State Agrarian University Research Articles

Intersubject connections in the focus of teaching English in higher education institutions

The article is dedicated to the analysis of English language teaching, taking into account the experience of implementing interdisciplinary connections in English classes at agricultural universities. The relevance of the article stems from the necessity to explore the subject relations between humanitarian disciplines and the courses “Foreign Language” and “Business Foreign Language”. The article addresses the current issue of the possibilities for implementing the “Law on the Use of the English Language in Ukraine”. In the scientific literature, there is a multitude of opinions regarding the definition of the term “interdisciplinary connections”, leading to a significant number of works dedicated to various aspects of interdisciplinary connections. When characterizing the main features of interdisciplinary connections, the authors demonstrate the potential for reevaluating the process of teaching English in non-language higher educational institutions and highlight some advantages of implementing interdisciplinary connections, as observed in the process of teaching a foreign language to bachelorʼs and masterʼs students at Odessa State Agrarian University. These advantages include increased motivation among the students and enhanced communicative interaction among participants in the educational process. The incorporation of an interdisciplinary approach in the context of using the English language in contemporary settings can find application in the development of work programs, the creation of English language manuals and online textbooks, as well as in the formulation of methodological recommendations. In the context of modern educational policy, the teaching of foreign languages in non-language higher education institutions can be approached from the perspective of both formal and informal education. This approach is characterized by the interdisciplinary integration of the courses “Foreign Language” and “Business Foreign Language” with humanities courses such as “Philosophy and Social Ethics”, “History of Ukrainian Statehood”, and “Ukraine – European Union”.

Tracing the Evolution and Legacy of Professor A.P. Iofinov’s Scientific School

The scientific ideas and contribution of Professor A.P. Iofinov to the development of agricultural science remain relevant in our time. The paper emphasizes Professor August Pavlovich Iofinov’s pivotal role in the exploration of quality management and the modeling of technological processes for agricultural machines. The scientific concepts introduced by A.P. Iofinov continue to hold significance in contemporary times. Their development and application contribute to improving the operational capabilities of agricultural machinery and bolstering the overall efficiency of the agricultural industry. (Research purpose) The study seeks to consolidate historical and scientific materials about the activities of professor A.P. Iofinov and the creation of a scientific school under his leadership at the Department of Agricultural Machinery of the Bashkir State Agrarian University. (Materials and methods) The establishment and evolution of the scientific school are examined through the problem-chronological method. Scientific issues articulated by Professor A.P. Iofinov, are presented chronological sequence of their progression, moving from hypothesis to practical testing and eventual generalization in scientific works. (Results and discussion) The paper chronicles the founding and progression of the scientific school affiliated with the Department of Agricultural Machines at the Bashkir State Agrarian University, guided by Professor A.P. Iofinov. The established scientific school delved into significant research domains, including the statistical dynamics of agricultural machinery, quality management of agricultural machinery, modeling of technological processes, and yield forecasting. At present, these research areas are experiencing renewed development, with new tasks being formulated to align with contemporary trends and the latest achievements in science and technology. (Conclusions) Professor A.P. Iofinov’s works and his scientific school have given rise to the development of new algorithms and computer programs essential for automating the control processes of agricultural machinery and forecasting yields. Furthermore, they have played a crucial role in the creation of digital twins for agricultural machines, based on models of technological processes. This advancement significantly enhances the precision and efficiency in resource utilization, improves the quality of work, and boosts productivity in agriculture.

Features of the adaptation of the turkeys' body in a poultry farm

The work is devoted to the study of adaptive features in the Hybrid Converter novo turkey cross in a poultry farm located in the south of the Tyumen region. The aim of the work was to investigate the adaptive abilities of the body of turkeys in a poultry farm in the Tyumen region. Research work was carried out at the Department of Anatomy and Physiology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals and in the conditions of the poultry farm LLC "Absolut-Agro". The object of the study was turkeys of different ages and genders of the Hybrid Converter novo cross. The studies were carried out using generally accepted methods to study the age-related dynamics of absolute mass, body temperature, respiratory rate, and the adaptation coefficient was calculated. Physiological indicators of temperature, respiratory rate were measured in 72 heads of broiler turkeys at the age of 21 days, 42, 64, 82, 105 and 126 ays. Analyzing the obtained data, we can say that in male turkeys, the adaptation process proceeds more evenly and quickly after the manifestation of sexual demorphism, as indicated by a uniform increase in absolute weight, a slight deviation from the actual weight from the normative one and a gradual decrease in the adaptation coefficient from 1.032 at the age of 42 days to 0.987 at the age of 126 days. In females, the adaptive abilities of the body are weaker, as indicated by sharp fluctuations in the actual weight from the normative values, as well as a sharp increase in the adaptation coefficient at 42 and 82 days.

THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY'S PERSONAL EXPERIENCE IN REMOTE LEARNING CONDITIONS

In the conditions of a remote form of education, the situation is significantly complicated by the lack of personal communication. Higher education students passively act as observers. This significantly reduces their interest in studying disciplines. The task of the teaching staff of our department is to use our pedagogical experience to keep the quality of the educational process. The use of specially developed hardware and software complexes, STEM technologies, work in STREAM mode, the use of various services and platforms for training help to create a limitless space for achieving the goal. Involving students to participate in scientific clubs, seminars, webinars, panel discussions, creating reports and presentations at scientific events, participating in scientific conferences helps higher education students to take an active life position. With the support of teachers and the use of the latest educational technologies, positive results in education should be expected from the students. The teachers of the Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biochemistry of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Odesa State Agrarian University (OSAU) have focused their attention on improving the quality of the educational process, incorporating interactive and multimedia teaching methods into the usual learning process and are ready to share their experience.

Monitoring of the epizootic situation of tick infestation in the territory of Stavropol

This problem is also relevant for urbanized cases, especially for the southern regions of the country, where there are cases of spread of ticks. Research on the basis of the Department of Parasitology and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, Anatomy and Pathology named after prof. S. N. Nikolsky and the Scientific, Diagnostic and Treatment Veterinary Center of the FGBOU HE "Stavropol State Agrarian University", as well as on the basis of the veterinary clinic IP Zaichenko "Veterinary Center named after. Pirogov. The object of the study was ixodid ticks of the genera Dermacentor and Ixodes, seized using a specialized trap, as well as seized with dogs in veterinary clinics during the acceptance. The study showed that two main types of ixodid ticks are widespread in the city of Stavropol: Demacentor and Ixodes. According to the results of research in 2022, female ticks of the genus Dermacentor identified 54% of the total number of adults, males - 46%. Female ticks of the genus Ixodes accounted for 61% of the total number of adults, males - 39%. The spring peak of activity in 2023 showed that female ticks of the genus Dermacentor were identified in the amount of 102 individuals, males - 78 individuals. Female ticks of the genus Ixodes accounted for 53% of the total number of adults, males - 47%. Thus, it has been established that the most widespread distribution of ixodid ticks takes place in the Industrial District of Stavropol, the distribution of alleys, forest zones and walking areas with the coverage of the species of ticks of the genus Dermacentor, is 79% of the total number of captured ectoparasites.

Comparison of different blade shapes of translatory moving soil tillage tools

BACKGROUND: The efficiency and energy capacity of translatory moving soil tillage tools are largely determined by the parameters of their blades. If the parameters do not match the specified operating conditions, clogging the working tools with plant residues becomes possible, and a less energy-consuming type of soil cutting — sliding — may be replaced with a more energy-consuming type — chopping cutting. In this regard, it is very important for scientists engaged in improving the designs of translatory moving soil tillage tools to have a method for assessing the shape of the blades.
 AIMS: Development of a method for comparative assessment of various blade shapes of translatory moving soil tillage tools.
 METHODS: For this study, the fundamentals of agricultural mechanics, higher mathematics, and theoretical mechanics were used. The objects of the study were the blades of various soil tillage tools, providing with sliding cutting of soil. The study was conducted at the Gorsky State Agrarian University in the period from 2022 to 2023. The calculations results were compared with the materials of the corresponding standards.
 RESULTS: The method that helps to determine the relative values and directions of the resultant force of soil cutting resistance with a translatory moving blade of a soil tillage tool having a diverse shape has been developed. An example of the application of the method for assessment the effectiveness of blades of a garden tool, the cutting part of which is described by the equation of a straight line, a circle, an Archimedes spiral, a logarithmic spiral, as well as an example of assessment of a curved blade for soil tillage tools of cultivators are given.
 CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method for assessing the influence of the shape of a translatory moving flat blade of the soil tillage tools on the value of soil cutting resistance forces is easy to use and can be the basis for further development in order to analyze the effectiveness of the knives’ blade shape performing a plane-parallel movement.

