Standard Variety Research Articles

РОЛЬ СОРТА И ОСНОВНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ УРОЖАЙНОСТИ ЯРОВОЙ МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПРЕДВОЛЖСКОЙ ЗОНЫ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of the use of fertilizers, plant protection products, increasing yields and applying quality based on the selection of soft wheat varieties. Reserve study in 2020-2021 on chernozem soils of Avangard LLC, Buinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The agrochemical characteristics of the soil of the experimental plot are as follows: in the presence of 0-20 cm of humus (7.0-8.5%), P2O5 - 182-255 mg/kg, K2O - 159-193 mg/kg and soil acidity (pHsalt) - 5.5-5.8. Chemical analyzes of soils were implemented in the Federal State Budgetary Institution, the Central Agrochemical Service “Tatarsky” for the impact of methods: humus content (GOST 26213-91), pHsol. (GOST 26484-85), R2O5 and K2O (GOST 26207-91). The meteorological conditions during the years of research differed sharply. In 2020, the HTC amounted to 1.18 during the growing season of spring wheat, and in 2021 - 0.37, which had a very negative impact on the formation of the spring wheat crop. In the years of research, such varieties as Yoldyz and Ekada 109 turned out to be the most early-ripening. The duration of the growing season in 2020 was 96-102 days, in 2021 - 86-88 days. On average, over two years, the varieties Ekada 109 turned out to be more responsive to fertilization, yield increase, compared to the natural background - 0.81 t/ha, Arkhat - 0.48 t/ha, Balkysh - 0.46 t/ha and Burlak – 0.45 t/ha. For 2020-2021, in relation to the standard variety, the maximum increase in yield was provided by the varieties Ekada 109 - 0.93 t/ha, Yoldyz - 0.46 and Burlak - 0.44 t/ha against an unfertilized background, and with the introduction of NRK - 1,5; 0.66 and 0.49 t/ha, respectively. Spring wheat grains with a high content of protein and a mass fraction of gluten were formed against the background of the use of fertilizers in such varieties as Ekada 109 - 14.3 -14.8 and 28.0-28.6%, Yoldyz - 14.0 - 14.2 and 26.0-26.3%, Burlak - 14.7-15.0 and 25.7-26.1%. The quality of gluten (according to IDK) in the same varieties on both backgrounds of nutrition, belonged to groups I-II.

Results of the study of pear varieties of Yekaterinburg breeding

Seven new varieties of pear were studied under the conditions of the Sverdlovsk horticultural breeding station (Yekaterinburg). Talisa and Berezhenaya are standard varieties. For the observation period (2007-2021), the average sum of active temperatures was 20660C (1723-2438 °C); active vegetation period 128 days (110-147 days); average annual temperature +3.0 °С. A good taste of fruits (with a score of 4.0-4.2 points) is in varieties Talisa (st), Fleyta, Berezhenaya (st), Rozovyy bochonok, Tais, Limonadnaya. At the age of 13-16 years, the Tais variety had a high yield (19.8 t/ha). The yield at the control level was in the varieties Fleyta, Kolokolchik, Rozovyy bochonok, Ostrovityanka II (7.2-11.1 t/ha). A group of varieties with tall trees has been identified: Talitsa (st), Tais, Rozovyy bochonok, Maksimka (5.1-5.5 m). The group of varieties with medium-sized trees includes Fleyta, Berezhnaya (st), Limonadnaya, Ostrovityanka II (4.2-4.6 m). Varieties with a compact crown are Rozovyy bochonok and Limonadnaya (diameter 2.3-2.4 m); a variety with a spreading crown is Tais (diameter 3.7 m). The crown diameter of other varieties is 2.8-3.2 m. According to the complex of economically valuable traits, six varieties were identified for use in breeding in the Sverdlovsk horticultural breeding station. These are the varieties Fleyta (yield, fruit quality), Limonadnaya (early maturity, fruit quality, resistance to Monilia sp.), Tais (early maturity, yield, fruit quality, resistance to Monilia sp.), Berezhnaya (st), Rozovyy bochonok and Ostrovityanka II (yield, fruit quality, resistance to Monilia sp., fruit storage suitability). The new varieties of pear Tais and Rozovyy bochonok be recommended for inclusion in the State Register for the fourth region.

