Project Start-up Research Articles

Strategic management of startups in the context of local economic development

Metods. The research was implemented using the following methods: abstraction – to deepen the understanding of startups as subjects and objects of strategic management in the context of local economic development; analysis and generalization – to determine the features of the formation and development of successful startups in various ecosystems and territorial communities, taking into account the life trajectory of startup founders; systematization – to determine the relationships between groups of entities that carry out strategic management of startup projects and are interested in the development of local socio-economic systems. Results. Generalized approaches to understanding startups as subjects and objects of strategic management in the context of local economic development. The features of the development of promising and successful Ukrainian startups in modern startup ecosystems are analyzed. The factors of initiation and development of startups are analyzed in accordance with the life trajectory of their founders. Proposals for improving the strategic management of a startup in the context of local economic development have been developed. Novelty. The proposed approach to the identification of a startup as an object and subject of strategic management in the context of the interests of its founder and the expectations of the local community regarding the impact of the startup on local economic development. The systematic approach to the strategic management of a startup in the context of local economic development on the basis of glocality, which involves the development of a startup project in a multi-ecosystem environment with the appropriate distribution of direct and indirect profits of the project among a wide range of stakeholders, has been further developed. Practical value. The results of the study will allow startup founders and entities responsible for local economic development planning to improve the effectiveness of strategic management of startup projects in accordance with interests and opportunities for influence.

Strengthening Digital Transformation and Innovation in the Health Care System: Protocol for the Design and Implementation of a Multidisciplinary National Health Innovation Research School.

Digital health technologies have the potential to transform health care services to be more cost-effective, coordinated, and accessible on equal terms for entire populations. In the future, people will be assisted by such technologies to monitor their health status, take preventive measures, and have more control of their health situation. An increase in digital supplementation or substitution of physical care visits can potentially add value to patients and care providers by increasing accessibility, safety, and quality of care. However, health care organizations struggle with the challenges of developing and implementing digital health technologies and services in practice. As a response to this, we have developed a national multidisciplinary research school to increase competence and capacity for research on the development, implementation, and dissemination of digital health technology solutions. The overall aim of the research school is to increase national competence and capacity for the development, implementation, and dissemination of digital health technology to increase the preparedness to support and facilitate the ongoing digital transformation in the health care system. The purpose of this paper is to outline the protocol for the development and implementation of a national multidisciplinary doctoral education program of health innovation supporting digital transformation in the health care system. A national multidisciplinary research school for health innovation was planned in collaboration between 7 Swedish universities and their partners from industry and the public sector. The research school will run over 6 years, of which 5 years are dedicated for the doctoral education program and 1 year for the project start-up and closing. In this paper, we outline the methodological approach of the research school; the combining of knowledge and expertise of the universities that are important to run the research school; the jointly formulated research-oriented and societally relevant research focus, goals, and objectives for the research school; the established and developed relationships with partners from industry and the public sector for joint research training projects; the forms of collaboration in the research school; and the format of the doctoral education process. The research school was funded in December 2021 and started in March 2022. The research school starts with an initiation period from March 2022 to December 2022 where the infrastructure and the action plans to run the school are set up. The PhD projects start in January 2023, and these projects will be completed in 5 years. Additional activities within the research program are doctoral courses, networking activities, and dissemination of results. The network of several partners from industry, public sector, and academia enables the research school to pose research questions that can contribute to solving relevant societal problems related to the development, evaluation, implementation, and dissemination of methods and processes assisted by digital technologies. Ultimately, this will promote innovation to improve health outcomes, quality of care, and prioritizations of resources. PRR1-10.2196/46595.

THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF EASE OF DOING BUSINESS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC DEBT AND INFRASTRUCTURE IN ARAB COUNTRIES

This study examines how the ease of doing business in Arab countries mediates the relationship between public debt and infrastructure. According to previous research, one way to encourage the start-up of new infrastructure projects that boost economic growth and reduce debt build-up is to improve the business environment. The results showed that the relationship between public debt and infrastructure is fully mediated by the ease of doing business, using panel data for 19 Arab countries from 2000 to 2020. Based on the general least squares method, infrastructure was statistically negatively affected by public debt. By reducing the harmful effects of public debt on infrastructure, the study confirms that the ease of doing business leads to a more positive relationship between the two. This is due to the fact that a business-friendly environment can attract investment and boost the economy, which can help counteract the harmful effects of public debt on infrastructure. The paper provides recommendations for policymakers in Arab countries to create a favorable business environment that increases investment in infrastructure and reduces the effects of public debt. They need to promote good governance, which would curb corruption, strengthen institutions, and implement reforms to improve the ease of doing business, as some Arab countries still lag behind in many aspects of doing business, hindering business prosperity, proper infrastructural investment, and debt sustainability.

