25. The predecessor is fallow. Placement of variants and repetitions – by the method of the Latin rectangle. Sowing was carried out with a selective planter "Klen – 1.5 C". Repetition – three times. Harvesting was carried out in an inseparable way using the "Sampo – 500" combine. A high yield has a positive effect on the supply of fresh organic matter, that is, there is not only a direct relationship between fertility and yield, but also an inverse relationship: a high yield through plant residues affects soil fertility. As you can see, the larger the yield, the more by-products are formed and the more plant mass accumulates. Winter barley compared with winter wheat has almost the same humus balance. Findings. According to the results of the studies, the best sowing time for all criteria that ensure the formation of grain crop yields and expanded reproduction of soil fertility – Southern chernozem, in terms of humus, nitrogen and potassium content, as well as simple reproduction of phosphorus content, is the second sowing date (October 5).

Cultivar susceptibility and control of angular leaf scorch in grapevine

Background and Aims Angular leaf scorch (ALS), caused by the fungus Pseudopezicula tetraspora, is an exotic disease threat to the $45 billion Australian wine industry. Research was undertaken at the Cornell University New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, NY, USA to develop contingency plans for the Australian wine industry in the event of an ALS incursion. Methods and Results Evaluation of Vitis vinifera cultivars widely grown in Australia revealed that Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir have moderate to high susceptibility to infection by P. tetraspora. The fungicides trifloxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole were shown to be effective at controlling ALS. A drastic pruning eradication strategy was successfully validated for ALS, resulting in no disease recurrence within 3 years of the initial eradication protocol. Conclusions Cultivars grown in Australia ranged in susceptibility to ALS. Fungicides available in Australia are effective and could be used to control ALS in the event of an incursion. The drastic pruning strategy will be included in the Australian Viticulture Industry Biosecurity Plan for potential implementation as part of an incursion response. Significance of the Study This research contributes to the biosecurity capability of the Australian viticulture industry and to improved industry preparedness. It has the potential to reduce production losses and vineyard re-establishment costs, while maintaining the competitive advantage conferred by freedom from exotic diseases.

INFLUENCE OF SOIL TREATMENT ON THE NUMBER OF EARTHWORMS AND THE SIZE OF MICROBIAL BIOMASS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION

Objective. To establish the influence of soil treatment methods on the number of earthworms and microbial biomass in dark-chestnut heavy loam soil with observance of the following crop rotation: soybean – winter wheat – corn; verify the hypothesis of the negative influence of traditional soil treatment technologies on the number of earthworms. Methods. Analytical, field, laboratory, system analysis, statistical. Results. During the studies conducted in 2018–2021 at Askanian State Agricultural Experimental Station of the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of the NAAS, the positive influence of zero soil treatment technologies on the studied parameters versus with traditional technologies was established. A 2.5-fold increase in the number of earthworms and a 1.1-fold increase in microbial biomass was reported with zero soil treatment technologies. The interaction between soil treatment factors and cover crops in the structure of crop rotation was 23.7 %. Soil treatment technologies had a negligible influence on the size of microbial biomass — at the level of 1.4 %. The significance of the action of cover crops in crop rotation was 10.0 %. The experiment also showed a higher number of earthworms in the soil with zero soil treatment technologies with cover crops and traditional technologies for control, due to better live environment and favourable conditions for reproduction and distribution of the population depending on soil treatment technologies. Changes in the density of the soil layer 0–30 cm were within the measurement error (for zero soil treatment technologies the studied parameter was 1.23 g/cm3, for traditional — 1.24 g/cm3). Compaction of 0–20 cm soil layer with zero and traditional soil treatment technologies was reported. The content of soil organic matter by the years of studies under zero soil treatment technologies increased to 3.0 %, which is 1.2 times higher than with traditional technologies. Conclusion. Under the conditions of stationary field experiment the positive influence of zero soil treatment technologies on early changes of biological properties of soil, which were characterized by increase in number of earthworms and size of microbial biomass, has been established. The positive influence of cover crops on soil quality was determined, which was characterized by signs of biota activation in the 0–30 cm layer and improvement of biological and physical properties of the soil.

