State University Agricultural Research Articles

Effect of effluent on spring barley yield and soil microbiological activity indicators

The use of organic fertilizers is an integral part of the transition to biologization of agricultural production. The chemical active ingredients of modern pesticides can have an impact not only on cultivated plants, but also on the environment. They accumulate in the soil, water, and are absorbed by wild plants, which leads to deterioration of human and animal health. The use of the biogas plant effluent makes it possible to increase the share of biological fertilizers in the technology of spring grain cultivation. At the same time, the yield of spring barley increases, and the quantitative composition of soil microflora changes. The research was conducted on the territory of the Agricultural Technology Park of the Vyatka State Agricultural University (Russia) on sod-podzolic soils. It was found that the greatest yield of barley is provided by seed treatment with effluent and Pseudobacterin-2, as well as pre-sowing application of effluent to the soil. The increase in seed yield was 1.74 dr / ha with a yield of 32.9 dr / ha. When the effluent is applied directly to the soil on the roots of plants, a significant decrease in the content of ammonifying microorganisms is observed and the number of microorganisms that assimilate the mineral nitrogen of the soil increases. When an effluent of 32 t / ha is added to the soil, the greatest accumulation of microorganisms that consume mineral forms of nitrogen occurs.

A scale to measure perception of farmers on pesticides use behaviour

A scale was developed to measure the perception of farmers about pesticides use behaviour by following the Likert’s summated rating scale was. Based on the review of literature and discussion with the experts, 81 statements were prepared on dimensions. Relevancy rating was sent to 250 scientists and extension specialists working in research institutes of Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR), State Agricultural University and development Departments for critical evaluation of statements on five point continuum. Eighty five judges sent in time were analyzed and aggregate of 74 statements were selected by finding the relevancy weightage scores (RWS) equal or more than 0.75 and mean relevancy score of 3.00 were selected for the item analysis. In item analysis the selected statements were administered to 40 farmers in non-sample area in Dharwad district of Karnataka state. Finally a total of 25 statements were selected for the study based on ‘r’ values (> 1.75) they were included in the final scale. The ‘r’ value of the scale was found to be 0.91, which was significant at one per cent level indicating the high reliability. The scale developed was found to be reliable and valid, hence it is recommended to use the scale to study pesticide use behaviour.

Job stress among the employees of state agricultural universities

Out of four State Agricultural Universities of Gujarat, two SAUs namely Anand Agricultural University and Junagadh Agricultural University were purposively selected. The present study was conducted with 160 teaching cadre employees (research and extension staff) from both the universities. The 40 respondents from cadre-I employees on the post of Professor and Associate Professor and 40 respondents from cadre-II employees on the post of Assistant Professor from each university were selected randomly. In regards with various indicators of job stress, majority of the employees had very low to low level of role expectation conflict, role erosion and technological change. Majority of them had high to very high level of role overload, while low to very low level of role ambiguity, role isolation, resource and personal inadequacy and inter role distance. Majority of the employees had medium to low level job stress ascribed to organizational leadership. Thus, majority (89.38 per cent) of the employees had medium to low overall job stress.

Willingness to adopt farming among agriculture diploma students

The study was carried out in all four State Agricultural Universities of Gujarat, all eleven agriculture diploma colleges were selected from all SAUs and 20 final year students were selected from each agriculture diploma college on the basis of random sampling. Total sample was comprised 220 respondents for the study. Ex-post facto research design was used for the study. The result indicated that a slightly more than half (54.10 per cent) of the agriculture diploma students had high level of farming adopting willingness, followed by 33.63 per cent of them were with medium level of overall farming adopting willingness and 11.37 per cent of them were with very high level of farming adopting willingness. The result indicates that only 0.90 per cent of the respondents were with low level of farming adopting willingness. The farming adopting willingness of the agriculture diploma students was observed positively correlated with their academic performance, native, family size, landholding, occupation of parents and self-confidence. Whereas, it was seen negatively significant with their mother’s education.