Критериальные аспекты производства сырных продуктов специализированного назначения

The cheese production industry is currently expanding its range of highly-competitive functional products. As a result, it needs to embrace new raw materials and develop new methods of economic assessment. Cheese quality depends on various production criteria while product sales depend on effective risk management mechanisms. The current research featured risk criteria for a new functional cheese. The research objective was to develop a set of production efficiency indicators. The study was performed on the premises of the Department for Animal Feeding and Private Animal Science, Omsk State Agrarian University (Omsk, Russian Federation), and relied on standard sensory, chemical, and microbiological studies. The controlled factors included enzymic operations and their effect on the active acidity and shelf life of the finished product. The resulting risk management tools were able to minimize the effect of hazardous factors at this stage of production on the quality of the finished product. The scientific novelty was confirmed by patent for invention No. 2791553 C1, 03/10/2023.

Productivity and quality of collection samples of pumpkin (<i>Cucurbita </i> L.) in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia

Relevance. Currently, the priority direction in the development of the food industry is the use of local raw materials and the production of products with increased nutritional value, i.e. with an increased content of micronutrients, which include vitamins, minerals, macro and microelements. One of these products of plant origin is the pumpkin culture. The cultivation of high-yielding, versatile, nutrient-rich crops, such as pumpkin, plays an important role in ensuring food security. When breeding new improved varieties, special attention is paid to the adaptability of the crop to growing conditions, as well as to portion fruits with high taste and technological qualities.Purpose. Selection of the most adapted, productive, high-quality pumpkin samples for breeding and their cultivation in industrial production and the private sector in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia.Material and methods. Field research was conducted in 2021-2022 at the experimental site of the selection (organic) crop rotation, in the educational and experimental farm of the Omsk State Agrarian University. Meteorological conditions during the years of the experiments were different, but quite typical for the climate of the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region. The object of research are 5 varieties of large-fruited pumpkin: Dietary, Red etamp, Crumb, Honey crumb, Honey dessert; two samples of selection of the Omsk State Agrarian University: 1/15, 2/15; three samples of selection of the FGBOU IN RGAZU: 4/21, 5/21, 7/21. Observations, accounting and analysis were carried out according to generally accepted methods.Results. The biological yield of the studied cultivars varies from 10.3 to 42.2 t/ha in 2021 and from 18.2 to 35.8 t/ha in 2022.

Самоанализ воспитательной работы с обучающимися академической группы в университете

The article presents the results of self-analysis of educational work in the supervised group of first-year students in the specialty “Veterinary Medicine” in the conditions of the Bashkir State Agrarian University. During the academic year, a number of curatorial hours devoted to patriotic, social, and moral topics were held in the supervised group. The study groups were attracted to participate in cultural and sports events held both within the walls of the university and outside it. The group identified a priority area of activity that most students were interested in — the topic of animal volunteering. The study groups together with the curator took part in charity events aimed at helping homeless animals. These events allowed the team to unite, which had a positive impact on academic performance: absolute academic performance increased by 14.9% with a relative academic performance of 100%. The final survey in the group showed that the overwhelming majority of respondents positively assessed the curatorial hours and the role of the curator in the life of the group.

Geospatial model of negative processes of agricultural land as a means of digitalization of the educational and experimental farm

The article discusses the creation of a series of maps of negative processes for the purpose of digitalization of the Educational and Experimental Farm of the Stavropol State Agrarian University when assessing the degree of degradation of agricultural lands. The article is devoted to the problem of studying modern methods for assessing the condition of agricultural lands subject to negative processes. As a result of the research, the main negative processes were established, the degrees of their development and the intensity of their spread were determined. The main task of creating a geospatial model is to determine the current state of agricultural land and the possibility of their further use in agriculture. As a result, the prospects for the economic use of agricultural land were determined based on a comprehensive assessment of the qualitative condition of the land, a geospatial model will identify the dangers of the development of negative processes and a system of practical recommendations for planning the economic use of agricultural land.

