Carambola Research Articles

WITHDRAWN: Effect of 2-dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2, 5-diene-1, 4-dione, isolated from Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) roots, on advanced glycation end-product-mediated renal injury in type 2 diabetic KKAy mice

The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published in [Toxicology Letters, 339C (2021) 88–96], https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.022. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal

The Effect of Averrhoa carambola (Star Fruit) Aqueous Fruit Extract on the Hippocampal Astrocyte Expression Following Diazepam-Induced Neurotoxicity in Wistar Rats

a peer-reviewed, open access online international journal which publishes original research papers. The journal welcomes submission from scholars and experts for possible publication from all over the world. The scope of the journal includes: Pharmaceutical research, chemistry and biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds, biological evaluation of crude extracts, ethnomedicine, traditional and complementary medicine, ethnopharmacology, biomedical research, Biotechnology, Evaluation of natural substances of land and sea and of plants, microbes and animals, pharmacognosy, bioavailability, clinical, pharmacological, toxicological studies and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals, Isolation and characterization of compounds, structure elucidation, synthesis and experimental biosynthesis of natural Product as well as developments of methods in these areas are welcomed in the journal.

Standardization of experimental model regarding star fruit intoxication in Wistar rats suffering with nephropathy.

ABSTRACTPurposeTo present a model to reproduce the clinical condition, in order to better understand the pathophysiology of neurological impairment related to intoxication.MethodsTwenty-five Wistar rats were used and divided into five groups: Shaw group (WHI), water gavage group (WGV), star fruit gavage group (SGV), nephropathic group with water gavage (NPW), nephropathic group with star fruit gavage (NPS).Nephropathic groups were submitted to surgery, developing nephropathy. After surgery, they received preestablished gavage with star fruit juice or water. The electroencephalographic records were evaluated in the experimental nephropathic group that received gavage of star fruit juice.ResultsTo assess the induction of neurotoxicity using electroencephalographic data, the NPS group demonstrated the presence of epileptic seizures associated with star fruit intoxication.ConclusionsThe experimental model herein presented was adequate to reproduce the clinical condition experienced by nephropathic patients who ingest star fruit juice, establishing, thus, an experimental model utterly important for the study of the neurological toxicity process.

GC-MS Analysis of Active and Applicable Compounds in Methanol Extract of Sweet Star Fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) Leaves

The leaves of star fruit plants (Averrhoa carambola) have been traditionally used to cure many diseases, such as hypertension and fever. Besides, the leaves of this plant have also widely been used as the main raw material in lawar (a Balinese traditional food) making. In this research, the methanol extract of this plant leaves was analyzed and identified for active compound contents. The main objective of this research was to investigate types of possible active and applicable compounds contained in such leaves, previously extracted/macerated in methanol solution. Analysis was conducted by applying GC-MS instrumentation using methanol solution. The results showed that 10 possible active and applicable compounds (Butane, 1,1-diethoxy-3 methyl-(CAS)1.1-DII, Dodecanoic acid, methyk ester(CAS) methyl, Dodecanoic acid, methyl ester (CAS) Ethyl Laun, Pentadecanoic acid ethyl ester, Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (CAS) Methyl pa, OCTADECA 9.12 DIENOIC ACID METHYL, 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester (E)-(CAS), Octadecanoic acid methyl ester, and (E) 9-Octadecanoic acid ethyl ester) were identified in methanol extract of such leaves. Among those compounds, Butane, 1,1-diethoxy-3-methyl and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester was two most abundance constituents with percentage of peak areas of 35.67% and 26.93%, respectively.

Process Standardization for Fruit Based Chakka Desserts

ABSTRACT Chakka is a sour product obtained by draining off whey from fermented milk (Dahi, known as Indian yogurt). In this work, a process was developed for the preparation of desserts using chakka. Four fruits considered to have good health benefits have been used, namely kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa), fig (Ficus carica), star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) and blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). The pulp from these fruits was extracted and sweetened with sugar in 1:1.3 optimized ratio. The sweetened pulps were in turn incorporated into chakka @ 15:50, 25:50 and 35:50 to prepare fruit-based chakka desserts. Based on sensory analysis, the desserts recommended to be consumed after a meal, had a shelf life of 10 days at 5°C. Kiwi fruit was not found suitable for the chakka dessert preparation.

