Tin Sulfate Research Articles

A Three-Dimensional Open-Framework Tin(II) Sulfate with Near-Unity Photoluminescence Quantum Yield.

A new open-framework tin(II) sulfate, formulated as C4H12N2·Sn(SO4)2·H2O, was prepared under the structure-directing effect of piperazine. This compound features a 3D structure with 16-ring channels. Under ultraviolet light irradiation, it emits bright yellow luminescence with a near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield. Theoretical calculations were carried out to understand the luminescence mechanism.

Electrodeposition of Multi-Segment Nanowires and Site-Selective Solder Deposition for Magnetic Assembly and Nanoscale Joining

Electronic device packaging involves complex wiring assemblies for transport of electrical and thermal energy, enabling increasingly sophisticated circuit designs in an industry favoring aggressive device miniaturization. Nanoscale miniaturization of the wire morphology has become increasingly sophisticated in recent years with regards to synthesis; however, the ability to arrange and manufacture these small-scale materials to fully exploit their novel properties has been quickly outpaced. The purpose of this investigation is the establishment of a synthesis technique for a core/shell nanowire structure with tunable compositional templating via electrodeposition which can pass through this bottleneck via directed matrix assembly. A gold-nickel-gold nanowire structure was utilized as the core, synthesized via electrochemical deposition into an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template; the nickel segment was chosen to act as a magnetic vehicle for directed assembly, while the bordering gold tips were coated with a solder shell. Gold-selective deposition of this tin solder shell was achieved by establishing a chemisorbed nickel-protective monolayer via immersion in azelaic acid solution. Next, the protected nanowires were dispersed in an aqueous reaction vessel with excess sodium borohydride reducing agent. Controlled addition of tin sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate solution to the vessel resulted in the formation of tin seeds which deposited along the gold tips of the nanowires, growing into a “dumbbell” shape nanowire with tin deposited on both gold tips. Composition and confirmation of the solder deposition was performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopic (EDS) analysis. Crystal structure of the core/shell nanowires was performed with x-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify intermetallic formation between the tin and gold. The core/shell nanowires were arranged magnetically across a conductive interdigitated electrode and melted by an infrared-driven reflow procedure under flux atmosphere, establishing ohmic contact tip-to-tip between nanowires and in wire-to-pad morphologies. This work establishes an effective and scalable method for site-specific nanowire functionalization while simultaneously addressing miniaturization-associated assembly issues in its desired applications.

Synthesis and fabrication of superstrate and substrate Cu2ZnSnS4/CdS thin film solar cells utilizing copper powder as local materials

Cu2ZnSnS4 is a promising material for low-cost thin-film solar cells. This paper reports a new approach to fabricating a solar cell using a Superstrate and Substrate configuration. We utilized a non-vacuum deposition process to deposit Copper Zinc Tin Sulfate (CZTS) and Cadmium Sulphate (CdS) on a glass substrate. To achieve this, we adopted the sol-gel spin coating method for CZTS and the Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) method for the CdS layer. The solar cell has two structures: ITO/Cu2ZnSnS4/CdS/Ag for substrate configuration and ITO/CdS/Cu2ZnSnS4/Ag for superstrate configuration. The Cu/(Zn+Sn) atomic ratio was set to 0.86, while Zn/Sn was set to 1.25. Our CZTS/CdS solar cell achieved a 48.7 × 10-6 % power conversion efficiency with a 1.40 eV band gap and 98.71 % external quantum efficiency at 373 nm for the superstrate configuration. For the substrate configuration, the power conversion efficiency was 19.0 × 10-6 % with a 1.49 eV bandgap and 95.74 % external quantum efficiency at 321 nm. Based on the results presented in the text, the CZTS solar cell with a superstrate configuration achieved a higher power conversion efficiency and external quantum efficiency than the substrate configuration. The superstrate configuration allowed for better light absorption in the CZTS layer and reduced the reflection of light back into the substrate. This configuration also prevented the back diffusion of CdS into CZTS and improved the electrical performance of the solar cell. Therefore, the superstrate configuration is more efficient than the substrate configuration for CZTS solar cells.