Ranking Startups Using DEMATEL-ANP-Based Fuzzy PROMETHEE II

In entrepreneurship management, the evaluation and selection of startups for acceleration programs, especially technology-based startups, are crucial. This process involves considering numerical and qualitative criteria such as sales, prior startup experience, demand validation, and product maturity. To effectively rank startups based on the varying importance of these criteria, a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach is needed. Although MCDM methods have been successful in handling complex problems, their application in startup selection and evaluating criteria interrelationships from the accelerator perspective is underexplored. To address this gap, a hybrid DEMATEL-ANP-based fuzzy PROMETHEE II model is proposed in this study, facilitating startup ranking and examining interrelationships among factors. The resulting preference values are fuzzy numbers, necessitating a fuzzy ranking method for decision-making. An extension of ranking fuzzy numbers using a spread area-based relative maximizing and minimizing set is suggested to enhance the flexibility of existing ranking MCDM methods. Algorithms, formulas, and a comparative analysis validate the proposed method, while a numerical experiment verifies the viability of the hybrid model. The final ranking of four startup projects is A4<A1<A3<A2 which indicates that startup project A2 has the highest comprehensive potential, followed by startup project A3.

Startup marketing: features, digital tools, and promotion channels

The aim of the article. The purpose of the article is to study the digital marketing tools of a startup in terms of marketing strategy following the stage of the life cycle, the entire target audience of the product. The results of the analyzes. We consider a marketing startup as an activity aimed at comprehensive market research and the needs of the startup's target audience, ensuring sales and customer loyalty, and maximizing profits based on the promotion of ideas to the market. The differences between a marketing startup and classic marketing are as follows: a marketing startup involves explaining to the target audience the essence of the idea that underlies the startup; focusing attention on marketing research ideas based on a certain product that does not yet exist; each start-up requires separate attention and the development of marketing measures in the form of its industry specifics, the availability of funds; marketing tools vary by stage of the startup life cycle. The process of justifying the strategic marketing complex provides a certain sequence of actions: choosing a marketing concept; strategic analysis of the marketing environment; identification of the start-up life cycle; selection of marketing complex strategies; implementing strategies into a system of programs, projects, plans; implementation of strategies; control and evaluation of efficiency. The most effective channels of promotion and communication with startup customers are recognized as digital marketing - a type of marketing activity that uses various forms of digital channels to interact with consumers and promote the brand. Digital marketing tools include: creating your website, distributing information through social networks, e-mail distribution (direct mail marketing), webinars, blogs, banner advertising, contextual advertising, games, quests, surveys, interactive postcards, augmented reality, video services, interactive surfaces, animations, etc. Social media is a powerful marketing strategy tool for startups. The implementation of the SMM strategy for startup projects will contribute to the reduction of marketing costs and will ensure the promotion of the startup idea through the Internet most efficiently and rationally. Conclusions and direction for further research. Startup marketing is a necessary component of an innovation project. Marketing activities, methods, and tools differ significantly depending on the stage of the startup life cycle. At the initial stages of a startup's implementation, its financial capabilities are limited, so significant costs for marketing activities are, of course, not applicable. That is why the use of digital marketing tools will complete the startup developers to provide information and promotion of the product while maintaining the budget constraints of the project.

STARTUP: META-ANALYSIS, VIABILITY ASSESSMENT, FORMATION OF CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IDEAS IN THE EDUCATIONAL SPHERE

The purpose of the article is the theoretical systematization of scientific approaches to the development of startup projects as a possibility of obtaining a commercialized effect based on combined implementation tools. The article presents a meta-analysis of evolutionary ideas about the development of startup projects in the global space from the standpoint of marketing, team-building, venture and innovative approaches. The directions of research on the formation of the startup environment are summarized: the construction of innovative business models, conditions for the creation of startup teams, the mechanism of venture investment of a startup, the implementation of startup solutions in the post-pandemic period of COVID-19. The author’s scheme for the implementation of projects in the startup format with the possibility of entering the stage of commercialization has been developed. The analysis of the forms of organization of startups in the form of small innovative enterprises in the educational environment is carried out, the dynamics of the development of startup ideas at the level of federal districts is presented. The key directions of support and development of startups in the educational environment are proposed – infrastructural, innovative, investment, partnership, economic, social. The results of the study can be used in updating strategic plans for the development of educational institutions as an additional source of investment profits and effective capital investments, as well as by executive authorities as an addition to the regional development strategy of the subject of the Russian Federation.