Fruits of Averrhoa carambola inn protects Wistar rats against indomethacin and pylorus ligation- induced ulcers

Fruits of Averrhoa carambola inn protects Wistar rats against indomethacin and pylorus ligation- induced ulcers

Green synthesis of bio-based Au@g-C3N4 nanocomposite for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange

We report a unique, efficient and facile green synthesis of Au@g-C3N4 by using Averrhoa carambola leaf extract as a reducing agent. The composites are characterized by using different characterization techniques like XRD, DRS UV–vis, FT-IR, and TEM analysis to study the structural and optical properties. Further, photocatalyitic activity of the as synthesized nanocomposite is evaluated for the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. The as prepared 1 wt% Au@g-C3N4 with fresh leaf extract showed remarkable performance for methyl orange degradation under light illumination. The green synthesized Au@g-C3N4 could be used as an efficient photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation.

Potential SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors from chromene, flavonoid and hydroxamic acid compound based on FRET assay, docking and pharmacophore studies

This present study reports some natural products and one hydroxamic acid synthetic compound which were previously reported as matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) inhibitors to be evaluated for their inhibition toward severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro). This enzyme is one of the proteins responsible for this coronaviral replication. Two herbal methanolic extracts i.e., Averrhoa carambola leaves and Ageratum conyzoides aerial part demonstrate >50% inhibition at 1000 µg/mL. Interestingly, apigenin, one of flavonoids, demonstrates 92% inhibition at 250 µg/mL (925 µM) as well as hydroxamic acid compound, N-isobutyl-N-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)glycyl hydroxamic acid (NNGH), which shows 69% inhibition at 100 µM. The in vitro results are supported by the docking studies revealing that the binding mode of both compounds is mainly by interacting with GLU166 residue in the hydrophobic pocket of the 3CLpro. Pharmacophore mapping further supported the results by confirming that the in vitro activities of both compounds are due to their pharmacophore features employing hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and hydrophobic. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis reported chromene compounds in Ageratum conyzoides aerial part methanolic extract are potential to be this enzyme inhibitor candidate. These all results reflect their potencies to be SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors through 3CLpro inhibition mechanism.

Harvest Maturity Influences Fruit Quality of Carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.)

Harvest maturity determines the shelf life and nutritional quality of fruits. The present study was planned to determine the effect of harvest maturity on fruit quality of carambola. Fruits of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) cv. “Arkin” were harvested at five maturity stages, i.e., M1 (100% green), M2 (75% green and 25% yellow), M3 (50% green and 50% yellow), M4 (25% green and 75% yellow), and M5 (100% yellow) and subjected to physico-chemical analysis. At eating soft stage, a significant linear increase in fruit juice percentage, total soluble solids (TSS), ripening index (TSS/TA) and fruit juice pH, while a decrease in rag content, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and titratable acidity (TA) was observed as the maturity progressed from 100% green to 100% yellow. Sensory evaluation data of fruit skin colour, flavour, texture, and acceptability showed the highest score for fruits harvested at 25% green and 75% yellow (M4) stage. In conclusion, harvest maturity significantly influenced various biochemical quality characteristics and carambola fruits harvested at 75% yellow (M4) is considered as an optimal harvest stage that exhibited best sensory and nutritional quality attributes.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI DAUN BELIMBING WULUH (Averhoa bilimbi L.) DAN LAMA PENYIMPANAN TERHADAP KUALITAS FISIK TELUR PUYUH

The purpose of this research was to analize physical quality of quail eggs which has soaked with wuluh star fruit leaves extract and has storaged for some weeks. This research used 108 quail eggs, 0 day old. This research used a Completely Randomized Design with 6 leaves extract concentrastion treatments (0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) and 6 durations of storage treatments (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks) with three replication. The data were analyzed by ANOVA 5% and continued with Duncan test. The result showed that leaves extract concentrastion treatments gave significant effect to egg weight, eggshell weight, egg white weight, yolk score, albumin pH, Haugh Unit (HU), and the shell thick of quail eggs. The interaction treatment gave significant effect to eggshell wheight, albumin pH, and the shell thick of quail eggs.

The Effect Of Sweet Below Consumption On Hemoglobine Levels In Pregnant Women At Bpm Hj. Eniyati Kecamatan Banjar Pandeglang District In 2020

Anemia in pregnancy can have devastating effects on both the mother and the fetus. The prevalence of anemia cases in pregnant women nationwide in 2018 was 48.9%. Anemia cases of pregnant women at Banjar Puskesmas in 2019 amounted to 62.22% and cases of anemia for pregnant women at BPM Hj. Eniyati in 2020 amounted to 67.81%. The average value of hemoglobin levels of pregnant women in the control group before treatment (pretest) was 9.85 gr / dl and after treatment (posttest) was 10.52 gr / dl. Whereas in the intervention group the average value of hemoglobin levels for pregnant women before treatment (pretest) was 9.74 gr / dl and after treatment (posttest) was 11.15 gr / dl. The statistical test results obtained p value = 0.000. There is an effect of consumption of sweet starfruit juice on hemoglobin levels in pregnant women at BPM Hj. Eniyati, Banjar District, Pandeglang Regency in 2020. It is recommended for pregnant women to check their Hb levels regularly and regularly consume Fe tablets of at least 90 tablets during pregnancy accompanied by consuming fruits containing vitamin C, one of which is sweet star fruit, which can increase hemoglobin levels.