Synthesis and Characterization of Heat-Tempered Cu2Zn0.6Ca0.4SnS4 Alloy Thin Film

Six samples of Cu2Zn0.6Ca0.4SnS4 labeled Y1 – Y6 were spin-coated on a pre-cleaned glass from 20 ml each of 0.067 moll Calcium sulfate (CaSO4, 98.5% KermerR) and 0.1 mol each of zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2, 99% Aldrich), Copper(II)sulfate hexahydrate (Cu2SO4.6H2O, 98.5% KermerR), stannous sulfate (SnSO4, 99% KermerR), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3, 98.5% Aldrich) with ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 99% DHR) and triethanolamine (C6H15NO3, 99% KermerR) used as complexing agents. They were left to dry at room temperature. Y2 – Y6 were subjected to heat tempering in a carbolite furnace between 150 - 750 ℃ with a step height of 150 ℃. The alloy thin films were structurally, morphologically, and optically characterized. The grain sizes for Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, and Y6 are 15 nm, 40nm,43 nm, 45 nm, 44 nm, and 42 nm, respectively. The interruption of the normal stacking sequence of atomic planes initially decreases as the temperature increases and the microstrain. The microstrain and stacking fault energy both climaxed at 600 ℃. Microstrain and stacking fault energy exhibit a sine and allometric relationship with the temperature (T). As the temperature increases, the band gap reduces from 3.60 eV to 3.26 eV. The residue effect of heat on the band gap variation gives a relative exponential decay of the crystallite. The difference between a shift in energy and a change in optical band gap (∆Estrain) as a function of temperature is given as -0.031 ±3.66667×10^(-4) T.

Radiological Findings in the Case Exposed to Zirconium.

Pneumoconiosis is a lung disease that develops as a result of a tissue reaction that occurs with the accumulation of inorganic particles. Pathoclinical features may vary depending on the type of inhaled particle. Today, fibrotic and nonfibrotic tissue reactions are well defined in some substances. For example, it is known that exposures such as silica, asbestos, beryllium, and talc are associated with fibrosis in the lung, while exposures such as iron, tin, and barium sulfate cause non-fibrogenic changes. However, the pathoclinic and radiological findings of some rare exposures such as zirconium are not widely known. In a 52-year-old dental technician with a 26-year history of zirconium exposure, more prominent parenchymal emphysematous and fibrotic changes were detected in the upper zones of the thorax high-resolution computed tomography. Since zirconium exposure was clearly defined, radiological findings of this case may be useful to current literature.

A New Type of Coating Brush Plating Solution and Its Application Performance

A new type of coating brush plating solutioncontaining stannous sulfate and potassium pyrophosphate was prepared by solution mixing method.Its structures, physicochemical properties, and the application effect in power equipment contact were also investigated by electrochemical workstation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microsco (SEM), Mapping, and infrared thermometer. The results showed that the tin coating has good adaptability to the ambient temperature and good adhesion with the copper substrate. Cerium nitrate was evenly distributed over the tin plating layer, reduced the crystal refinement of tin and lead to a uniform distribution of microdefects. When the cerium nitrate content, the amount of additives, the amount of complex agent, and the number of brush plating operations are 0.1%, 10.0%, 8.0%, and 5 times, respectively, the tin plating layer has the best electrochemical performance. For application, the damaged contacts of power equipment can fully meet the demand of power use after being treated by the new brush plating solution.

COMPARISON OF TWO STAINING METHODS FOR ANODIZING IN ALLOY 6063 ALUMINUM PROFILES

Background: Aluminum stands out for being a light, corrosion-resistant, and recyclable metal, achieving wide coverage in the market. When incorporated into alloying elements, it is possible to acquire other desirable characteristics. Alloy 6063, intended for architectural purposes, has aesthetic, structural, and strength functions. Anodized finishing is performed through an electrolytic process, ensuring a more resistant aluminum oxide film than that formed naturally. For decorative purposes, the anodic film coloration can be performed by several methodologies, in this case, for the coloration by organic adsorption, with the use of aniline, and the electrolytic coloration, composed of tin sulfate salts, both for obtaining the black color. Aim: Compare of two different staining methods on the surface of anodized profiles of aluminum alloy 6063. Methods: Profile samples were collected and tests were carried out to measure the thickness of the anodic layer, immersion tests with 3,5 percent sodium chloride, for 1000 hours, and neutral saline mist, for 600 hours. Results and Discussion: Both methodologies proved to be resistant to immersion tests with sodium chloride, as well as with neutral saline mist, and these tests are quite aggressive and provide corrosion of the material when not well treated. Corrosion points were only seen at the intersections performed, and in the rest of thearea, no points were detected. Conclusions: The result of both methodologies was positive, considering tht there was no corrosion in the tested samples, except in the intersections performed, as well as the maintenance of the color in both tested methodologies, which was not expected in the literature. For future work, it is suggested to deepen the study to perform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests for exaluate the strength of the anodic film and perform anodizing with the same parameters, however, with different anilines to analyze their behavior.