Need for Tailor-made English Coursebooks to Meet the Desired Learning Outcomes with Special Focus on Phonetics and Spoken English

World’s second highest number of English speakers (125,344,737) are in India. But there is no comprehensive linguistic description of Indian English. The reasons are: no one pattern of spoken English; diversified pronunciation and spoken English problems in each State. When all these problems converge towards one English, a standard variety of Indian English is possible. The solution is the ‘Arpiciency’ model. Implementing ‘Arpiciency’, through tailor-made English coursebooks can possibly bring solution. Different pronunciation problems are to be dealt to acquire one standard variety of Indian English. This study attempts to address this need by reviewing the English textbooks of Andhra Pradesh. The review reveals the gaps in meeting the objectives. Additionally, ‘National Assessment Centre’ plans to guide ‘school boards to shift assessment patterns towards meeting the 21st century skills’ through NEP 2020. So, there is a need for tailor-made English coursebooks focusing on ‘Indian’ students’ speaking problems. ‘Arpiciency’ proposes to focus on listening and speaking. The study focuses on Phonetics and Spoken English. It tries to offer solutions to pronunciation and speaking problems of Telugu speaking English learners pertaining to segmental, suprasegmental levels and functional aspects of English to design tailor-made coursebooks using ‘Arpiciency’. Keeping the diversity of Indian languages in view, similar study in other mother tongues eventually result in a standard Indian English.

Morphological distance between spoken Palestinian dialect and standard Arabic and its implications for reading acquisition

When the written language that children learn to read and write is distinct from the oral language they acquired as their mother tongue, they may encounter substantial challenges. The linguistic distance between two varieties of the same language could have an impact on the literacy acquisition journey. The present study focuses on Arabic, a prototypical case of diglossia, where the distance between the spoken and standard varieties has been intensively examined phonologically and lexically. However, a paucity of studies has addressed their morphological distance. This study takes one step in this direction by describing, analyzing, and quantifying the distance of morphemes in content words from spoken Palestinian dialect (SPD) to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). It is the first to map this distance by form and function in the three predominant systems: derivation, inflection, and clitics in nouns and verbs. All morphemes were arranged on an axis targeting four main levels that varied in the extent of the morphological distance from SPD to MSA, beginning with ‘identical’ morphemes (same form, same function), followed by ‘strongly overlapping’ morphemes (morpho-phonological difference in form, same function), then ‘partially overlapping’ morphemes (different form, same function), and ending with ‘unique’ morphemes (unique form, same/different function). The mapping showed significant findings indicating that most morphemes are non-identical between SPD and MSA, comprising 81.4% of the total. Most of these non-identical morphemes (64.9%) were assembled to the ‘partially overlapping’ and ‘unique’ levels, appearing mainly in the verb inflection category. Implications for the possible impact of morphological distance on reading acquisition are discussed.

Source material for potato breeding for productivity in the forest-steppe conditions of Novosibirsk Priobye

. The authors studied the potato collection in 2019-2021 as part of a comprehensive research plan for the implementation of the subprogram “Development of potato breeding and seed production” based on SibNIIRS - a branch of the ICG SB RAS (Siberian Research Institute of Plant Growing and Breeding - a component of the Federal Research Center of the Institute of Cytology and genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences). The study aims to determine adaptive and high-yield potato varieties and their suitability for breeding. The authors presented the results of a survey of 13 potato varieties distinguished by productivity. The foreign variety Gala was taken as a standard since it is in the top ten cultivated areas in the Russian Federation.In 2019, the standard variety Gala had the highest yield among the tested varieties - 1653 g/bed. In 2020, all the studied varieties exceeded the standard; the authors note the maximum productivity in the following types: Terra (1067 g/bush), Kumach (1076 g/bush), and Prizer (1081 g/bush). In the last year of the study, two varieties significantly exceeded the standard variety: Terra (1280 g/bushel) and Sadon (1377 g/bushel). On average, over three years, the highest productivity was noted in the variety Alaska (1229 g / bush). Over the years of the study, 46% of the studied types distinguished themselves by their high productive ability and had an adaptability coefficient of more than 1. The authors note the highest value of the adaptability index in the variety Alaska (1.07). High marketability of tubers (over 97%) was observed in 11 out of 13 tested types. Low fertility and lack of natural berry formation in widely productive potato varieties make it difficult to use them in breeding for high productivity. In the foreststeppe conditions of the Novosibirsk Priob’ye region, the following types are suitable for breeding for increased productivity as pollinators: Salsa, Signal, and Gala having fertility from 50 to 90%. The authors also noted high natural berry production (7–9 points) in four varieties: Sadon, Prizer, Signal, and Gala. These varieties are recommended for the breeding process as mother plants.