PEMANFAATAN TUMBUHAN SUMBER PANGAN DI DESA SETIA JAYA KECAMATAN TERIAK KABUPATEN BENGKAYANG

The research objective was to determine the plant food sources used by the people of Setia Jaya Village, Teriak District, Bengkayang Regency. The research was conducted on 11 April 2019 - 9 May 2019. The research method used a survey method, while the interviews were conducted using a snowball sampling technique. Based on the research conducted, 50 plant species were found with 28 types of families, namely Anarcaceae, Verberanaceae, Oxalidaceae, Moraceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, Auriculariaceae, Sapindaceae, Melastomataceae, Bromeliaceae, Annonaceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Piperceae, Meliaceae, Passifloraceae, Zigiberaceae, Solanaceae, Robiaceae, Dryopteriaceae, Gnetaceae, Blechnaceae, Schizophyllaceae, Caricaceae, Tricholomataceae and Bombaceae. Food source plants have use values as follows: mango, star fruit, durian, rubber, papaya, koko, red fern, green fern, jackfruit, soursop, petai, bamboo shoots and cassava as much as 1, starfruit, bebuas, cempedak, as much as durian kawai. 0.966667, Lingkodok as much as 0.766667, durian kawai as much as 0.966667, water guava, taro, melinjo, and mentawa as much as 0.6, guava as much as 0.7, kedondong and langsat as much as 0.666667, longan and purple eggplant 0.63333, candlenut as much as 0.233333, white mushrooms as much as 0.266667, fungus and ear mushrooms as much as 0.2, kelampai and pineapple as much as 0.3, areca as much as 0.933333, sago as much as 0.366667, pepper, salak and bay leaves as much as 0.5, lelatup as much as 0.166667, betel and breadfruit as much as 0.466667, tamarind eggplant as much as 0.566667 and ciplukan as much as 0.4.Keywords: Food Plants, Tembawang Forest, Utilization

KARAKTERISTIK FISIKOKIMIA DAN ORGANOLEPTIK FRUIT LEATHER KENITU (Chrysophyllum cainito L.) DENGAN PENAMBAHAN CMC DAN KARAGENAN

Star apple is a seasonal local fruit that is commonly found in East Java, Indonesia. This fruit contains high fiber and antioxidants, however the utilization was not optimal specially at the harvest season, so it requires for further processing. Star fruit apple processing into fruit leather would expected to resolve this problem. Plasticity is an important parameter in fruit leather quality which can be influenced by binding agent, sugar, and acid composition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the best concentration of binding agent that can produce star apple fruit leathers with good characteristics and preferred by consumers. The concentration of CMC and carrageenan used in this study were 0.1%; 0.3%; 0.5%. Physicochemical data were analyzed by ANOVA (α = 5%) and DMRT, while preference were analyzed using Chi-square test (α = 5%). The best treatment determination was using scoring analysis. The result showed that 0.3% carrageenan was the best treatment to produce star apple fruit leather with 54.48 lightness; 348 g/ 2 mm texture; 17.99 KPa tensile strength; 9.03% elongation; 2.68% syneresis; 22.49% water content; and 6.11% crude fiber content. While the color, aroma, texture, taste, and overall preference were as follows 73.33%; 63.33%; 73.33%; 60%; and 66.67% respectively.
 Keywords: CMC, carrageenan, fruit leather, star apple

Karakterisasi Spesies Averrhoa yang Tumbuh di Kota Kediri Berdasarkan Pendekatan Palinologi

Averrhoa is a member of the Oxalidaceae family and has four types, namely Averrhoa carambola, Averrhoa bilimbi, Averrhoa leucopetala, Averrhoa dolichocarpa.. Among the four types of averhoa, the most commonly found growing and planted in Kediri's yards were Averrhoa carambola and Averrhoa bilimbi. Cultivation of this plant is usually done by vegetative and generative with seeds. Pollen has long been used as an indicator in plant taxonomy, because in pollen there are many secret characters. This study aims to determine characterization Averrhoa species that grow in Kediri City based on a palinological approach. The result of this research is Averrhoa pollen that grows in Kediri City has almost the same characteristics, namely very small size, spheroidal Prolate shape, trizonocolpate aperture and isopolar polarity. The similarity is so great because the environmental conditions in which these two types of plants grow are the same. The difference in the character of pollen that grows in Kediri City lies in its ornamentation. In Averrhoa carambola ornate Perforate-Foveolate and Averrhoa bilimbi with reticulate character. This difference in ornament is due to the fact that these two types of plants have different species.