Stress symptoms experienced and stress-coping actions taken by employees of SAU

Out of four State Agricultural Universities of Gujarat, two SAUs namely Anand Agricultural University and Junagadh Agricultural University were purposively selected. The present study was conducted with 160 teaching cadre employees (research and extension staff) from both the universities. The 40 respondents from cadre-I employees on the post of Professor and Associate Professor and 40 respondents from cadre-II employees on the post of Assistant Professor from each university were selected randomly. The results revealed that most experienced stress symptoms were increased consumption of tobacco, headaches / migraine, exhaustion, aches and pains, change in appetite, erratic moods, poor sleep pattern and indigestion. While major stress coping actions taken by the employees of SAUs to overcome the stress were positive thinking / learn to make compromise with every situation, planning in advance, time management, seeking social support from friends, family members, physical exercise, prayer / meditation, involving in hobby like music listening and watching T.V.

Effect of Iron Nutrition on Growth and Productivity of Aerobic Rice (Oryza sativa)

A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons (June–October) of 2012 and 2013 at College Farm, College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telengana, India to evaluate the response of rice cultivars and iron nutrition on growth and yield of aerobic rice. Experiment comprising of three rice cultivars (Tellahamsa, MTU 1010 and KRH 2) and twelve sources and modes of iron nutrition i.e. control (no iron), basal application of iron sulphate @ 25 kg ha-1, basal application of Iron chelate @ 25 kg ha-1, 3 foliar sprays of 2% iron sulphate @ 7 days interval, 3 foliar sprays of 2% iron sulphate @ 10 days interval and 3 foliar sprays of 2% iron sulphate @ 15 days interval. Next 3 treatments were three foliar sprays of 2% iron sulphate in conjunction with basal application of iron sulphate @ 25 kg ha-1. Subsequent treatments were three foliar sprays of 2% iron sulphate with basal combination of iron chelate @ 25 kg ha-1. Results indicated that among rice cultivars KRH 2 gave significantly better agronomic performance with respect to growth parameters and yield. Iron nutrition treatments significantly affected the plant height, tillers, dry matter accumulation and yield of aerobic rice. Basal application of iron chelate @ 25 kg ha-1 with 3 foliar sprays of iron sulphate at 7 days interval produced tallest plants, maximum number of tillers, accumulated highest dry matter and produced maximum yield during both the years.

Policy Options for Scaling-Up SRI

The challenge of increasing food production, in the context vertical expansion through improved productivity per unit of land area under the situation of adapting to the changing climatic conditions that impose water scarcity and Green House Gases (GHG) emissions from the rice fields. Many research findings showed that SRI method outperforming in terms of yield and reduction in cost of cultivation along with several perceived ecosystem benefits. Finally, the researchers suggest for further promotion and scaling up of the SRI method in suitable regions of India is highly imperative. SRI is knowledge and experience-based method of rice production than input centric technology. The SRI method has been piloted in most of the countries and a section of farmers realized its full or partial potential but they are reluctant to spread their success with their fellow farmers. It is right time to undertake a few studies by the behavioural scientists to nudge this innovative method of SRI among farmers to the niche paddy growing areas. Grain yields reported from field experiments carried out in different parts of India showed yield increases ranging from 9.3% to 68% as compared with conventional practice. The Ministry of Agriculture that included SRI as part of the National Food Security Mission in 133 food-insecure districts. The research wing of SAU should evolve new or modify the available transplanters and weeders for the exclusive mechanization under SRI method. The beneficial effects of SRI like water-saving, use of less inputs and reaping higher benefits by SRI technology should be made aware among farmers through demonstration. The scaling up of SRI needs to be buoyed out by the joint efforts of State Agricultural University Researchers, ministry of Extension personnel’s, not for profit organizations with farmers. Upscaling of SRI strategy will help achieve national as well as household food-security. This paper clearly describes the role of every institutional responsibility in reaching the unreached.