Economically Valuable Traits of Alfalfa Plants in The Variety Testing Nursery

The article presents the three-year results for 2018-2020 of studies on height, leafiness of plants, protein content, as well as hay yield in alfalfa samples in the nursery of the 2018 sowing variety test. The studied accessions and the standard variety Tashkent-1 almost did not differ in plant height the difference was only 1-2 cm. plants was higher than the standard by 3-2cm. The highest leafiness of plants was in samples C-3646 (variety Zia, USA), C-3327 (I.o. Prima, France) and C-3649 (F2 Tashkent-721x group of varieties) 48.1%, 47.5% and 46.4% respectively, which exceeded the standard variety. The high protein content of hay enhances the nutritional quality of alfalfa. According to this indicator, the data obtained show that the varieties S-3649, S-3646 and S-3647 had superiority over the standard variety Tashkent-1 (17.85%) by 1.03-1.32%. According to the total hay yield for two years, samples S-3647 and S-3649 were 108.6% and 106.1% higher in comparison with the standard variety (129.0 c/ha). And in the rest of the samples, the hay yield was lower than that of the Tashkent-1 variety. According to the combination of a set of traits, samples C-3647 (M.o. from variety 2711x group of varieties) and C3649 (F2 Tashkentskaya-721x group of varieties) are of the greatest interest for breeding.

Study on morphological parameters of the sweet almond nut (Amygdalus communis l.)

This article delves into the morphological features of various sweet almond (Amygdalus communis L.) varieties and forms, with the aim of analyzing their characteristics and applying the findings to obtain new types of almonds. Thirteen different sweet almond varieties were studied, including their total weight, kernel mass, number of seeds, and seed ratio. The results showed that one genotype (Qamashi-3) had medium to large nuts, while the other twelve genotypes had small nuts. All genotypes had easily peeled shells. Of the selected varieties, 15.38% were very large, 46.15% were medium to large, and 38.46% were small-fruited. The length, width, and thickness of the nut varied from 22.0 mm to 39.2 mm, 14.0 mm to 23.0 mm, and 11.0 mm to 16.5 mm, respectively. The thickness of the seed coat ranged from 1.5 mm to 3.1 mm. The number of nuts per 1 kg differed across varieties, ranging from 139 to 1076 pieces. Two genotypes had very hard shells (Tosh almond, Qamashi-3), four had hard shells, three had medium-hard shells, and six had soft shells. Most of the genotypes had sweet grains (12 genotypes), while one had a bittersweet taste. Overall, the studied sweet almond genotypes are important for expanding the genetic base in Uzbekistan through hybridization with each other or with standard varieties.

Yield and Quality Changes in Barley Genotypes During High Temperature Stress Caused by Late Sowing