Diversity of cruciferous crops of precarpathian state agricultural experimental station

Aim. Introduction and study of domestic and foreign cruciferous crops. Formation and use of collections in further selection work to create new varieties and hybrids. Results and Discussion. The following article represent results of new valuable cruciferous oil crops introduction, creation and application of collections in breeding work. Collection of Precarpathian State Agricultural Research Station includes more than 1000 accessions from 14 countries among them: winter rape (Brassica napus var. biennis (Schübler & G. Martens) Reichenbach) – 440, spring rape (Brassica napus subsp. oleifera (de Candolle) Metzger) – 332, spring false flax (Camelina sativa L.) – 60, white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) – 39, brown mustard (Brassica juncea Czern.) – 39. Every year collection replenishing with new samples, which using in breeding work. New varieties of cruciferous crops have been bred: winter rape – 8, spring rape – 1, white mustard – 2, black mustard – 1, brown mustard – 2. Conclusions. Results of research work of Precarpathian State Agricultural Experimental Station of Institute of Agriculture of Carpathian Region of NAAS are creation of cruciferous oil crops collection and their new varieties, which cause big economic impact on research, educational and commercial organizations.

Formation and composition of trait melon (Сucumis melo L.) collection

The aim of the article was to present the results on the formation of a trait collection of melons at the Southern State Agricultural Experimental Station of the Institute of Water Problems and Land Reclamation of NAAS of Ukraine, which contains 57 specimens (one botanical species, one subspecies and three varieties) from 11 countries. Results and Discussion. The collection includes specimens with 35 economically valuable traits, which can be useful for the lecture course Plant Breeding and as starting material for breeding research institutions. Each specimen was comprehensively studied and evaluated for performance and resistance to biotic and abiotic factors and described in terms of morphological features for three years. In addition to the species diversity, the trait collections included specimens with different levels of expression of valuable economic and biological traits. The collection also included specimens selected by phenotypic variability of individual traits or their combinations. The results of multi-year work with the melon collection specimens allowed us to identify sources of valuable economic traits with high levels of their expression, which are of interest for the lecture course Plant Breeding. Conclusion. The history of the melon breeding in Ukraine is shown; breeding varieties, which are most widespread or were a significant breeding achievement in solving certain problems, are presented. The collection can be used in plant breeding and as starting material in research and educational institutions.

Environmental trials of a model population of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in contrast climates

Purpose – assess the capacities of a particular genotype and to offer breeders starting material that is adapted to a region where a would-be variety will be created.Materials and Methods. To accomplish this purpose, an environmental trial of collection bean (Phaseolus L.) accessions was carried out in four locations, which that differ in climatic characteristics: Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev NAAS – Kharkiv, eastern Forest-Steppe; Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production of the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev NAAS – Poltavska Oblast, southern Forest-Steppe; Bukovyna State Agricultural Experimental Station of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian Region of NAAS – Chernivtsi, Woodlands; Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute -National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigation – Odesa, southern Steppe.Results and discussion. Genotypes and test environments were assessed by GGE biplot method, which made it possible to graphically visualize the environmental trial results. To create varieties for different zones of Ukraine, we recommend to select parents with due account for weather conditions: South of Ukraine – drought-resistant genotypes with high heat resistance (Holberg); Woodlands – intensive genotypes (Pervomaiska, Mistseva Bomba 5); Forest-Steppe –stable genotypes with high drought resistance (Holberg, Nadiia, UD030104).Conclusions. From the GGE biplot results, the environmental trial locations, which allow one to fully assess the adaptability of a genotype, were identified: Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev NAAS and Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production. In their conditions, stable genotypes were distinguished: Holberg, Otrada, UD0300104, Bogema, UD0300152, N 201-15 and Sinelnikivska 8. Of these accessions, Holberg, Otrada, UD0300104 and Sinelnikivska 8 combined stability and high performance, approaching the "ideal" genotypes Holberg and UD0300104.