A decision-making support model for financing start-up projects by venture capital funds on a crowdfunding platform

The main goal of this study is to develop a comprehensive decision support model for financing start-up projects by venture capital funds on a crowd-investment platform. The model is aimed at supporting decision-making processes by venture capital funds regarding the financing of expensive start-up projects on crowdfunding platforms. The decision support model will prevent biased conclusions of crowdfunding platform experts regarding the evaluation of start-up projects, and venture capital funds will be able to manage the decision support process at all stages of evaluation. The research results were verified and tested using the example of evaluating a real start-up project to make a decision on its financing by a venture capital fund. The study outcomes may be beneficial for all sides of the explored fields – from regulatory authorities through traditional investors to start-up initiatives – to carry out investment activities and to develop optimal strategies.

Entrepreneurial growth aspirations at re-entry after failure

PurposeUtilising the Theory of Planned Behaviour as the conceptual framework, the authors argue that entrepreneurial financial failure enhances entrepreneurial growth aspirations for the subsequent start-up projects. Furthermore, this effect is particularly strong for individuals rich in human capital, both general and specific; for them, financial failure of an entrepreneurial business is likely to be subsequently transformed into higher entrepreneurial growth aspirations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ multilevel estimation techniques applied to Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data consisting of annual subsamples, each with at least 2,000 observations drawn from the working age population of 95 countries, for the period 2007–2019.FindingsThe results confirm that the experience of financial failure, both individual and societal, leads to higher growth aspirations for subsequent ventures, while exit for opportunity reasons has an even stronger positive effect on growth aspirations. Furthermore, higher education and entrepreneurial experience enhance the positive impact of financial failure on the growth aspirations of subsequent start-ups.Originality/valueThe authors demonstrate that the Theory of Planned Behaviour, which centres on intentions, can be successfully utilised to understand why entrepreneurial failure may be transformed into high growth aspirations for subsequent projects and why this effect may be enhanced by the human capital of the entrepreneur. Furthermore, the authors apply multilevel methods to a large international dataset from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and produce novel empirical evidence supporting their theoretical predictions.

СТАРТАП-ПРОЄКТИ В СИСТЕМІ РОЗВИТКУ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ УКРАЇНИ

The implementation of innovative projects, in particular startup projects, plays an important role in the development of the economy of a modern state. Transport and its infrastructure are a strategic area of a country's economy. Innovative development is relevant for the transport infrastructure of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to investigate the potential for the development of startup projects in the functioning of the transport infrastructure and to assess the potential of public-private partnerships for ensuring the innovative development of Ukraine's transport sector.The study is based on the use of general scientific and special scientific methods of scientific knowledge. The method of system analysis was used to study the preconditions for the innovative development of the Ukrainian transport infrastructure. The system-structural method was used to study basic measures to develop startup projects.The state of development of Ukraine's innovative sector has been analyzed. The weaknesses and strengths, prerequisites for the restoration and strengthening of Ukraine's innovation potential are systematized. Weak state institutions, an unfavorable environment for innovative business conduct, an unfriendly financial system are threats to the development of the country's innovation potential and its transport infrastructure.The implementation of startup projects is a prerequisite for the successful functioning and progress of the economy on innovative principles. Factors that restrain the development of the national startup industry have been systematized. Slow development of the innovation ecosystem, a decrease in budgetary support for education and science, migration processes caused by war can destroy the advantages of the country in the innovation sector.The principles of public-private partnerships in the implementation of innovative projects, in particular startups, are defined in the article. The limitations and conditions for the innovative development of Ukraine's transport infrastructure are justified. The transport infrastructure has suffered significant damage during the war, and its resto ration should take place using innovative technologies. The absence of effective programs for using the mechanism of public-private partnerships in conditions of limited financial resources is an obstacle to the implementation of innovative projects.Conditions and peculiarities of forming startup platforms in the transportation sector are considered. The implementation of innovative projects aimed at improving the energy efficiency of seaports in accordance with the concept of the «blue economy» is investigated. Increasing the stability of the transportation system is a relevant task of the modern era. Improving the tools of public-private partnership in the field of innovative development of transportation infrastructure is a prerequisite for reviving the country's economic system. The system of effective tools for such a partnership is the subject of further research. Keywords: startup projects, innovations, innovative projects, transport infra-structure, development