In achieve yield sustainability, it is important to cultivate barley varieties that are resistant to the heat and drought stress conditions carried on by global climate change. Barley is one of the significant cultivars that is negatively affected by global climate change due to its low tolerance to heat stress. Late sowing was employed to ensure that plants were exposed to heat stress in order to evaluate the agronomic performance of barley genotypes under high temperature stress. The late sowing process was carried out in February 2019 and 2020 years. Heading time, physiological maturity, plant height, chlorophyll content (SPAD), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), grain weight, protein content, test weight, ground cover (Canopeo) and leaf area index (LAI) were investigated using three local varieties, three advanced lines, and two standard barley varieties. Precipitation of more than 450 mm throughout the vegetation period in both years, as well as sufficient water storage in the soil before to the vegetation period, allowed the growth phase to be effectively examined under heat stress. There were significant differences among genotypes in all traits except plant height and NDVI. Except for physiological maturation and protein ratio, the genotype x environment interaction had an effect on all characteristics. This demonstrated that, in the absence of water stress, mainly high temperature effects had an impact on yield. Among the advanced lines examined, the DZ21-17 genotype succeeded in terms of staying green, being early, increasing chlorophyll content, and increasing grain weight. Local varieties maintained productivity in heat stress by increasing leaf area, while grain yield potential stayed behind standard varieties and advanced lines. Local cultivars had the advantage of fast ground cover and having a high growth rate. It has been determined that barley genotypes with high plant height and grain weight will have a high yield potential under conditions of heat stress.

Determination of the growth and yield traits of some mustard species under semi-arid central Anatolian conditions

Brassica nigra, and B. juncea, are two economically important species that are used as spices; and B. juncea, B. rapa ssp., oleifera, and B. nigra are used for industrial seed oil. The potential of 16 Brassica genotypes?s comparison with 2 standard varieties was done in terms of their phenology, morphology, and yield performance under autumn-sown conditions during 2019-20 and 2020-21 under semi-arid climatic conditions of Central Anatolia, in Ankara, T?rkiye. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete-block design with four replications. The results indicated statistically significant genotypes ? years interaction among all genotypes for plant height, number of branches, number of pods, number of seeds, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, and crude oil yield of Brassica spp. Seed emergence, rosette formation stage, 50% flowering, and 50% pod formation of Brassica spp. varied according to species and years. While the maximum and minimum crude oil yields of 1222 kg ha-1 were obtained from Standard 2 (B. napus- Excalibur) and 313 kg ha-1 from the Bn4 genotype; the Br2 (1123 kg ha-1), Br3 (1042 kg ha-1), Br6 (1093 kg ha-1), Br5 (949 kg ha-1) B. rapa ssp., oleifera and Bj3 (893.3 kg ha-1) B. juncea genotypes appeared superior in performance compared with the other genotypes. These genotypes can be further exploited in various improvement programs through selection and hybridization.

ОЗИМЫЕ ПШЕНИЦЫ ДОНСКОГО И МОСКОВСКОГО СЕЛЕКЦЕНТРОВ КАК ИСХОДНЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛ ДЛЯ СЕЛЕКЦИИ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ТЮМЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Since 2010, studies have been conducted in the experimental field of Northern Trans-Ural State Agricultural University. The studies aim to hybridise winter wheat varieties of Don and Moscow breeding centres with registered and collection spring wheat varieties. The study has produced a valuable source material that is used to select wheat lines according to a set of agronomic traits. They are adapted to the organic farming system of the forest-steppe zone of Tyumen region. Breeding lines 137; 251; 309 from the hybrid combination Tulunskaya 197 × Rostovchanka and breeding line 506 from the hybrid combination Tulunskaya 197 × Moscow 39 exceeded the standard variety in crop yield by 0.31–0.41 t/ha (crop yield for the standard variety was 2.89 t/ha). In terms of early maturity, the breeding lines are suitable for the conditions of the region; in terms of grain quality, the lines are at the level of strong wheat. The research of the selected hybrids is still in progress, the best wheat lines are at the seed production stage and the cultivation technology is being developed.

Situational diagnosis of policies in Latin American and Caribbean countries for the use of fluoride and reduction of sugar consumption.