Genetic resources of chickpea and the efficiency of their use in breeding

The results of more than 20 years of studying a large set of chickpea accessions from many countries of the world are summarized. The sources and donors of early maturity, drought resistance, seed size, a number of economically valuable traits, increased protein content, improved technological indicators of seeds, tolerance to fusarium and ascochita diseases have been identified.The purpose and objectives of the study. In the conditions of the arid Steppe, identify sources and donors of economically valuable traits among the large volume of collection material, the best of which can be used in the breeding program.Materials and methods. During 1995–2020. in the arid conditions of the steppe zone of Ukraine, about 3 thousand chickpea genotypes were evaluated, which were obtained from the National Center for Genetic Resources of Ukraine (Kharkiv) and the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT, Patancheru, India). The experiments were carried out on the experimental fields of the Breeding and Genetic Institute (Odesa) and the Odesa State Agricultural Experimental Station of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. In the field the collection forms were sown like a breeding nursery in two-meter rows with a row spacing of 45 cm. The standard variety was placed in 20 numbers. The protein content in seeds was determined by the Kjeldahl method, fat ‒ by the Ruszkowski method.Fusarium resistance was assessed at the early stages of seedling growth in laboratory conditions under artificially created infectious background.Results and discussion. The data obtained in the field indicate that the largest group of genotypes characterized by growing season of 81–100 days. The smallest group consisted of ultra-early maturing forms that matured in less than 75 days. Although in this group of ripeness, the maximum number of early flowering samples was revealed. Our observations did not establish a clear dependence of plant productivity on the duration of the "seedling – flowering" and "flowering – ripening" phases, although the group of highly productive forms is distinguished by a more extended "flowering – ripening" period. Samples were identified in which the weight of seeds per plant for a number of years exceeds 10 g per plant, which corresponds to a yield of about 3 t/ha. The genotypes characterized by an increased number of beans and seeds per plant, a more significant value of the weight of seeds per plant are described. 4 genotypes have been identified, in which two beans are formed in most of the nodes. Genetic analysis showed that this trait is determined by one recessive gene. A number of genotypes have been identified, the weight of 1000 seeds of which exceeded 600 g. Collection forms of chickpea are important for breeding, combining a high level of seed productivity with a weight of 1000 seeds over 400 g. High-protein samples are recommended for use in hybridization to create varieties with increased protein amount per unit area. Significant genotypic variability of water absorption by chickpea seeds was established at different temperature conditions. This process was more intensive in the genotypes NEC 1838 (Chile) and the sample from Italy. In laboratory conditions 27 forms revealed a high level of tolerance against the fusarium, while possessing a valuable complex of economically valuable traits. The drought-resistant genotypes described in India turned out to be ultra-early maturing and undersized under our conditions, although they formed large seeds. A brief description of 12 varieties of chickpea obtained during the period of these studies is given.Conclusions. As a result of the research carried out, donors and sources of the main economically valuable traits of chickpea have been identified and characterized, and those have been identified that have especially valuable complexes.The presence of genotypes from different geographic zones and genetic centers will allow more targeted breeding, especially in the creation of disease-resistant forms. The forms of chickpea described by us can be used in breeding by other scientific institutions in our country and abroad