Evaluation of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Seed Oil as a Potential Feedstock for Industrial Application

Aims: Evaluate possible application of African Star Apple seed oil as industrial raw material geared towards possible conversion of waste to wealth with no negative impact as it borders on food scarcity. Also unveiling the possibility of a sustainable environment via the eradication of waste from the environment, thereby creating a clean environment.
 Place and Duration of Study: Fresh ripped fruits of African Star Apple were bought from some local market sellers at Agbarha-Otor market which is located in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria on longitude 6° 2' 54" E /5° 30' 40" N, between November, 2019 and March, 2020.
 Experimental Details: Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane as solvent was used for the oil extraction of 100 g per batch of extraction. Pretreatment procedure of oil was done prior to transesterification. Homogenous base-catalyzed transesterification reaction was used in this study under controlled experimental conditions such as temperature, reaction time, methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst type and concentration were examined under varied ranges to ascertain optimum experimental conditions for the reaction. Extracted seeds oil were analysed for its physicochemical properties using standard methods via: specific gravity, acid value, refractive index, saponification value, iodine value and free fatty acid using standard methods.
 Results: The results showed an oil yield of 14.9%, an indication that the seed reflects a poor source of abundant oil. Results obtained for the physiochemical properties, revealed that; specific gravity, refractive index, saponification value, acid value, free fatty acid and iodine value showed values of 0.896 kg/m3, 1.549, 231.32 mgKOH/g, 3.23 mgKOH/g, 2.07% and 47.63 mg/100 g respectively. Also, results for Methanol: Oil ratio showed that maximum yield was obtained at 6:1 molar ratio. Maximum conversion efficiency for molar concentration was achieved at 0.75% for both catalysts. While a reaction time of 125 min projected better yield.
 Conclusion: The seed of African star fruit are discarded as waste, therefore its use as a source of oil for industrial feedstock and other domestic application, poses no challenge with regards to food security. Its non-drying potential based on its low iodine value, makes it suitable lubricating oil for industrial application. Similarly, potential application of the oil as feedstock for the production of biodiesel is justified on the basis of its low acid value. Conclusively, the seeds may not have sufficient oil volume potential to be used as edible (domestic) and industrial oil. Consequently upon its low yield, application for biofuel production in commercial scale becomes unrealistic.

Fruit Maturity Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks Method

Difficulty in finding information about levels maturity based on the type of fruit using data textual, make a search system using image as query needed. The concept of Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) will search and display images again which are relevant based on the visual features query image. In this study an application was made to classify 5 classes of fruit, Star fruit, Mango, Melon, Banana and Tomato. Which in each class divided again into 52 subclasses consisting of the type and level of fruit maturity with a total of 5030 training data images. The method used to classify and extract images features is Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). After the image is classified, the search process is carried out to determine the fruit that is similar to the classified image. The results of the classification accuracy of 1294 images are 61%. While the retrieval of 50 images has a precision value of 88.93%.

The Efficacy of Aedes aegypti Natural Larvicide Gained from Averrhoa bilimbi and Averrhoa carambola

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an endemic disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti which is supposed to be demolished by using the Larvicidal activity. However, there are some <em>Ae. aegypti</em> larvae which are found resistant against the temephos in some provinces in Indonesia. Thus, this has been one of the biggest concern of The Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia. Apart from the resistance effect caused, temephos has been reported causing a water pollution which triggers the decreasing standard of human health and immune system. These factors have created a need for search of a new and natural larvicide, which one of it can be gained from <em>Averrhoa</em>. This research is aimed at comparing the effectiveness between the extract <em>Averrhoa bilimbi</em> and <em>Averrhoa carambola</em> towards the <em>Ae. aegypti</em> larvae’s mortality.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>An experimental laboratory research involving the design of post test-only control group. Twenty five larvae <em>Ae. aegypti</em> third instar were carried out at 5 different concentrations (0%, 1%, 1.6%, 2.6%, 3.4%, and 4%). The larva demolition is counted within 24 hours. The mortality data is then analysed with the probit analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The extract of <em>Averrhoa bilimbi</em> and <em>Averrhoa carambola</em> can cause the mortality of the <em>Ae. aegypti</em> larvae. LC<sub>99 </sub>24 hours from <em>Averrhoa bilimbi</em> was recorded = 1.47% (1.20-2.04%), whereas LC<sub>99 </sub>24 hours was recorded from <em>Averrhoa carambola</em> = 8.96% (7.59-11.31%). The major loses appeared is the stretchy necks and injured appendices. The bioactive substances which are predicted to be the causes of the mortality in this research are saponin glycoside and flavonoid.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The extract of <em>Averrhoa bilimbi</em> produces the strongest and the most effective larvicide which will be potentially developed as a new larvicide.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords:<strong> </strong><em>Natural larvicide, Aedes aegypti, Averrhoa bilimbi, Averrhoa carambola</em></p>