Development of agricultural crop monitoring software

The operation of Bradley's algorithm is simple. After that, we divide the image into several areas alongside d, take the average value of the sum of the values of Im pixels in this area, add the value, and compare the value of each pixel with the obtained result. 1/8 of the image width and 15% of the average pixel brightness across the area. In general, both of these parameters can and should be changed according to the specific situation. Thus, if the size of the object is larger than the area of a square with a side equal to d, then the center of this object can be taken as the background by the algorithm, and the problem is solved by reducing the value of d, but fine details of the image may be lost. This article provides an overview of some research and image processing analysis on the problem of crop and vegetation image recognition. Remote identification of crops and plants and their cultivation, assessment of horticulture status startup projects are presented. A computer vision system for obtaining images from a drone and assessing the condition of a garden is provided. Digitization methods for data processing are considered.

Analysis of Global Startup Market

Alongside with the technological progress, the world economy presents new requirements and issues, which become solvable under the conditions of creation and implementation of innovative ideas. Within the framework of this research, a historical reference has been made to the history of the creation of startups and the formation of the startup ecosystem, as well as the characteristics of startups, stages of development, sources of financing, reasons for failure and the most successful projects are considered, thereby identifying the sectors of the economy that are most promising for the development of startups. By conducting a detailed study on the global market of startups, the trends of their development, the progress registered in the startup ecosystem in recent years, according to economic sectors, countries and individual cities, have been highlighted. Within the framework of the analysis of the global market of startups, a comprehensive reference is made to the Armenian startup ecosystem, the trends of its development and the main sources of financing, as well as the Armenian startup projects, that gained world recognition, have been studied. The results of the research show that along with the progress of time, the development of the startup market is becoming more and more demanded and its impact on global economic development is increasing.

Retracted: Intelligent Recommendations of Startup Projects in Smart Cities and Smart Health Using Social Media Mining.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2021/3400943.].

Дослідження проблематики розвитку та підтримки стартапів в Україні: інвестиції, каталізатори, бар’єри

The article examines the problem of development and support of startups in Ukraine, which is relevant for the Ukrainian economic present. A review of various studies by economists on startups and their management is carried out. The factors of the micro and macro environment influencing the launch and development of startups in Ukraine are identified. On the basis of the carried out research, the catalyst factors and barrier factors for the development of startups in Ukraine have been defined. Among the priority problems identified are the following: macroeconomic instability; fragmentation of innovation infrastructure; lack of the State support programs; increased business risks. It is proposed to promote the chain «education – business – the State», which provides for the introduction of programs to stimulate small business, strengthen the regulatory framework, stimulate international participation and increase public investment in entrepreneurial and infrastructure projects. The significant role of higher education institutions in stimulating startups is also substantiated, an analysis of the experience of higher education institutions in different countries is provided. As an example of successful stimulation of startup activity, the experience of the National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute» (NTU «KhPI») is presented, which is the pioneer of numerous startup projects, each of those aimed at solving unique problems in different sectors of life activities. The article discusses in detail some of the projects of NTU «KhPI», highlights their goals, potential advantages and limitations. Prospects for further research in this direction are: deepening the modern understanding of startup management; studying the relationship between management experience and startup success; study of the role of the State support in promoting innovation and entrepreneurship in the startup sector and determining the level of «favorability» of the economic environment for the development of startups in Ukraine.

Understanding the Cooperative Behavior Between Body of Production and Research Alliances Based on Games and Network

In the process of creation, innovation subjects spontaneously form a technological innovation network by cooperation and sharing knowledge and resources. The data of patent joint applications can reflect the cooperation and interaction between innovation subjects, so the patent technological innovation network, patent cooperation network (PCN), can be constructed based on the data. The willingness of technological innovation subjects to continue cooperation directly affects the sustainable development of innovation networks. Considering the inequality of resources between enterprises and research institutions, a new game model is established, and the influence of various factors on the evolutionary game process is analyzed. And it is applied to the weighted directed patent technology innovation network. When the patent promoter has paid the project startup fund or salary to other patent institutions that accept the invitation and can obtain government subsidies, a higher proportion of patent excess income and government subsidies will be allocated to the outgoing nodes, which will enable them to have greater patent cooperation and R&D motivation; When the excess revenue of patents can be equally distributed, even if a small amount of salary or project startup fund is paid to the inbound nodes, the cooperation between them can be promoted. The government reduces the burden on R&D institutions by providing subsidies and incentive funds, but government subsidies can promote cooperation even if they are small.