Determinants of Perception of Professional Woman Faculties about Their Working Environment

There are several determinants which profoundly aff ects the perception of professional woman faculties about their working environment. In the present study, those factors which decisively aff ects the nature of perception of woman faculties about their working environment is identifi ed using path analysis and stepwise regression analysis. Direct and indirect eff ects of profi le characteristics of professional woman faculties on their perception about working environment can be well known from path analysis. Stepwise regression analysis was used to predict the extent of variation in perception caused by the independent variables. The study was conducted among hundred-woman faculties working in four state agricultural universities of Gujarat state viz: NAU, Navsari, JAU, Junagadh, AAU, Anand and SDAU, Dantewada. The path analysis results indicated that management effi ciency (0.253) had exerted maximum direct positive eff ect and professional performance (0.250) had exerted highest positive total indirect eff ect on perception of professional woman faculties about working environment. In maximum substantial indirect eff ect on perception, annual income routed maximum times. From the stepwise regression analysis, it was understood that four independent variables such as job satisfaction (0.302*), management effi ciency (0.275*), group cohesiveness (0.727*) and infrastructural facilities (0.435*) were the four variables which together accounted 21.40 per cent variation as indicated by adjusted R2 value for perception of professional woman faculties about working environment.

CONSTRAINTS PERCEIVED BY THE AGRICULTURAL GRADUATES IN TAKING UP AGRICULTURE AS A PROFESSION

The issue of 'farm readiness', i.e., the interest among agricultural graduates in taking up farming as an occupation after their graduation, is very prominent because most people still regard agriculture as a non-professional and less profitable career option for a young graduate and returning to farming after university would be regarded as a failure. Therefore, to know the constraints perceived by them in taking up agriculture as a profession and to corrective measures accordingly, a study was conducted by collecting data from 120 freshly graduated students belonging to all the four State Agricultural Universities of Gujarat using multistage random sampling technique. The quantification of data was done using Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) technique. The study revealed that high cost of cultivation and low returns, high cost of agricultural inputs and farm machinery fluctuations in market price, unpredictable climate changes, risk of crop failure, high cost of labour, inadequate supply of electricity, lack of proper irrigation facilities, lack of proper storage facilities, lack of proper agricultural infrastructure, lack of financial support, discouragement from the family and friends, lack of proper transportation facilities, inadequate practical knowledge and lack of incentives from the government were the major constraints faced by them.

Front Line Demonstration of Paddy Drum Seeder (8 Row) under Well Irrigated Rice in Nalgonda District, Telangana

Front line demonstration was conducted on drum seeding technology the farmers, assessment of drum seeder implement was done with the assistance of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kampasagar, Nalgonda under Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Telangana for consequently three years during Kharif, from 2018-19 to 2020-21. The comparison was made between drum seeding technology and manual transplanting with an objective to reduction of cost of cultivation and subsequently increase farmer’s net returns. Frontline Demonstrations revealed that, there were more number of tillers (395) and panicles (370)/m2 in direct seeded technology with drum seeder compared to farmer’s practice (365 and 346/ m2). Drum seeder technology influence plant height (68.2cm), number of tillers/m2 (395) and yield attributes viz., Number panicles m-2 (370), length of panicle (16.9 cm) and Number of grains / panicle (182). Direct seeded technology with drum seeder has recorded higher grain yield (6,512 kg ha-1) which was 6.4 per cent over farmer’s practice (6,094 kg ha-1) with a net saving of Rs. 8,990/- on the cost of cultivation ha-1. The Gross returns and net returns (Rs.1, 20,795and Rs. 69, 265/ha) by the drum seeder method were more compared to farmer’s practice (Rs.1, 13,036/ha and Rs. 52, 516/ha).