Principles of pedagogy of cooperation while teaching a foreign language at an agrarian university

The article is devoted to the consideration and analysis of the provisions of the pedagogy of cooperation formulated in the late 1980s by Russian scientists-innovators and predetermined the further development of the entire education system in Russia. It is emphasized that the principles of pedagogy of cooperation remain relevant at the present time, since their application contributes to the successful implementation of the requirements laid down in the basis of the modern Federal State Educational Standard. It is noted that the principles of pedagogy of cooperation in teaching a foreign language to students of agricultural universities can significantly increase the effectiveness of the formation of foreign language communicative competence as a component of professional competence. Thus, following the principles of pedagogy of cooperation in teaching a foreign language, due to the universality and integrativity of this discipline, makes it possible to solve training and educational problems simultaneously, which ultimately leads to the training of qualified personnel in the field of agriculture with a humanistic worldview, critical thinking, creative approach to the chosen business, capable of solving the challenges of today. Attention is focused on the importance of the teacher's role in the educational process, his ability to build subject-subject relations, to find an individual approach to each student. The principles of the implementation of pedagogy of cooperation in teaching a foreign language at the Kursk State Agrarian University are summarized, specific techniques and methods used in the classroom are presented that help create a comfortable educational environment for future farmers, as well as influence the choice of their moral guidelines.

The technology of cabbage harvesting with the use of the multiple-option harvester and the economic assessment of it

BACKGROUND. In modern vegetable growing, mainly in conditions of small forms of management, low-cost technical means adapted to different agrotechnical and production conditions are the most in demand. Such a technical means, in particular, is a multivariate cabbage harvester of block design developed at the Chuvash State Agrarian University. AIMS – identification of the features of the technology of harvesting cabbage with the use of a new cabbage harvester and its economic evaluation by use cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The layout of a multivariate cabbage harvester is provided in three versions with the ability to clean cabbage heads according to various technological schemes: shipment of cabbages in bulk to the body of the vehicle; shipment of cabbages to containers installed in the body of a tractor transport unit; shipment of cabbages first on a flexible flooring or on the web of a belt conveyor installed in the body of a tractor trolley over containers; distribution the flow of heads along the body of a tractor vehicle using longitudinal conveyors of the lower or upper location and with the subsequent transfer of heads from them to containers manually. It is proposed to choose the named technological schemes of cabbage harvesting with the use of a multivariate combine harvester on the farm based on the prevailing agrotechnical and production conditions, taking into account labor, direct and reduced costs, given in the work by calculation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Based on the results of economic calculations, labor costs, operating costs and reduced costs are established according to the proposed schemes for harvesting cabbage with the use of a multivariate combine. The proposed cabbage harvesting options are economical in terms of labor costs, operating costs and reduced costs compared to the basic option (in-line harvesting). CONCLUSIONS. It is recommended to apply a specific scheme for harvesting cabbage using a multivariate combine based on the agrotechnical and production conditions in the farm, taking into account the results of the economic assessment.

Распространение, диагностика и профилактика нозематоза пчел

Abstract. Nosema is an infectious disease caused by the microsporidia Nosema cerana and Nosema apis. Adult bees get sick, as a result of which the family weakens and dies. Spores of N. cerana and N. apis, when infecting bees, penetrate into the middle section of the intestine, where the development of vegetative forms of pathogens occurs. The latter predominate in the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane of this part of the intestine and feed on their protoplasm. As a result, epithelial cells die off, as a result of which the intestine loses its functional activity, leading to the weariness of the bees. Families with nosematosis weaken, lose viability, and eventually die. Therefore, the development of measures to combat nosematosis is relevant. The purpose of the study was to study the spread of nosematosis in bees in the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals and the development of therapeutic and preventive measures. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: determine the epizootological state of apiaries located in different natural and climatic zones in the south of the Tyumen region; to establish the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive measures against nosematosis using herbal remedies. Methods. The work was carried out in the apiaries of the Tyumen region and in the IBiVM laboratory. In order to create an epizootic state of apiaries, bees were sampled in the apiaries of the southern taiga, subtaiga and forest-steppe climatic zones of the Northern Trans-Urals. Adult bees were selected for the study (in the amount of at least 10 % of the total number of bee colonies in each apiary). Experimental work was carried out in accordance with the “Methodological guidelines for setting up experiments in beekeeping” and “Methods for conducting research work in beekeeping”. Results. The data obtained characterize the high degree of infection with nosematosis of bees living in the northern regions. As a result of the research carried out in the laboratory of the State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals, phytopreparations have been developed, consisting of the flowers of medicinal plants (Achilléa millefólium and Tussilágo) with the juice of Állium satívum. These ingredients help to increase the resistance of families, increasing their viability and resistance to nosematosis. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that in the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals, an analysis of the epizootic state of apiaries was carried out, depending on their location in natural and climatic zones.