Mechanistic Insight into the ZnO‐Assisted Growth of Sn6O4(OH)4 Three‐Dimensional Dendritic Hexapods

AbstractThis article reports ZnO‐assisted growth of three‐dimensional (3D) dendritic hexapods of tin(II) oxyhydroxide (Sn6O4(OH)4) from acidic aqueous solution of stannous sulfate (SnSO4). Each Sn6O4(OH)4 hexapod has four long horizontally and two short vertically oriented dendritic branches. The formation of Sn6O4(OH)4 can be ascribed to the presence of ZnO whose surfaces are rich in hydroxyl groups. When covered by SnSO4 acidic aqueous solution, a large amount of hydroxyl groups is released from ZnO surfaces and further promotes the hydrolysis of SnSO4 towards Sn6O4(OH)4. Time‐dependent shape evolution from the nanoparticles‐assembled hierarchical octahedra to the 3D dendritic hexapods has been explored. The growth of Sn6O4(OH)4 3D dendritic hexapods has been explained based on a nanoparticle‐mediated, diffusion‐limited dendritic growth mechanism. Sn6O4(OH)4 can be selectively converted to semiconducting SnO or SnO2 for potential sensing and catalytic applications.

Synthesis and characterization of tin halide perovskites based on different tin(II) precursors

Tin halide perovskite (CH3NH3SnI3) is an environmentally-friendly substitute for lead perovskite. A common precursor utilized for CH3NH3SnI3 synthesis is SnI2 despite being expensive and impractical for large scale synthesis. Also, SnI2 is prone to tin(IV) contamination, the leading cause of instability and poor performance. Here, tin(II) sulfate (SnSO4) and tin(II) octoate (C16H30O4Sn) are introduced as cheaper and stable precursors. Using the precursors including SnI2, perovskite films were synthesized by the one-step method. X-ray diffraction confirmed perovskite formation irrespective of tin precursor. However, scanning electron microscopy showed a difference in morphology. The samples synthesized with SnSO4 and C16H30O4Sn presented higher bandgaps of 1.42 eV and 1.37 eV, respectively, compared to SnI2 (1.30 eV). Elemental mapping showed that sulfur and carbon are not completely eliminated, thus must be considered when choosing non-halide precursors.

Structural Characterization and Gas Sensing Properties of Nano-Sized Tin Dioxide Material Synthesized from Tin(II) Sulfate

Structural features, surface condition, and gas-sensing properties of the nanocrystalline SnO2 powders synthesized from SnSO4 precursor by different methods have been studied. XRD, TEM, BET, and FTIR methods were used for the samples characterization. The gas sensors were fabricated by the thick-film technology from the synthesized SnO2 powders. The responses of the sensors toward CO and CH4 gases are measured. It is revealed that the preoxidation of SnSO4 powder with concentrated sulfuric acid before the hydrolysis results in the lower particle size, higher surface area, improved adsorption activity, and higher sensitivity to reducing gases (CO, CH4) of the synthesized SnO2 materials, than in the case of the SnO2 materials obtained without the preoxidation stage.

Thermo-phototronic effect in p-type Na-doped SnS single crystals for enhanced self-powered photodetectors

Thermoelectric and photoelectric effects are two dominant mechanisms to realize heat- and light-to-electricity conversation and are widely applied to design generators and sensors. To better boost the efficiency or enrich the function of these devices, thermoelectric and photoelectric effects are simultaneously introduced into a single device recently. Most notably, both n- and p-type semiconductors serve as the basic building blocks of these devices. However, there is no research work that investigates the effect when both thermoelectric and photoelectric effects are integrated into a p-type semiconductor. Here, a Na-doped SnS single crystals—a p-type multi-functional material with exceptional thermoelectric and photoelectric performances—was leveraged to fabricate the enhanced self-powered photodetector, in which the thermo-phototronic effect can significantly boost the output performance of the device. At a temperature difference of 3.9 K, the coupling enhancement ratio of photocurrent and photovoltage under a light intensity of 20 mW/cm 2 are 26.7% and 31.8%, respectively. The coupling enhancement of the output signals may be associated with the acceleration of the photogenerated holes induced by the driving force of the thermoelectric effect. This work laid the foundation for developing higher-performance photodetectors, generators, and multi-functional sensors. • We have presented the thermo-phototronic effect in a p-type sodium doped tin sulfate (SnS) single crystals. • At a temperature difference of 3.9 K, the coupling enhancement ratio of photocurrent and photovoltage under a light intensity of 20 mW/cm 2 are as high as 26.7% and 31.8%, respectively. • The fabricated device shows great potential in higher-performance photodetectors.