Corn hybride performance depending on fertilizers and basic tillage

The results of studying effects of different fertilizers and basic tillage on biometric and productive parameters of maize hybrids of various ripeness groups are presented.Our purpose was to study effects of different fertilizers and basic tillage on biometric parameters and performance elements in maize hybrids of various ripeness groups.Material and methods. The field experiments were carried out in the Department of Soil Management of Poltava State Agricultural Experimental Station named after N.I. Vavilov of the Institute for Pig Breeding and Agricultural Production of NAAS in 2016–2018.Results and discussion. It was found that mineral fertilizers and microbiological agents contributed to a more intensive growth and development of plants and increased corn grain yields. On average, over the study years, the highest yields from hybrids DZ Latoritsa, Orzhytsa 237 MV and DB Khotyn were obtained with mineral fertilizers at a dose of N40P40K40 kg/ha a.s. on plowing - 8.43 t/ha, 8.27 t/ha and 9.43 t/ha, respectively. The gain related to the control (no fertilizers) was 1.15 t/ha, 0.89 t/ha and 1.54 t/ha, respectively. The same fertilization on blade tillage decreased the yields by 0.31 t/ha, 0.23 t/ha and 0.50 t/ha, respectively. Surface tillage compared with plowing also led to a decrease in the yields by 0.48 t/ha, 0.33 t/ha and 0.86 t/ha, respectively. Growth stimulant Vympel at a dose of 0.5 L/ha in combination with microfertilizers Organic-Balance at a dose of 0.5 L/ha and addition of sticking agent Liposam at a dose of 0.5 L/ha increased the yields of hybrids DZ Latoritsa, Orzhytsa 237 MV and DB Khotyn compared with the control (no fertilizers): on plowing by 0.63–0.74 t/ha, 0.61–0.63 t/ha and 1.02 t/ha, respectively; on blade tillage – by 0.54–0.59 t/ha, 0.43–0.47 t/ha and 0.84 t/ha, respectively; and on surface tillage – by 0.64–0.84 t/ha, 0.80–0.84 t/ha and 0.81–0.85 t/ha, respectively. Microbio-fertilizer Gumina at a dose of 1 L/ha increased the yields by 0.32–0.81 t/ha compared to no fertilizer control, depending on the hybrid and basic tillage.Conclusions. In the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, mineral fertilization and application of biologicals contributed to a more intensive growth and development of plants and increased the corn grain yields.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПЕРЕЗИМІВЛІ РІПАКА ОЗИМОГО ЗА РІЗНИХ НОРМ ВИСІВУ ТА ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ РЕГУЛЯТОРА РОСТУ

Висвітлено результати виконаних протягом 2017-2020 років досліджень впливу регулятора росту «Вермийодіс» і норм висіву на перезимівлю рослин ріпака озимого сорту Черемош та гібриду Мерседес на дернових опідзолених ґрунтах дослідного поля Прикарпатської державної сільськогосподарської дослідної станції ІСГ Карпатського регіону НААН. Дослідженнями встановлено, що на варіантах де не проводили допосівне оброблення насіння ріпаку озимого сорту Черемош, в середньому за роки досліджень, за норми висіву 0,6 млн/га загибель рослин під час перезимівлі становила 4,7-5,7 шт/м2 або 9,5-10,8 %, за норми висіву 0,8 млн/га схожих насінин – 5,7-6,2 шт/м2 або 8,5-9,3 %, за норми висіву 1,0 млн/га схожих насінин – 8,7-9,3 шт/м2 або 10,1-10,9 %. На варіантах де проводили допосівне оброблення насіння регулятором «Вермийодіс» в дозі 5 л/т за норми висіву 0,8 млн/га загибель рослин становила 4,6-5,6 %, що на 2,8-3,0% менше порівняно до норми висіву 1,0 млн/га схожих насінин. На варіантах, де проводилося допосівне оброблення насіння ріпаку озимого гібрида Мерседес регулятором росту «Вермийодіс» 5 л/т відсоток загиблих рослин становив за норми висіву 0,6 млн/га схожих насінин 4,8-5,6 %, за норми висіву 0,8 млн/га – 6,1-7,3 %, за норми висіву 1,0 млн/га схожих насінин 8,1-8,6 %, що значно менше контролю і варіантів, де не проводили допосівне оброблення насіння регулятором росту «Вермийодіс». Дослідженнями встановлено, що найкраща перезимівля, в середньому за роки досліджень, була у сорту ріпака озимого гібриду Мерседес за норми висіву 0,6 млн/га схожих насінин, у сорту Черемош за норми висіву 0,8 млн/га схожих насінин за допосівного оброблення насіння.