Effect of Rice Straw Mulching and Irrigation Regimes on Yield and Yield Attributes of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Rice Fallow

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Institute, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad during rabi (December to March), 2021–22 to study the performance of zero tillage sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under different levels of rice straw mulching and irrigation regimes in rice fallows. The treatments were laid out in Factorial randomized block design (FRBD) in three replications with eight treatment combinations. Mulch treatments were two (M1-1.5 t ha-1 rice straw and M2-7.5 t ha-1 rice straw) and irrigation treatments were four (I1-IW/CPE=0.8, I2-IW/CPE=1.0, I3-IW/CPE=1.2 and I4-scheduling irrigation at critical stages) were allocated to different plots. The results revealed that capitulum diameter (14.3 cm), number of filled seeds per capitulum (1225), weight of filled seeds per capitulum (43.5 g), 100 seed weight (4.58 g) and seed yield (2216 kg ha-1) of sunflower was significantly higher under M2 (mulching with 7.5 t ha-1 rice straw) treatment than that of under M1 (mulching with 1.5 t ha-1 rice straw). The results also indicated that among irrigation treatments, the capitulum diameter (14.2 cm), No. of filled seeds per capitulum (1310), Weight of filled seeds per capitulum (45.2 g), 100 seed weight (4.62 g) and seed yield (2361 kg ha-1) of sunflower were significantly higher under I3-IW/CPE=1.2 treatment than that of under other irrigation treatments under study.

Does research performance explain the “leaky pipeline” in Indian academia? A study of agricultural and applied economics

AbstractThis article documents the existence of a leaky pipeline based on complete enumeration of faculty in two large public academic networks: state agricultural universities and institutions of the Indian Council of Social Science Research. We then examine if there are gender differences in the quantity and quality of research publications of women relative to men that can explain this. As proxies for quality and visibility, we use several metrics, including the number of citations, h‐index, i10 index, and Scimago rank of the journal in which the research is featured. A novel aspect of the analysis is the comparison of time paths of cumulative publications over career paths of men and women professors. Our analysis of research performance is based on scraping publicly‐available data sources, including faculty and institutional websites, and google scholar pages, and represents one‐third (and likely positively selected) of all faculty in these institutions. Our results suggest that women are disadvantaged in terms of number of publications during early career years, however, the disadvantage is mitigated with seniority and women perform equally well or even surpass men later in their careers. Women are more likely to write single‐authored articles and have fewer collaborators than men, indicating that they do not access collaborative spaces as much, and are less networked than men. In spite of this, there is suggestive evidence that women are more quality conscious than men. This nuanced look at research productivity suggests the source of the leaky pipeline does not arise from differences in performance.

Motel Builders of the Modern West

Motel Builders of the Modern West

Early Interactions of Rust Pathogen Puccinia arachidis (Speg.) with Groundnut Genotypes Varying in Resistance

The study was conducted in the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India to understand the histopathological mechanisms of initial interaction of Puccinia arachidis with six groundnut genotypes. Fully expanded quadrifoliate leaves were inoculated with P. arachidis using the detached leaf assay. Five-mm leaf discs were cut at 6 hours after inoculation (hai) and each day until 5 days after inoculation (dai) and examined for histopathological interactions. Germination of urediniospores was detected during 6–8 hai and continued until 24 hai. There were no differences in pre-penetration and penetration among all the six genotypes. Differences in post-penetration were observed among the genotypes during 3–5 dai. In genotypes TMV 2 and K 6, extensive hyphal colonization was observed in the intercellular spaces of mesophyll cells by 4–5 dai indicating compatible interaction and susceptibility to rust disease. Sparse hyphal growth and corresponding mesophyll cell death at 3–5 dai in genotypes ICGV 171015 and ICGV 13229 indicated defense response by the host and moderate resistance. In genotypes ICG 11426 and GPBD 4, complete arrest of hyphal growth by 4–5 dai due to extensive mesophyll necrosis suggested incompatible interaction and resistance to rust. This is the first documentation of the histopathological description of the initial infection strategies of P. arachidis in the selected groundnut genotypes.