Венчурний бізнес в Україні в умовах воєнного часу

The article examines the trends in the development of venture business in Ukraine and examines its current state in the conditions of martial law. The main sources of funding for start-up projects were studied, the success stories of leading domestic start-ups were identified and analyzed, and the problems of the formation and formation of domestic start-up businesses were revealed. The authors analyzed the prospects for the development of the startup industry in Ukraine and the possibilities of its restoration to pre-war indicators. The article examines the essence and history of the introduction of venture investment mechanisms in Ukraine and identifies the peculiarities of the formation and development of domestic start-up companies. The authors analyzed the trends in the development of the venture capital market in the pre-war period in the segment of individual players of the investment market – joint venture investment institutions. The article defines the positions of Ukraine and its cities in the global rankings of the best ecosystems for startups and outlines the most popular high-tech industries for investors in local startup projects in pre-war times. The authors analyzed the branch-based local startups and investigated the profile types of the Ukrainian startup based on the criteria of the number of co- founders, duration of work on the market, sources of financing, level of profitability, and organizational forms of entrepreneurship. The article analyzes the factors hindering the growth of the national venture capital market and the development of the local startup industry, as well as highlights the priority areas of their support in wartime conditions. Many factors were added to the risks of innovative activity in the conditions of martial law startups, which disrupted the continuity and normal flow of business processes of national startup companies. The local startup community faced the problems of living in conditions of brutal hostilities, and therefore the issue of employee safety, their relocation to fairly safe places of residence, the relocation of valuable technological equipment, and servers, and the restoration of access to the Internet became the primary factors for the creation of startup teams and recovery. their work in war conditions. The suspension of funding of startup projects by foreign investors and the lack of own resources force emigrant startups and their employees with their family members to safe countries of the world, which is also a problem for the survival of the Ukrainian startup ecosystem.

AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATION FOR ASSEMBLY DESIGN OF CYCLOIDAL GEARBOX

Modern productions are moving towards full automation of product manufacturing, however, for now some physical
 processes cannot be fully automated, and that is why it remains some manual performance using labor resources. Similar processes occur both in mass production and in individual or experimental production.
 In the startup project LineBar, it was proposed to use a cycloidal gearbox to increase the torque of the stepper motor, however, due to the complexity of the design, it was required to develop the tolling to reduce the time for assembly operation settlement. Augmented reality technologies were used to implement such a task.
 This paper presents the tooling development process. It is described a preparation of 3D model of cycloidal gearbox for Unity application, which has all the necessary functions to create the tooling. The process of basic functionality development is shown, which is a display of 3D model on prepared marker, assembly and disassembly animation of cycloidal gearbox. To expand the functionality, the ability to step-by-step switch the animation of gear assembly has been added. Animations are controlled using the created "Animation", "Forward" and "Back" buttons.
 The process of the annotation development function of 3D models is described, namely the creation of 3D annotation objects, the development of the information display function considering a placement of component unit at the center of the screen, and the implementation of the annotation reversal function when the user's camera is rotated.
 The result of this work is created application, which can be used to reduce the time for the assembly operation of the cycloidal gearbox. It was found a 30% time reduction for assembly operation using the application compared to the regular method.
 For future work, it is proposed to automate the preparation of 3D models, their animation and annotation in the Unity environment, to reduce the time for expanding the application functions, which will affect the scaling the application to larger production.