Баланс фосфору за різних систем удобрення в агроценозі Центрального Лісостепу

Goal. To give a comparative assessment of the balance of phosphorus, and to determine a connection with the productivity of cereals in the short crop rotation for long-term application of organic and organo-mineral fertilizer systems in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. By-products of crops were used as organic fertilizer at saturation of the crop rotation with the legume. Methods. Studies were carried out in the stationary field experiment in the Cherkasy state agricultural experimental station of NSC «Institute of agriculture of NAAS» in 2011–2019 on the area of 0.75 ha in 5 fields with the seed size of the plot 30 m2, and 4-times repeatability. They used field, laboratory, comparative-calculation, and mathematical methods. Results. At the use of organic fertilizer system, a strong correlation was revealed between the output of f.u. and the main products and the rate of turnover and balance capacity of P2O5: in the first case, the opposite (R=0.65–0.69±0.02; R2=0.42–0.48), in the second — direct (R=0.67–0.85±0.02; R2=0.45–0.72). Compared to the organo-mineral fertilizer system correlation weakened somewhat. Per unit of output of f.u. and the primary product increase of the capacity of the P2O5 balance was in 1.78 and 2.11 times smaller. Between the P2O5 balance capacity and balance capacity of N and CO2 was a direct correlation on the average level: R=0.53±0.02; R2=0.23 for N, and R=0,90±0,03; R2=0,86 — for CO2. Per unit of the capacity growth of balance of phosphorus, they fixed 7.62 kg N and 0.79 tons of CO2, which was significantly higher as compared to the organo-mineral fertilizer system. Conclusions. Assessment of dynamics of yield of grain crops in 2011–2019 had shown the following: in organic fertilizer system the increasing trends were detected in winter wheat and barley; in organo-mineral fertilizer system regression coefficients for the variable degree functions at the cultivation of barley were higher in 1.5–1.8 times, winter wheat — were approaching each other. Grain yields at the use of organic and organo-mineral fertilizer systems of cultivation were decreasing, at the use of organic fertilizer system, the drop in trend was in 1.9 times less.

THEORIST, PRACTITIONER, ORGANIZER OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY OF UKRAINE

The article purpose is to cover main milestones of life and scientific path, systematize scientific heritage of famous scientist-breeder in field of animal husbandry, Doctor of Agricultural science, Professor V. Yu. Nedava (1925–2009). Material and methods of research are based on general scientific principles of historical accuracy, objectivity, systematicity, complexity, scientificness, miltifactoriality and comprehensiveness. The source base of the research is manuscripts (archives) and printed documents (statistical materials, scientific papers).
 It is identified three periods of scientific activity Professor V. Yu. Nedava. During first of them (1950–1961) he worked at Transcarpathian State Agricultural Experimental Station as Senior Research Fellow, Head of Department of Animal Husbandry and Depute Director on Scientific Path. The main directions of scientific activities, which were characteristic for this period, improvement of Brown Carpathian cattle. Like the most significant achievements the authors considered establishing the bread area, its origin, studing the exterior-constitutional features, patterns of dairy and beaf productivity formation, drawing up the first perspective plan of breeding work with the breed. Scientist have developed and introduced an oroginal method of ecological selection on the exampl of Brown Carpathian cattle.
 The second period (1961–1975) was marked his activities on base Kyiv Experimental Station of Animal Husbandry «Terezine» in the positions Senior Research Fellow, Head of Department of Cattle Breeding and Depute Director on Scientific Work. He developed the basics of improving the productive and tribal qualities of the Simmental and Black-and-White cattle at pure breeding and crossbreeding, as well as the production of beef by commercial crossing. The most important achievements are the method of estimation of tribal animals for feed conversion with milk, the basics of the increasing of milk fat of the Simmental by the method of introductive crossing.
 The third period of scientist activities covered 1975–1986 and related to his leading of Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Breeding and Artificial Insemination of Cattle (now Institute Animal Breeding and Genetics named after M.V.Zubets NAAS. Key directions of scientist activities are organization of material and technical base, deployment of system scientific researches on breeding and selection, genetics and reproduction of farm animal. It is shown that due to his purposeful activity the experimental and tribal bases of the institute were created, that contributed to the organization of successful scientific efforts of its collective, introduction of the most promising scientific developments in the tribal farms. V. Yu. Nedava main achievements of this period – creation high-productive competitive specialized breeds and types of cattle on the base reproductive crossing, modern methods of genetics and biotechnology were highlighted. Since 1986 he moved to teaching work in National Agrarian University (now National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine).
 The scientific heritage of the scientist was systematized into such blocks: planning and organization of breed work; schemes for organization of large-scale selection in animal husbandry; substantiation of the concept of development of specialized cattle breeding; introduction of intensive technologies of milk and beef production; principles of the theory of tribal selection; breeding, estimation and bull rational use; fundamentals of increasing of cattle milk fat; use the heterosis effect in cattle breeding and others.