Эффективность различных микроудобрений при возделывании сои

Abstract. The purpose of the study is to determine the degree of influence of various types of micronutrients on the productivity and quality of soybean grain when it is cultivated on the basis of the Kursk State Agricultural University. In a comparative assessment, the effectiveness of processing soybean seeds and crops in phases 2 and 6 of the triple leaf with complex microfertilizers “MikroFid Kompleks”, “MikroFid Tsink” and “MikroFid Bor” and monochelate fertilizers “Reakom-Khelat Tsinka ” and “Reakom-Khelat Bora” was studied. Scientific novelty. For the first time in the conditions of chernozems of the Kursk region, the influence of various types of micro-fertilizers on the yield and quality of soybean grain was studied. Methods. In accordance with the scheme of the experiment, a knapsack sprayer was used for processing seeds and soybean crops with micro fertilizers. Sowing was carried out in an ordinary way with a seeding rate of 600 thousand germinating seeds per hectare. All records and observations were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted methodology of field experience. Grain quality indicators were determined on the grain analyzer “INFRATECTM1241”. The method of dispersion analysis was used to process the experimental data obtained. Results. Seed treatment in combination with two-fold foliar fertilization of soybean crops with micro fertilizers had a positive effect on plant growth and development, the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on soybean roots, contributed to an increase in yield by 0.25–0.44 t/ha (10.7–18.8 %), protein content in grain by 1.0–1.9 %, fat by 0.9–1.3 %, in comparison with the control version. The use of complex micronutrients was the most economically advantageous in comparison with monochelate fertilizers. The best economic indicators were obtained in the variant using the complex microelement fertilizer “MikroFid Bor” in seed treatment (1.5 l/t), in combination with two-fold non-root treatment of crops (1.5 l/ha). The fertilizer contributed to an increase in conditional net income by 14 654 rubles/ha, a decrease in the cost of 1 ton of grain by 1717.5 rubles, and an increase in the level of profitability by 32.1 %.

FREE TUTORIAL PROGRAM AND ITS EFFECTS TO MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE OF COLLEGE STUDENTS AT PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY PHILIPINES

The free tutorial program of the Mathematics Society members and Department of Mathematics faculty members is an extension activity implemented semesterly in preparation for both midterm and final examinations on selected Mathematics subjects at Pampanga State Agricultural University. Pre-test and post-test were administered to students who voluntarily participated before and after the free tutorial program. Using the inferential method of research, the results showed that the pre-test performance of students is significantly different to the post-test across all the free tutorial programs conducted from 2014 to 2018. Moreover, the tutorial performance and the major examination performance of students were significantly related. Thus, the free tutorial program is effective for students who participated in the tutorial program. The findings of the study suggest the continuation of the tutorial program with wider dissemination for the increase of participants.

Educational Progression and Employment Status of Agriculture Post Graduates of Northern SAUs, India

India is an agrarian society. Agriculture and its allied activities act as the main source of livelihood for the rural society in India. Today agriculture education in India is imparted at diploma, Undergraduate, master's, and doctoral levels. The success of any nation depends not only on the number of enrollment for higher education but also on the professional accomplishment of its graduates and postgraduates. Therefore, the present study was planned to study the enrolment and employment status of the agriculture postgraduates of Northern State Agricultural Universities SAUs. Survey questionnaires were developed to collect primary and secondary data to elicit structured responses in quantifiable terms. The questionnaire was mailed to the students who had completed their M.Sc. degrees. The responses of 2457 students were received. Thus, the sample size for the present study was 2457 agriculture postgraduates. The data revealed that during the five years (2010-11 to 2014-15) out of the total admission of 3716 students in the M.Sc. Agriculture program, 91.57% completed their degree while 8 percent dropped out without completion and only 14 % students were admitted through Indian Council of Agricultural Research-All India Entrance Examination for Admission ICAR-AIEEA (UG) in SAUs against 25% reserved seats. As far as educational progression and employment status of agriculture postgraduates were concerned 54% were employed in public and private sectors, 35% were pursuing Ph.D., while the rest 11% had no progression after M.Sc. Thus the majority of the students were engaged in jobs after completing their M. Sc while some of them did not have any progression.