Policy evaluation and guidance on fluoride use and sugar consumption in Latin American and Caribbean countries (LACC) may provide a scientific evidence basis for policymakers, dental professionals, civil society organizations and individuals committed to improving public oral health. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the extent of implementation of policies/guidelines on fluoride use, and sugar consumption in LACC. The study had two stages. First a questionnaire covering four major areas was developed: fluoridation of public water supplies; salt fluoridation; fluoride dentifrices, and sugar consumption. Then, the questionnaire was applied to collect data among representative participants in public oral health from LACC. Ninety-six participants from 18 LACC answered the questionnaire. One-hundred seventy documents were attached, and 285 links of websites were provided by the respondents. Implementation of policies and guidelines on water and table salt fluoridation and processed and ultra-processed food consumption were found in most countries, with some issues in the consensus and coverage. Thus, differences were identified in the extent of implementation of public oral health strategies on sugar consumption and fluoridation among the countries. There is no consensus on the policies in LACC to reduce sugar consumption and for the use of fluoride. A few policies and guidelines were applied in isolated countries, with a variety of strategies and standards. For future actions, it will be important to encourage the development of strategies and public policies within countries, and to evaluate the effectiveness of existing policies in reducing dental caries and in improving oral health in LACC.

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ПЛАСТИЧНОСТЬ ЭЛИТНЫХ ФОРМ ЧЕРНОЙ СМОРОДИНЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЧЕЛЯБИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The adaptive properties of good quality blackcurrant seedlings grown in Chelyabinsk region were assessed. The following genotypes showed a high level of adaptability to the soil and climatic conditions of the region: OPS-4-912 (KA = 1.36), Zyuratkul (1.28), Zhemchuzhina (1.25), OPS-3-44 (1.20), Sibylla (1.18), Kialim (1.15) and OPS-3-15 (1.14). The following quality varieties were among the adaptive types: OPS-2-71 (KA = 1.10), OPS-3-1 (1.09), OPS-1-3 (1.09), OPS-24 (1.09). 07), and standard variety Pigmey (1.01). The intensive type genotypes include quality variety seedlings OPS-1-3 (bi = 1.58), OPS-3-1 (1.48), OPS-3-15 (1.44), OPS-2- 71 (1.43) and variety Zhemchuzhina (bi = 2.53). Ecologically plastic and stable varieties are Sibylla (bi = 0.93; Si 2 = 2.0), Pigmey (0.57; 0.8) and quality variety OPS-24 (1.26; 0.1), while Zyuratkul (bi = 0.46), Kialim (0.40) and quality variety OPS-4-912 (0.46) belong to the genotypes of the neutral type.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ КОЛЛЕКЦИОННОГО ПИТОМНИКА ЛЬНА МАСЛИЧНОГО В УСЛОВИЯХ ТОО «СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННАЯ ОПЫТНАЯ СТАНЦИЯ «ЗАРЕЧНОЕ»

The article presents data on the most important indicators in the cultivation of oilseed flax, obtained during research at the Agricultural Experimental Station Zarechnoye LLP for 2022. The most intensive plant growth was observed after the flax plants passed the herringbone phase up to the flowering phase, the linear development of plants stopped. Intensive root growth in depth occurred in the early phases of development. During our research, flax plants have placed increased demands on heat, especially during the ripening period. At low air temperatures, the germination of seeds and the emergence of seedlings were significantly slowed down. According to the results of the research, promising varieties were identified that exceed the indicators of the standard variety. 36 varieties were sown in the nursery of oilseed flax in 2022. All of them are part of the world collection, they belong to Russian, Canadian, Ukrainian, etc. breeding. The domestic selection is represented by 6 varieties: Kustanayskaya-5, Kazar, Kostanay 11, Ilyich, Slavyachil, Altyn. The zoned Kazar variety was taken as the standard, which was located every 5 varieties. In regions where oilseed flax is cultivated, fusarium wilt is the main predominant type of disease. Resistance to fusarium wilt was determined by counting plants after germination and before harvesting in the infected area. Such varieties as Isilkulsky, Kinelsky 2000, Ilyich, Slavyachil, Kazar, Osean, Triumph, Istok, Antares, Kustanaysky 5 turned out to be moderately stable.