Stannous chloride (SnCl2) and stannous sulfate (SnSO4) synthesis from tin powderization waste

The necessity of finding a way to utilize Sn metal from tin powderization waste as effectively and efficiently as possible has risen because of the large number of industrial by-products of Sn waste and the broad applications of tin chemicals in the world. Stannous chloride (SnCl2) and stannous sulfate (SnSO4) are tin-derived compounds in which their applications are in various fields, and one of which is catalysts. Catalyst products produced from the two compounds are STO (Sulfated Tin Oxide) catalyst. In this study, tin powderization waste was used as raw material for the synthesis of SnCl2 and SnSO4. The purpose of using tin waste is an effort to create the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) program launched by the United Nations to obtain a sustainable consumption and production system. Tin powder from the off-spec product of the tin powderization process can be used as raw material to manufacture tin-derived chemical compounds. Overall, the process of developing tin products will produce a non-waste system (zero waste). The optimum conditions to synthesize SnCl2 are as follows; the tin powder particle size is 500 mesh with HCl 12 M at 80°C with a yield percentage of 95%. The synthesis of SnSO4 with the reaction of SnCl2 + (NH4)2SO4 can be carried out using stirring techniques. The results of the FT-IR spectrometer showed a spectrum of sulfate groups in the region ~ 1181 cm−1.

Effect of Plating Current Density on the Ball-On-Disc Wear of Sn-Plated Ni Coatings on Cu Foils

Metallic and alloyed coatings are used widely in several decorative and technology-based applications. In this work, we selected Sn coatings plated on Cu substrates for joining applications. We employed two different plating baths for the fabrication of Sn and Ni coatings: acidic stannous sulfate for Sn and Watts bath for Ni layer. The plating current densities were varied from 100–500 mA/cm2. Further, the wear and friction behavior of the coatings were studied using a ball-on-disc apparatus under dry sliding conditions. The impact of current density was studied on the morphology, wear, and coefficient of friction (COF) of the resultant coatings. The wear experiments were done at various loads from 2–10 N. The sliding distance was fixed to 7 m. The wear loss was quantified in terms of the volume of the track geometry (width and depth of the tracks). The results indicate that current density has an important role in tailoring the composition and morphology of coatings, which affects the wear properties. At higher loads (8–10 N), Sn coatings on Ni/Cu had higher volume loss with a stable COF due to a mixed adhesive and oxidative type of wear mechanism.

The tin sulfates Sn(SO4)2 and Sn2(SO4)3: crystal structures, optical and thermal properties.

We report the crystal structures of two tin(IV) sulfate polymorphs Sn(SO4)2-I (P21/c (no. 14), a = 504.34(3), b = 1065.43(6), c = 1065.47(6) pm, β = 91.991(2)°, 4617 independent reflections, 104 refined parameters, wR2 = 0.096) and Sn(SO4)2-II (P21/n (no. 14), a = 753.90(3), b = 802.39(3), c = 914.47(3) pm, β = 92.496(2)°, 3970 independent reflections, 101 refined parameters, wR2 = 0.033). Moreover, the first heterovalent tin sulfate Sn2(SO4)3 is reported which adopts space group P1̄ (no. 2) (a = 483.78(9), b = 809.9(2), c = 1210.7(2) pm, α = 89.007(7)°, β = 86.381(7)°, γ = 73.344(7)°, 1602 independent reflections, 152 refined parameters, wR2 = 0.059). Finally, SnSO4 - the only tin sulfate with known crystal structure - was revised and information complemented. The optical and thermal properties of all tin sulfates are investigated by FTIR, UV-vis, luminescence and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy as well as thermogravimetry and compared.

Superstrate and substrate thin film configuration of CdS/CZTS solar cell fabricated using SILAR method

In this paper, A Superstrate and Substrate configuration of a solar cell is obtained by depositing Copper Zinc Tin Sulfate (CZTS) and Cadmium Sulphate (CdS) in the conventional process. To acheive proposed method, Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method is adapted. CZTS thin film is coated on CdS which is deposited on FTO (Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide) substrate for superstrate configuration and CdS thin film is coated on CZTS which is deposited on Mo (Molybdenum)/SLG (Soda Lime Glass) for substrate configuration. Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXRD) isused to check additional impurities and perfect crystalline structure of CZTS and CdS orientation. Optical studies of CdS and CZTS are carried out by UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer individually. Atomic percentages of the deposited elements in the film are evaluated by Energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis is done to observe whether the films are crack free and uniform deposition. The current–voltage (J-V) studies for Voc,Jsc and fill factor were measured under one sun illumination (100mW/cm2) by a 3A class solar simulator.

