Standard Modules Research Articles

Feature reconstruction and metric based network for few-shot object detection

In the object detection task, deep learning-based methods always need a large amount of annotated training data. However, annotating a large number of images is labor-intensive. In order to reduce the dependency of expensive annotations, we propose a novel end-to-end feature reconstruction and metric based network for few-shot object detection (FM-FSOD). FM-FSOD integrates metric learning and meta-learning to tackle the few-shot object detection task. FM-FSOD is a class-agnostic detection model that can accurately recognize novel categories without fine-tuning on novel categories. Specifically, to quickly learn the characteristics of novel categories, we propose a meta-representation module (MR module) to learn from intra-class mean prototypes and acquire the ability to reconstruct high-level features with the meta-learning method. To further conduct the similarity of features between support prototypes and query ROI features, we propose Pearson metric module (PR module), which serves as a classifier. Compared with the previous standard cosine distance module, the PR module enables the model to acquire robust ability for large bias features. We have conducted extensive experiments on benchmark datasets FSOD, MS COCO, and PASCAL VOC to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of our model. Comparing with the previous methods, FM-FSOD obtains comparable results.

Marker-free characterization of full-length transcriptomes of single live circulating tumor cells.

The identification and characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important for gaining insights into the biology of metastatic cancers, monitoring disease progression, and medical management of the disease. The limiting factor in the enrichment of purified CTC populations is their sparse availability, heterogeneity, and altered phenotypes relative to the primary tumor. Intensive research both at the technical and molecular fronts led to the development of assays that ease CTC detection and identification from peripheral blood. Most CTC detection methods based on single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) use a mix of size selection, marker-based white blood cell (WBC) depletion, and antibodies targeting tumor-associated antigens. However, the majority of these methods either miss out on atypical CTCs or suffer from WBC contamination. We present unCTC, an R package for unbiased identification and characterization of CTCs from single-cell transcriptomic data. unCTC features many standard and novel computational and statistical modules for various analyses. These include a novel method of scRNA-seq clustering, named deep dictionary learning using k-means clustering cost (DDLK), expression-based copy number variation (CNV) inference, and combinatorial, marker-based verification of the malignant phenotypes. DDLK enables robust segregation of CTCs and WBCs in the pathway space, as opposed to the gene expression space. We validated the utility of unCTC on scRNA-seq profiles of breast CTCs from six patients, captured and profiled using an integrated ClearCell FX and Polaris workflow that works by the principles of size-based separation of CTCs and marker-based WBC depletion.

Evaluating the PV system expansion potential of existing integrated energy parks: A case study in North China

Industrial parks, distributed widely and with high energy consumption, show the demand for and provide favorable conditions of application of photovoltaic(PV) systems in a large-scale. Innovative PV technology allows more building integration options, bringing new opportunities for energy conservation.In the study, an evaluation framework was constructed in order to evaluate the expansion potential of PV systems. Taking the green integrated energy park in North China as an example, the construction and energy supply–demand data were reviewed.The scalable area of PV, the application effect of varied PV technologies and the impact on pollutant emission reduction were quantitatively analyzed. The roofs, facades and sites in the park were divided into seven types, These are then simulated to deploy mono c-Si modules, poly c-Si modules, CdTe film modules and CIGS film modules to obtain the best solutions by comparison. The results shows that the PV expansion of the park has significantly increased the power generation. The proportion of the energy supply meeting the overall energy demand increased from 4.3 % to 25.9 %. The wall of the production area where CdTe standard film modules were deployed is the place with the highest PV potential, followed by the parking shed and other sites. The deployment of diverse PV modules controlled the economic cost. The power generation trend also would better matches the hourly load of the park's power consumption, which can cover the sub item power consumption of the park. After the PV expansion, CO2 emissions would be reduced by 4757.8 t per year. Based on the results, the correlation change characteristics and the influences of PV available area, PV capacity and power generation index are discussed. Considering the declining PV cost and the demonstrative nature of the case Park, the above results can guide the industrial parks to improve the utilization level of renewable energy and promote the realization of carbon emission reduction targets.