Physiological indicators of water metabolism in plants of parental forms and F1hybrids ofG. Barbadense L. cotton type under different water supply conditions

This article presents the findings of an extensive research endeavor aimed at comprehending the physiological intricacies of water metabolism in novel strains of fine-fiber cotton belonging to the species Gossypium barbadense L. These strains include L-2006, L-167, L-5440, L5445, L-1, L-10, L-663, and L-450, alongside the standard variety Surkhan14 and its F1 hybrids. The study was conducted under various water regime conditions to unravel the responses of these cotton genotypes to different levels of water availability. Upon analysis, it was discerned that the physiological parameters of water metabolism exhibited dynamic changes across the studied genotypes of fine-staple cotton. Specifically, when confronted with simulated soil drought conditions, the water content and transpiration intensity of leaves demonstrated varying degrees of reduction. This response was contingent upon the individual characteristics of each genotype. Furthermore, a noteworthy trend emerged: the water-retaining capacity of leaves displayed an increase under water stress conditions. This observed rise in water-retaining capacity in the leaves can be considered a vital physiological mechanism. It’s a mechanism that contributes to the adaptation of fine-staple cotton to water stress. These findings offer valuable insights into the strategies employed by fine-fiber cotton genotypes to cope with water scarcity. By shedding light on the interplay between physiological responses and water availability, this research provides a foundation for informed decision-making in cotton breeding, agricultural management practices, and the cultivation of drought-resistant cotton varieties.

FEATURES OF THE MANIFESTATION OF BIOMETRIC INDICATORS IN VARIETIES AND BREEDING LINES OF BREAD WINTER WHEAT ON THE AUTUMN VEGETATION DORMANCY ONSET DATE IN THE FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

FEATURES OF THE MANIFESTATION OF BIOMETRIC INDICATORS IN VARIETIES AND BREEDING LINES OF BREAD WINTER WHEAT ON THE AUTUMN VEGETATION DORMANCY ONSET DATE IN THE FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

Study of middle-early cultivars and hybrids of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under irrigation within the conditions of Astrakhan region

The objects of research were cultivars and hybrids of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The purpose of the study was to select the most productive varieties and F1 hybrids of middle-early sweet pepper with high quality fruits for industrial production in irrigated conditions of the Astrakhan region. During the study, it was found that cultivars and F1 hybrids varied in the duration of interphase periods. The period between germination and biological ripeness for cultivars took from 127 to 143 days, and for F1 hybrids – from 126 to 133 days. The cultivars were shorter from 0.42 m (Yaroslav) to 0.68 m (Belozerka), hybrids were from 0.57 m (F1 Pamir) to 0.74 m (F1 Vitamin (st.). The largest fruit weight of 118 g was found at Novichok VNIIOB variety that was in 1.9 times more than the fruit weight of standard variety Podarok Moldovy. Within hybrids, the largest fruit weight of 132 g was noted at F1 Bella Vista, the smallest one of 103 g at F1 Pamir. The yielding capacity of varieties Novichok VNIIOB and Sadovoye Koltso was significantly higher by 2.6-2.8 t/ha compared to the standard cultivar Podarok Moldovy. The F1 hybrids were producing high yield. The yield excess at F1 Bella Vista was by 1.6% and more significantly at F1 Pamir by 6.2% in comparison with the standard. It was revealed a high marketability of fruits which equaled 92-94% for cultivars, 95-96% for F1 hybrids.

Physiological assessment of drought resistance and heat resistance of spring barley varieties by laboratory methods

One of the main conditions for the stable growth of grain production of spring barley is the expansion of sown areas, using varieties with high adaptive properties and capable of providing high yields in a changing climate. The purpose of the work is to determine the drought resistance and heat resistance of varieties and lines of spring barley using laboratory methods. The article presents studies of physiological indicators of resistance at an early stage of plant development to extreme environmental factors (drought and relatively high air temperatures). The physiological method of early diagnostics of seeds and seedlings provides information on the general initial level of physiological and biochemical processes in germinating seeds under stressful conditions and allows one to get an idea of the resistance of adult plants. Such a primary assessment gives grounds for the selection of promising samples for a deeper study of their stability. When determining the resistance of varieties and lines of spring barley to abiotic stressors, samples were identified that, in terms of a set of indicators (drought resistance, heat resistance, degree of depression, index of complex resistance and growth of germinal roots), values significantly exceeding the standard variety Ratnik (36.6; 91, 1; 2.13%; 184.3 rel. units and 2.78 cm, respectively): Zernogradsky 1717 (45.6; 84.0; 5.19%; 194.8 rel. units and 4.76 cm), Zernogradsky 1716 (4.3; 83.4; 5.43%; 188.0 relative units and 3.67 cm), Zernogradsky 1701 (36.2; 87.0; 3.17%; , 4 relative units and 2.56 cm).