Эффективность применения биотехнологической добавки при выращивании цыплят-бройлеров

Abstract. Increasing the productivity of poultry, an important issue of ensuring the fulfillment of tasks under the Doctrine of Food Security. The purpose of the work was to study the effectiveness of the use of Ares biotechnological additive (dietary supplement) in the cultivation of broiler chickens for their weight growth, taking into account gender. Methods. Scientific and production experience was carried out in the conditions of the poultry workshop of the educational and experimental farm of the Ural State Agrarian University on the poultry of the Kobb 500 cross. The duration of the experience is 38 days. We studied the productivity of broiler chickens in terms of growth in comparison with the requirements of the cross standard, depending on gender. The live weight was determined by weighing 10 heads in each subgroup, selected by random sampling (5 heads of each sex). Results. All chickens, regardless of the group, increased their live weight with age, reaching 2632–2880 g by the end of cultivation, which meets the requirements of the cross standard. The highest live weight was obtained in the 2nd experimental group, where dietary supplements “Ares” were used in dry form in the amount of 300 g per 1 ton of compound feed (P ≤ 0.05). In all experimental groups, chickens were inferior to cockerels in terms of live weight at the end of the studies. The difference was significant at (P ≤ 0.05, 2nd experimental group; P ≤ 0.01, control and 1st experimental group, in favor of cockerels). Chickens from the 2nd experimental group significantly outperformed chickens from other groups in live weight at P ≤ 0.01 and P ≤ 0.05. Among the cockerels, the best results in achieving the maximum live weight during the research period were also achieved in the second experimental group, where the “Ares” biotechnological additive was used in dry form at a dose of 300 g/t. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that studies have been conducted in the context of the sex of broiler chickens and reference indicators of growth intensity in chickens of different sexes have been obtained when using the biotechnological drug “Ares”.

Investigation of Uncertainty in Organic Carbon Stock Estimates on a Field Scale

The uncertainty sources in the assessment of organic carbon stocks were studied in a layer of 0–30 cm within the sampling site (100 × 100 m) set on soddy-podzolic cultivated soil (Albic Glossic Retisol (Aric, Loamic, Ochric)). In the experiment, two sampling methods were used – the classic sampling in pits, by 10-cm layers, and sampling with an auger to a depth of 0–30 cm. The soil bulk density was determined by the Kachinsky method and the carbon content was analyzed by the Tyurin method. Some samples were additionally analyzed at the Bryansk State Agrarian University. The uncertainties associated with natural variation, sample preparation and the analytical process proper were estimated. The analytical uncertainty of bulk density measurement did not depend on the sampling depth under the experimental conditions and amounted to about 6%. The analytical error of Tyurin’s method did not differ in two laboratories. Its contribution reached 5–9% of the total variation in soil organic carbon content at the test plot. The uncertainty of sample preparation ranged from 11 to 26%, natural variation—from 49 to 68% to the total variance, respectively. Determination of carbon content in the samples taken with an auger from the depth of 0–30 cm is preferable than layer-by-layer sampling as the number of intermediate operations is fewer, and the obtained results are comparable.