The Potential of Simulation Assessments in Professional Development

Simulations provide a unique opportunity to practice newly acquired skills in a low risk environment. For this reason, simulations have historically been used in preservice teacher education programs to enable student teachers to apply generalized pedagogical practices. This pilot study examined how simulations could be integrated with inservice teachers as an assessment of content-specific instructional practices covered in a professional development program. The study utilized two nationally recognized simulation platforms and included a preliminary investigation of validity of the simulation assessments, a comparison of participant performance on the simulation assessment to the standard module assessment, and a comparison of the usability and feasibility of each platform for future assessments. While results suggest that simulation platforms are a promising means of conducting content-specific assessments, current limitations of such platforms may challenge their large-scale usage as part of a professional development program.

Életminőség, akadályozottság pszichiátriai diagnózissal

The paper aims at demonstrating the quality of life of the people living with psychiatic diagnosis.I used the data stemming from the standard and specific module (Social Inequalities in HealthQuality) of the European Social Survey to present the quality of life of the disabled persons. Iapplied qualtitative methodology to investigate specifities of life course in case of people livingwith psychiatric diagnosis. My results suggest that people defining themselves as ’disabled’differ from non-hampered population first of all in the indicators of emotional and physicalsubjective well-being. According to the narrative interviews the quality of life of people livingwith psychiatric diagnose is largely influenced by their adaptive and coping strategies aiming topreserve the balance of their mental status.

VR콘텐츠를 활용한 항공객실서비스 교수-학습 모형 설계

Objectives This study was conducted for the purpose of designing an airline service curriculum by applying VR (Virtual Reality) content to school education. It is for strengthen the vocational capacity required to perform the work of flight attendants for airline service departments’ students. Methods Learner demand analysis was conducted to design the airline service department curriculum using VR content. In addition, for the design of airline service teaching-learning content, areas feasible in school education were selected based on the contents of airline service education presented by the National Competency Standard Learning Module developed by experts. After that, the educational content was selected based on the ability unit to use VR content. Results Based on the analysis of the needs of learners and instructors, the most effective education method in this study is education using VR content, which is consistent with previous studies that respond more quickly to problem situations and reduce problem solving time in the current vocational education environment. Based on this, the most effective airline service teaching-learning model using VR content was presented. Conclusions The aviation industry is a field in which various areas are combined. In the future, it is necessary to develop VR content so that it can be used as practical educational content not only in schools but also in the aviation industry. Therefore, it is expected that it will be able to establish itself as a good educational content that strengthens practical competencies in the educational field.

Vertex algebraic construction of modules for twisted affine Lie algebras of type [formula omitted

Let g˜ be the affine Lie algebra of type A2l(2). The integrable highest weight g˜-module L(kΛ0) called the standard g˜-module is realized by a tensor product of the twisted module VLT for the lattice vertex operator algebra VL. By using such vertex algebraic construction, we construct bases of the standard module, its principal subspace and the parafermionic space. As a consequence, we obtain their character formulas and settle the conjecture for vacuum modules stated in [15].

Abstract 14922: Combined Lineage Tracing and Scrna-Seq Reveals Unexpected First Heart Field Predominance of Human Ipsc Differentiation