MARKETING DIGITAL TOOLS FROM STARTUP PROJECTS IN THE TOURISM AND TRAVEL INDUSTRY

The article examines the offers of marketing digital tools developed as a part of startup projects for participants in the tourism and travel industry, taking into account current tendencies and trends in the development of the tourism, hospitality and leisure industries. Startups offer both pioneering ideas, business models and technologies that can fundamentally change and influence the tourism industry, as well as scalable and proven ideas that affect the future of tourism, have a reliable revenue model and a clear strategy for achieving profitability
 The article considers new niches for startups in the tourism industry (digital nomads, slow tourism, local experience, ecological tourism, family and group vacations), which are driven by changes in travel patterns, demands and expectations of people planning their next trip, satisfy important, but so far completely unsatisfied customer needs (personalization, security, health protection during travel, logistics, mobility).
 The ratings of analytical units of the leading market companies Phocuswright "The State of Travel Startups", Amadeus "The Amadeus Startup Universe", "Amadeus' Startup Universe: 14 travel tech startups to watch" have been analyzed, in which the most innovative, creative, bold, functional startups are noted, which contribute to the restoration of industries, expand opportunities for cooperation with customers and other stakeholders, accelerate the implementation of new concepts, establish cooperation within the framework of the concept of sustainable tourism of all providers of the hospitality industry. In general, startups cover all sectors and services of the tourism, hospitality and leisure industries, from pricing and revenue management to airports and corporate travel. Startups of 2022 focus on sustainability, inclusion, blockchain, alternative housing, artificial intelligence, databases, security. The activities of global distribution systems in terms of updating their marketing tools by attracting young companies, investing in new startups, in knowledge and technology, and improving interaction with the startup ecosystem are considered.
 The analysis of startup project proposals in the tourism and travel industry allows to conclude that the proposed marketing digital tools are focused on active digital transformation of business to increase profits, optimize operations, ensure positive consumer experience and unprecedented customer satisfaction. Digital marketing tools allow market participants to: better manage guest experiences; explore the customer journey; organize the sale of additional services, make them available for online booking; create new revenue channels, reduce costs and increase efficiency; simplify the management of experience and services; quickly personalize the experience, create personalized and easily modified offers for individual customers and large groups; access detailed performance reports; understand customer preferences and study their needs in order to create adequate business strategies of the highest level.

Professional Entrepreneurial Competencies and Creativity Skills Formation Under the Influence of Educational Practices of Start-Up Projects Development

This article defines the role of start-up projects as a pedagogical tool aimed at consolidating and updating vocational training of students majoring in entrepreneurial studies. It presents an online survey conducted among Russian and Azerbaijan entrepreneurs, which allowed identifying key competencies necessary to practice a flourishing business activity in the current environment. The role of start-ups in strengthening and upgrading entrepreneurship students’ professional competencies was identified based on self-assessment of their professional progress duringeducational training. The research methodology made it possible to identify levers of influence on students’ involvement in training, the effective usage of which can dramatically change the quality of future specialists’ education due to the synergy of theoretical and practical activities. Using a survey of 50 Russian and Azerbaijani entrepreneurs, selected using a series of filters and based on a random sample, a list of entrepreneurs' competencies and skills was formed. Checking by the Cronbach method a demonstrated the acceptability of the internal reliability of the resulting list (α =.821). This list was used to survey 395 students from 5 Russian and one Azerbaijani universities using the method of assessing on a 4-point Likert scale their results in entrepreneurship training after The practical vocational training in the “Start-up Projects - New Generation” ecosystem, described in this study. The students' assessment of the level of development of their vocational skills turned out to be relevantly high. In practice, the research results can be applied in the creation of entrepreneurship training courses, as well as with the aim of increasing student entrepreneurship motivation and enhancing their practical experience.

A Systematic Approach to Beginning a Retrospective Research Study: A guide for surgical trainees

• A large proportion of surgical trainees struggle with beginning a retrospective study. • We present a systematic approach for surgical trainees to use when beginning a new • study. • Key concepts include developing the aim, conducting a literature review, data considerations, designing the study, and getting the study up and running. • By providing a systematic framework, surgical trainees that lack research experience now have a reference to aid their research design and project start-up.

Financial Analysis of Green Detergent as A Water-Friendly Solution In Indonesia

The most crucial global issue discussed at the Fourth Intergovernmental Review Meeting on the Implementation of the Global Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Bali Land Based Activities (IGR-4) in 2018 is the danger of detergent. Up to 45% of Indonesia’s rivers are in the category of being heavily polluted by detergent. Furthermore, Enzymatic Eco Detergent is a new, renewable, and innovative biodegradable product made from vegetable surfactants based on palm oil (MES). It is also enriched with organic enzymes produced by simple biotechnology from processing organic waste, such as fruits and vegetable peels, based on garbage enzyme/eco-enzyme. And it also has excellent potential to be developed on a micro business scale (Start-up). As a new product, conducting a business feasibility analysis is necessary to reduce the risk of failure or loss. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the feasibility of the Eco Detergent factory start-up business with a capacity of 12,000 liters per year based on a financial analysis involving the Payback Period, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, and Return on Investment. The data obtained were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013 software. The result showed that the payback period (PP) is three years (2 years and 3 months) faster than the project age of 5 years, hence the Green detergent start-up project, "Enzymatic Eco Detergent," is feasible to be implemented. Meanwhile, the Net Present Value (NPV) criteria have a positive IDR of 1,117,448,350.97. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and the Return on Investment (ROI) obtained are 57.57% and 54%, respectively. Conclusively, the investment is considered profitable with a return rate of 10.37%, hence, it is feasible to be implemented.