An Investigation of the Organic Carbon Stocks Estimates Uncertainty on a Fields Scale

A study of the uncertainty sources in the assessment of organic carbon stocks in a layer of 0–30 cm at the scale of the sampling area (100 × 100 m) laid on soddy-podzolic cultivated soil (Albic Glossic Retisol (Aric, Loamic, Ochric)) was carried out. In the experiment, two sampling methods were used – the classic 10-cm layers from profiles and with an auger to the depth of 0–30 cm. The soil bulk density was determined by the Kachinsky method, the carbon content was determined by the Tyurin method. Some of the samples were additionally analyzed at the Bryansk State Agrarian University. The uncertainties associated with natural variation, sample preparation and the proper analytical process are estimated. The analytical uncertainty of the bulk density under the conditions of the experiment did not depend on the sampling depth and amounted to about 6%. The analytical uncertainty of Tyurin’s method did not differ in two laboratories. Its contribution was 5–9% of the total variation of the soil organic carbon content in the area. The uncertainty of sample preparation determined from 11 to 26%, natural variation – from 49 to 68% of the total variance, respectively. Determination of the carbon content in the samples taken by the auger, when the sample is taken immediately at 0–30 cm, wins in reducing intermediate operations and gives comparable results compared to layer-by-layer sampling. The uncertainty of sample preparation determined from 11 to 26%, natural variation – from 49 to 68% of the total variance, respectively. Determination of carbon content in samples taken by auger, when the sample is taken immediately at 0–30 cm, wins in reducing intermediate operations and gives comparable results compared to layer-by-layer soil sampling.

Powdery mildew resistance of apple clonal rootstocks from the collection of the Michurinsk State Agrarian University.

Apple clonal rootstocks are the basis of modern intensive horticulture, providing a rapid increase in yield and convenience of fruit trees cultivation. Production of clonal rootstocks under high humidity often causes powdery mildew infection caused by the pathogenic fungus Podosphaera leucotricha Salm., which significantly reduces the productivity of stoolbed. Growing powdery mildew resistant genotypes is the most appropriate way to combat this disease and allows reducing the use of fungicides. To accelerate the search for resistant forms, molecular markers associated with resistance genes have been developed. However, these markers have not been used to study clonal rootstocks. The aims of the work were the field assessment of powdery mildew resistance of apple clonal rootstocks from the collection of the Michurinsk State Agrarian University and the screening of the collection for Pl-1, Pl-2, Pl-w and Pl-d resistance genes. The results of a three-year field evaluation of powdery mildew resistance of 80 rootstocks allowed us to distinguish five main groups ranging from very low to highly resistant. A group of 57 accessions was classified as powdery mildew resistant. The search for resistance genes was performed using the AT20 SCAR (Pl-1 gene), OPU02 SCAR (Pl- 2 gene), EM DM01 (Pl-d gene), and EM M02 (Pl-w gene) markers. The Pl-d and Pl-1 genes identified in 33 (41.25 %) and 31 (38.75 %) accessions, respectively, were the most common in the collection. The Pl-w gene was detected only in two accessions. Identification of the Pl-2 gene with the OPU02 SCAR marker did not reveal a fragment of the expected size. Thirty accessions with different powdery mildew resistance scores had two genes, Pl-1 and Pl-d, and highly resistant forms G16 and 14-1 had a combination of the Pl-d and Pl-w genes. These accessions can be used as donors of powdery mildew resistance for breeding new apple clonal rootstocks.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ЯРОВОЙ МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ СОРТА ТУЛАЙКОВСКАЯ НАДЕЖДА НА СЕРОЙ ЛЕСНОЙ ПОЧВЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The article summarizes the results of two years of experiments to study the effect of the Tulaikovskaya Nadezhda variety on the productivity of spring wheat and calculates the doses of mineral fertilizers for 3 and 4 tons of grain per 1 hectare at different densities of plant stems by changing seeding. rates from 4 to 7 million. germination of grains per hectare. The studies were carried out in 2021 and 2022 in the area of crop rotation of pure fallow, winter rye, spring wheat on the experimental fields of the Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Land Management of the Kazan State Agrarian University, where the soil cover represents the following agrochemical data: humus content (according to Tyurin) › 3.0%, P2O5 › 250 mg/kg and exchangeable potassium › 145 mg/kg (according to Kirsanov’s extract), pH of the saline solution – 5.9. Agricultural technology for cultivating spring wheat in experiments is generally accepted in the republic, with the exception of the studied options. Meteorological conditions during the growing season of the study object in 2021 were characterized as extremely unfavorable for growth and development. The temperature and water conditions of the soil and air were extremely unfavorable. JCC (May-June 0.19-0.25). In 2022, research was carried out under conditions of sufficient humidity and temperature conditions. State Customs Committee (May-June – 1.37). Under the conditions of both 2021 and 2022, the yield of spring wheat fluctuated over a wide range depending on the nutritional background and seeding rates. On a non-winding background, according to seeding rates in 2021, from 0.87 to 0.97 t/ha, on fertilized backgrounds - 1.08-1.60 and 1.0-1.5 t/ha. In 2022 - 2.35-3.08, 4.20-4.81 and 4.70-5.22 tons per hectare, respectively. On average, the application of fertilizers with a planned grain yield of 3 t/ha gave an average increase of 1.12 t, with 4 t – 1.3 t of grain/ha. The optimal seeding rate for all fodder backgrounds turned out to be 5 million germinating grains per 1 ha. The yield under control is 2.09 tons, against background II – 3.21 and background III – 3.37 tons of grain per hectare.