Morphology, resistivity and corrosion behavior of tin coatings plated from citric acid bath

Pulse electrodeposition of Sn from an electrolyte containing stannous sulfate and citric acid was investigated. The corrosion investigations were done by electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization methods. The phase evolution and coating morphology were studied by x-ray diffraction experiment and scanning electron microscopy. All the deposited films exhibit tetragonal tin β-Sn structure. The coating microstructure consists of big sized grains at lower current density which are refined at higher current density. The electrical resistivity of the coatings was increased continuously with current density. The coatings show the best corrosion resistance at a current density of 30 mA cm−2. This study shows that developed coatings can be a potential candidate for Pb-free soldering technology.

Study of fabrication of fully aqueous solution processed SnS quantum dot-sensitized solar cell

Abstract In this prelimnary work, the aim was to fabricate a simple tin (II) sulfide (SnS) quantum dot-sensitized solar cell (QDSSC) from aqueous solution. The SnS QDSSCs were characterized by using current-voltage test (I-V test), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. SEM results showed the presence of TiO2 and SnS elements in the sample, confirming the successful synthesis of SnS quantum dots (QDs). The overall efficiency of QDSSCs increased when concentration of the precursor solutions, which were aqueous sodium sulfide and tin (II) sulfate decreased from 0.5 M to 0.05 M. On the other hand, for a fixed precursor concentration, the efficiency of QDSSC reduced once an optimal cycle of of successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) was achieved. The bandgap energies of QDs obtained by extrapolating the Tauc plot were used to predict the QDs size. In general, the QD size was bigger for samples prepared from precursor concentration of 0.5 M, and with higher number of SILAR cycle used. The best performance was obtained from sample prepared from 0.05 M precursor concentration with 4 SILAR cycles.

Properties of Tin Films Electrodeposited under a Weak Magnetic Field

The cathodic deposition of tin coatings was performed from a sulfuric acid solution containing solely tin(II) sulfate, under a continuous external magnetic field. The influence of this magnetic field on the electrodeposition process, morphology and physical-mechanical properties of the tin film is reported. The morphology of the coatings was observed by scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that the tin electrodeposited under a weak (from 0.0005 to 0.0025 T) magnetic field has changed its surface morphology and physical- mechanical properties.

Esterification of high acidity vegetable oil catalyzed by tin-based catalysts with different sulfate contents: contribution of homogeneous catalysis

Biodiesel production costs can be significantly reduced by using nonrefined feedstock. Sulfated solid catalysts have been proposed for producing biodiesel from acid oils by esterification reactions. Nevertheless, leaching of sulfate species to the reaction medium may occur, but often it is not considered. In this article, a commercial tin sulfate (SnSO4) was used as a catalyst for the esterification of a feedstock with high content of free fatty acid in order to assess the contribution of the homogeneous catalysis in different situations. SnSO4 was calcined at different temperatures (300, 400, 500 and 700 °C) and converted into SnO2 after calcination at temperatures higher than 300 °C. Homogeneous catalysis seems possible to occur with all of the catalysts, but it was clearly observed for the uncalcined catalyst (SnSO4) and for that calcined at 300 °C (SnSO4(300)). For these catalysts, an important leaching of the sulfate species was confirmed. Higher conversions were obtained with the uncalcined SnSO4. Reactions at the same conditions using sulfuric acid as catalyst at concentrations of 0.1% were performed and confirmed conversions higher than 80%. Heterogeneous catalysis plays a significant role only with the catalyst that present the highest specific surface areas and acidity (SnSO4(400)). As some small amount of sulfate species is retained in the structure or surface of the calcined catalysts (even after calcination at 700 °C), we cannot exclude the possibility that these species are also leached during reaction. Thus, a possible contamination of biodiesel through the use of sulfated catalysts cannot be ruled out.

Photoluminescence properties of SnO2 nanoparticles: Effect of solvents

In the present work, tin oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical co-precipitation method with stannous sulphate and sodium hydroxide as starting materials. The method is simple and quick. The synthesized particles were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–Vis optical absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy. XRD analysis reveals that the SnO2 sample is in tetragonal structure with crystal size less than 15–20 nm estimated from Scherrer formula. The optical band gap is found to be 4.33 eV from UV–Vis absorption measurements, showing strong quantization. The effect of various solvents on absorption and fluorescence emission is studied. It is found that not only intensity of emission changes with solvent, but emission peak wavelength also changes.