Sapropel as a source of nutrients in feeding of cattle

Modern agriculture needs new highly effi cient feed and feed additives. Sapropel is a type of finegrained and loose sediments rich in organic matter. The properties of sapropel and the sufficiently wide possibilities of its extraction make it an important natural resource that can be used mainly in agriculture. Sapropel and its processed products are environmentally safe, non-toxic, with a certain content of nutrients. Another important reason for studying sapropel is its widespread distribution and availability in freshwater reservoirs, which leads to the discovery of new ways of extraction and bioeconomically efficient use of this most valuable natural resource, available in economically significant amount with high opportunities for its use in animal husbandry. The purpose of the work was to analyze the use of sapropel as a source of nutrients in cattle feeding. In order to study the influence of sapropel on dairy productivity of cows, a scientifi c and economic experiment was carried out under the conditions of an educational and experimental farm of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Northern Trans-Ural State Agricultural University”. It was found as a result of the experiment that when using sapropel at the doses of 250 and 500 g/head/day, there was an increase in dairy productivity of cows. Thus, milk yield during the experiment period in the 1st experimental group increased by 1,48 % compared to the control group, and in the 2nd experimental group by 7,2 %, milk quality indicators also improved. Sapropel did not have a negative influence on the health of animals, which was confirmed by hematological indicators. Therefore, the use of sapropel in cattle feeding is effective.

Impact of Seed Rate and Nutrient Management on Growth Analysis of Chickpea under Semi-Arid Zones

Aim: To study the effect of seed rate and nutrient management on growth and development of chickpea.
 Study Design: The study consisted of mechanized sowing at different planting densities as one factor which required a bigger plot size and second factor was nutrient management which is to be analyzed precisely. Thus as one factor (planting densities) need a bigger plot size and the other (nutrient management) required a more precise results with small plot size, suitable design for the study was chosen as split-plot design.
 Place and Duration of Study: Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Main Farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22.
 Methodology: This experiment consisted of four seed rates (planting densities with planter) imposed in main plots and seven nutrient management practices in sub plots with a total of 28 treatment combinations and replicated thrice. Data obtained on various parameters were analysed using WINDOSTAT software for split plot design.
 Results: Crop growth indices viz., absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation were found to be significantly higher with the seed rate of 52 kg ha-1 (321.4 mg day-1, 19.5 and 2.07 mg g-1 day-1) respectively. Among the nutrient management practices, 125 % RDF + Soil application of Microbial consortia (N –Azotobacter + PSB + KRB+ ZnSB) @ 5 kg ha-1 resulted in significantly higher values of all crop growth indices followed by 125 % RDF and 100 % RDF + Soil application of Microbial consortia (N –Azotobacter + PSB + KRB+ ZnSB) @ 5 kg ha-1 (256.5 mg day-1 and 17.1 mg g-1 day-1) respectively.
 Conclusion: Seed rate of 52 kg ha-1 and 125 % RDF along with soil application of Microbial consortia (N –Azotobacter + PSB + KRB+ ZnSB) @ 5 kg ha-1 resulted in better growth and development which can be recommended for obtaining higher yield of chickpea.

Herbicide Efficacy as Influenced by Spray Fluid Quality and Adjuvants on Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.)

A field investigation was conducted during Rabi season of 2020-21 at Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to assess the herbicide efficacy as influenced by spray fluid quality and adjuvants on yield and economics of maize (Zea mays L.). The results revealed that there was a positive influence on addition of ammonium sulphate as adjuvant when saline waters (C3S1 and C3S2 classes) were used as spray fluid as compared to application of herbicides with saline waters alone. Tank mix application of halosulfuron methyl at 67.5 g ha-1 + atrazine at 0.5 kg ha-1 with 2% ammonium sulphate with C3S1 class water as spray fluid recorded higher yield (5.00 and 8.15 tons ha-1) and economics of maize with reference to other saline water treatment combinations and proved as effective treatment following to halosulfuron methyl at 67.5 g ha-1 + atrazine at 0.5 kg ha-1 with 2% ammonium sulphate with distilled water as spray fluid.