Структура урожая семян лядвенца рогатого в зависимости от сорта и типа опыления

The article gives an analysis of the influence of variety, self-pollination, cross-pollination on the seed yield components in bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.).The test results are designed for further planning of breeding work with this crop and finding sources of self-compatibility.The research was carried out in 2019, in the breeding greenhouse of the Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology.We organized greenhouse experiment. Plants were grown in 3 l vessels. Soil fertility and acidity were moderate. 40 genotypes of varieties Smolenskiy 1 (Smolensk State Agricultural Experimental Station named after A.N. Engelhardt) and Izis (Research and Practical Center of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus for Arable Farming) were analyzed. After self-pollination of flowers, the infructescense decreased by more than 15 times, the number, weight, and plumpness of seeds, decreased by more than 30 times.The average number of seeds in a bean decreased by 2 times. The average weight of 1 seed decreased by 8.5%. The average bean length decreased by 0.7 cm. The difference between plumpness of seeds from Izis genotypes and Smolensky 1 genotypes after self-pollination is statistically significant. No genotypes with high self-compatibility were found. It is necessary to continue the search for this hereditary feature among genotypes of various eco-geographical origin. To create inbred lines, it is necessary to increase the number of self-pollinated flowers. To facilitate the manual pollination of the flowers of bird’s-foot trefoil, a technique should be developed.

Sunflower yield depending on weather conditions and hybrid composition

Purpose. Investigate new sunflower hybrids to assess yield in Poltava region.Methods. Field, laboratory and statistical.Results. The article presents the results of studies on the influence of the weather of the growing season on the formation of yield of district sunflower hybrids in the conditions of the Left Bank forest-steppe. Hybrids were evaluated on the experimental field of Poltava State Agricultural Experimental Station named after M. I. Vavilov, Institute of Pig Production and Agro-Industrial Production of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine during 2014–2018 years. The subject of research – hybrids of sunflower of domestic and foreign breeding. The relationship between yields and weather conditions was performed by multivariate regression using time series with the exception of non-yielding members; between rainfall during the growing season and yield – a method of parabolic dependence approximation. According to the results of the calculations, it was found that the amount of rainfall in June and July and the sum of active temperatures in May and July have a great influence on the level of harvest under conditions of unstable and insufficient humidity. The weather conditions during the years of the researches differed in terms of thermal regime and humidity level. So the most optimal conditions were in 2015 year and the highest yield was obtained on all hybrids – 3,86–4,02 t/ha, the worst in 2017 year – 2,84–2,87 t/ha, according to the ripeness group. Analyzing the rainfall during each growing season and the yield of sunflower hybrids by the parabolic dependence method, it was noted that the 70 % yield (R2 = 0,7) depends on the rainfall in June, which makes it possible to predict the future harvest. It was found that in the conditions of insufficient and unstable moistening the highest average yield, at the level of 3,44 t/ha, during the years of research was formed by hybrids of the middle-aged group. Thus, in the conditions of the Left Bank forest-steppe, to obtain stable sunflower crops, preference should be given to hybrids of the middle-aged group.