Bio-Surfactant assisted room temperature synthesis of cubic Ag/RGO nanocomposite for enhanced photoreduction of Cr (VI) and antibacterial activity

We report a unique, environment friendly, and one-pot synthesis of cubic Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated on reduced graphene oxide sheets (RGO) in presence of Averrhoa carambola leaf extract as a green reducing and stabilizing agent without using any toxic and expensive chemicals. The polyphenolic groups present in the leaf extract reduced both AgNO3 and graphene oxide at room temperature to obtain cubic like morphology of AgNPs over RGO. Structural characterizations such as XRD, Raman, XPS, DRUV-Vis, FTIR, FESEM, TEM, HAADF-STEM, and PL analysis were performed. Several batch experiments were implemented to investigate the photocatalytic activity of Ag/RGO, in comparison to both chemically and green synthesized AgNPs under visible light irradiation. In presence of ethanol as hole scavenger, 5 wt% cubic AgNPs loaded on RGO showed 99.7 % Cr (VI) reduction. 5Ag/RGO photocatalyst can be reused up to 4 cycles without any remarkable loss. The reaction kinetics was best described by zero order rate equation for all the nanocomposites. In addition, 5Ag/RGO exhibited potential antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive and one Gram-negative pathogens as compared to GO.

Incidence of frugivorous flies (Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae), fruit losses and the dispersal of flies through the transportation of fresh fruit

Frugivorous flies (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) cause significant losses in horticultural crops. These losses are associated with the fruit damaged by frugivorous fly infestation occurring during all steps of the production and commercial sale. Pest monitoring is the main tool used to identify and avoid future losses in horticultural crops. In this study we monitor the population of frugivorous flies in a fruit orchard and a food supply centre (FSC) to assess fruit losses and examine the dispersal of flies. Six Anastrepha species, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), five Neosilba species and Dasiops sp. were recovered from traps and fruit samples. The fruit losses were estimated for star fruit (26%), guava (17%), mango (4%), orange (1.9%), tangerine (0.9%) and apple (0.2%). The fruit collected at the FSC demonstrated that immature frugivorous flies can disperse for several kilometres through the transportation of fresh fruit. Due to the importance of frugivorous flies, this poses a threat to the production and commercial sale of fruit around the world. Our study presents information relevant to the pest management and risk mitigation for frugivorous flies.

A comparative study on morphological and fruit quality traits of diploid and polyploid carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) genotypes

Artificially induced polyploid crops are generally associated with improved agronomic characteristics. Triploids and tetraploids previously created from the diploid carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) cultivar 'B17′ (2n = 22) were used as experimental materials. The plody level of this new genetic material was checked by the combination of flow cytometry and by chromosome counting. The morphological characteristics and fruit quality of diploid and polyploid carambola were evaluated under field conditions. The results revealed that plants of different ploidy levels demonstrated significantly different phenotypic traits. Compared with their diploid counterparts, polyploids in general had greater vigor and biomass. Triploid and tetraploid plants produced stronger branches and petioles, more leaflets, thicker and larger leaves, larger pollen grains and flowers, bigger and heavier fruits as compared with that of diploid plants. However, a great decrease in the number of flowers was observed in polyploid plants, with 50 % reduction in the triploids as compared with the diploids. Furthermore, the majority of pollen from triploid plants was abnormal with collapsed structure and two different types of pollen grains were observed in the tetraploids using scanning electron microscope. Additionally, a general improvement in the quality of polyploid fruits was found when compared with diploid ones. In particular, the shelf life of polyploid fruits was much longer than their diploid counterparts. A comparative study was conducted among parental diploid carambola plants and their triploid and tetraploid deliverable offsprings based on morphological, physiological and agronomical traits. This study is expected to contribute into the breeding process for the production of new polyploid carambola varieties which will be characterized by special agronomical characteristics, better quality and longer self life period of their fruits.