МИНЕРАЛЬНОЕ ПИТАНИЕ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПРИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ НОРМАХ ВЫСЕВА НА СЕРЫХ ЛЕСНЫХ ПОЧВАХ ПРЕДКАМЬЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The article summarizes the results of experiments on the study and development of methods for optimizing mineral nutrition for spring wheat on the soils of the Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan at different seeding rates in order to increase the yield and quality of grain. Field research was carried out in 2022 on the territory of Agrobiotechnopark LLC of Kazan State Agrarian University, located in the Pre-Kama zone of the Republic of Tatarstan. The object of the study was spring wheat of the Yoldyz variety, cultivated in conditions of gray forest soil. For the experiment, a soil of gray forest heavy loam was selected, containing 3.0 (according to Tyurin) units of humus, 176 mg of mobile phosphorus, 109 mg/kg of exchangeable potassium (according to Kirsanov) and 27.3 bases per 100 g of soil in a layer of 0-20 cm. The saturation of the bases was 87.7%, and the pH of the salt extract solution was 5.6. For the experiment, a series of four seeding rates was applied - 4, 5, 6, and 7 million seeds per hectare for each nutrient background. Several plots with different nutrient backgrounds and consistent seeding rates were randomly located. The total area of the plots was 60 m2, and the accounting area was 50 m2. Scheme of the experiment: I background - without fertilizers (control); II background - calculated background for the planned grain yield of 3 tons / ha; III background - calculated background for the planned grain yield of 4 tons/ha. The optimal seeding rate was 5 million/ha for the fertilized variety and 4 million/ha for the natural variety and led to an increase in yield by 1060-1200 kg per hectare compared to the control. With a seeding rate of 6 million/ha on the II and III nutrient background, the gluten content increased by 1.8% compared to the natural background.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ РУБКИ ОСВЕТЛЕНИЯ СТАРЫХ НЕПРОДУВАЕМЫХ ЛЕСНЫХ ПОЛОС

On the experimental field of the Faculty of Agronomy (S. Usady) of the Kazan State Agrarian University in 2015, the State Institution "Laishevsky Forestry" carried out a clearing (all shrubs and American maple on the old 300-meter-long forest strip were completely cut down) and the work was not completed. Taking this opportunity, we took the next 300 m as a control and conducted a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the blown and windless forest strip. The experiment was conducted in 2016-2018. in the link of crop rotation: winter rye for grain (Radon variety) - spring wheat for grain (Ulyanovsk 100 variety) and spring rapeseed (Gedemin variety of Belarusian selection). The results of the research showed that the zone of positive influence of the lightened forest strip increases to 120 m against 150 m for the dense forest strip. The increase in the gross harvest of winter rye grain from the zone of influence of the clarified forest strip was 9.5 t/ha, spring wheat - 10.1 and rapeseed oil raw materials – 6.0 t/ha. When converted into grain units, in contrast to the increase in yield, spring rapeseed comes out on top (an increase of 31.2%), since the high content of crude fat (45-46%) ensures a high gross harvest of grain units. The second position is occupied by spring wheat (the gain from clearing is 27.6%) and winter rye occupies the last place with an increase of grain units of 18.8 percent.The final gross harvest of grain cutting units of the field turnover link after clearing exceeds the old forest strip of a dense windless forest strip by 25.2%.The total cost of clearing a dense forest strip, depending on the culture, pays off within 0.8- (spring rapeseed) - 2.2 years (winter rye).