Perbandingan Bunyi Dua Ragam Bahasa; ‘Amiyah dan Fusha dalam Lagu Karya Nancy Ajram

When viewed from its variety, Arabic can be divided into two forms: standard variety Arabic (fushah) and non-standard variety Arabic (amiyah). In Arabic, the sounds of vowels and consonants can change according to the speakers, such as the Egyptian speakers 'amiyah, who could not pronounce Arabic fusha perfectly, and vice versa. This led to the appearance of sound changes between the two varieties of language. This study aims to analyze the forms of sound changes 'amiyah Egyptian dialect (BADM) and Arabic fushah (BAF). In this research, researchers will analyze using Crowley's theory of sound change. The data in this study is in the form of lyrics of 5 songs by Nancy Ajram, Lebanese nationality, but his work dialect Egypt. The results showed that BADM and BAF have differences in pronunciation that cause the appearance of sound changes. The types of sound changes that occur following Crowley's theory are (1) lenition and fortition, (2) tough loss, (3) good addition, (4) metathesis, (5) assimilation, and (6) tone changes.

“Barani Sarsoon” A Novel Combination of Enviable Genetic Characters of Rapeseed for Rainfed Areas

The development of new crop varieties is a continuous process as old cultivars become susceptible to various biotic and abiotic stresses, thus decreasing the yield potential. The newly developed rapeseed variety “Barani Sarsoon” a high-yielding, disease resistant and drought tolerant has been developed through the selection method of breeding from the exotic material. A promising progeny of a single plant was selected and named “14CBN009”. The performance of “14CBN009” was further evaluated along with standard varieties in various replicated yield trials for six years from 2014-15 to 2018-19. The selected line “14CBN009” produced a higher grain yield (kg/ha) than the standard varieties in all replicated yield trials with a yield potential of 3378 kg/hectare which is tolerant to drought and resistant to diseases. The best sowing time for this variety is from 25th September to 15th October with a seed rate of 2.50 kg/acre. The seed contains 44.53% oil content. The main yield contributing characters of “14CBN009” are pods per plant, seeds per pod and thousand-seed weight. Based on the desirable phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, higher grain yield and oil content percentage, “14CBN009” was approved as a rapeseed variety with the name of “Barani Sarsoon” by the Punjab Seed Council in its 55th meeting held on Sep 20, 2021, for commercial cultivation in the Punjab rainfed areas. Due to high yielding, drought and disease-tolerant characteristics, the new variety “Barani Sarsoon” will prove to be a good alternative to existing varieties and improve the production and income of the oilseed crops growers of the rainfed area.

Policy Tools and Supporting Role of Standards for Sustainable Consumption and Production

The identified need for a holistic policy to promote Sustainable consumption and production (SCP), as well as the lack of design of appropriate tools for future application in the Bulgarian context, determine the main focus of the study. The role of standards as voluntary (“soft”) policies and the presented typology reveal the deficit of research related to identification of standards applicable in the different categories of SPC policy tools. The presented research is directed to the identification of existing tools and standards that can influence SCP patterns, as well as to the categorization and ranking according to their relative importance by applying the approach of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The analysis based on the consistent application of different descriptive, qualitative and quantitative methods identifies a variety of SCP tools and standards. This paper discusses the results of a prioritizing process, divided into three categories: six administrative tools, five economic tools and four information tools. The calculation of global and local weights at three hierarchical levels allowed an analysis of the possibilities for their application in the national context. The results showed the advantage of the designated economic tools, followed by the administrative and information tools. The findings offer a systematic approach to transition from the existing “mosaic” of policy elements to a coherent SCP policy in the Bulgarian economic and social context.