Introduction: During mammalian development, the left and right ventricles arise from early populations of cardiac progenitors known as the first and second heart fields, respectively. While these populations have been studied in non-human model systems, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) present an exciting alternative for modeling early human embryogenesis. A major question is whether hiPSCs can model cardiac progenitor development as seen in animal systems. Hypothesis: Dual TBX5/MYL2 lineage tracing and time course single cell RNA sequencing can uncover the identity of human cardiac progenitor lineage in vitro. Methods: Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing we introduced a TBX5/MYL2 fluorescent reporter lineage tracing system into two independent hiPSC lines to identify FHF-progenitors and their descendants. Using a standard biphasic WNT modulation protocol, we differentiated hiPSCs into cardiomyocytes and characterized the expression of TBX5-lineage positive and MYL2 cardiomyocytes between day 3 and day 30 of differentiation. To further characterize the cell populations, present during differentiation, we conducted single cell RNA sequencing on differentiating hiPSCs across 12 timepoints with oligonucleotide-based sample multiplexing. Results: Our reporter system revealed the surprising finding that using a standard WNT modulation small molecule protocol across two cell lines yielded 93.2%±0.80% and 92.1%± 1.60% TBX5-lineage positive cardiomyocytes, respectively. Among MYL2 expressing ventricular cardiomyocytes, we observed 99.0%±0.21% and 93.2±0.84% as TBX5-lineage positive, respectively. ScRNA-seq analysis and trajectory inference revealed high expression of known FHF gene markers relative to murine developmental data and identified a clear bifurcation of cardiac progenitor populations into myocardial and epicardial lineage consistent with a FHF differentiation trajectory. Lastly, a comparison of our data with scRNA-seq data from a recently published 3D protocol reveals the identity of a SHF progenitor population within a 3D system. Conclusions: Our work provides a powerful new genetic lineage tracing approach, as well as a single cell transcriptomic atlas of hiPSCs undergoing cardiac differentiation.

Tinkertoy: Build Your Own Operating Systems for IoT Devices

The Internet of Things (IoT) makes it possible for tiny devices with sensing and communication capabilities to be interconnected and interact with the cyber–physical world. However, these tiny devices have limited computing power and memory, so they often cannot run commodity operating systems, such as Windows and Linux. IoT devices are deployed everywhere, from smart home appliances to self-driving vehicles, and their applications impose ever-increasing and more heterogeneous demands on software architecture. There are many special-purpose and embedded operating systems built to satisfy these wildly different requirements, from early sensor network operating systems, such as TinyOS and Contiki, to more modern robot and real-time control systems, such as FreeRTOS and Zephyr. However, the rapid evolution and heterogeneity of IoT applications calls for a different solution. Specifically, this work introduces Tinkertoy, a collection of standard operating system modules from which developers can easily assemble customized operating systems. A customized operating system provides precisely the functionality needed by an application and consumes up to four times less memory than other IoT operating systems without sacrificing performance.

Improved Cherenkov Imaging across a Wide Range of Skin Pigmentation Levels for the Inclusion of Diverse Patient Populations

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> Cherenkov imaging has recently emerged as a tool to visualize radiation dose and detect treatment incidents in real-time. The principle relies on the proportionality between Cherenkov light emission and dose deposited within tissue, introducing an additional opportunity to use the image information as a 2D surface dose map. The Cherenkov-dose relationship is affected by tissue optical properties, and recent studies have utilized routine CT-scans to correct for optical attenuation due to fibroglandular and adipose tissues, and blood volume, in the breast. However, the bulk of the reported <i>in vivo</i> data is limited to light-skinned patients due to limitations of geographical demographics. It is well documented that melanin is an optical absorber of Cherenkov photons, yet no prior <i>in vivo</i> work has been done to characterize the effect of different skin tones on Cherenkov dosimetry. We hypothesize that skin color information can be used to correct Cherenkov images for optical attenuation relating to melanin absorption across a diverse patient population. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> A multi-institutional partnership was developed aiming to collect data from a more diverse patient population. A time-gated, intensified CMOS camera installed in the ceiling of a treatment room collects Cherenkov images of breast RT patients during their treatment. A standard color camera module is mounted adjacent to the Cherenkov camera to collect a color background image. Following a process developed with phantom studies, the two images are co-registered together in post-processing, RGB values are extracted from the skin over the treatment regions to calculate the relative skin luminance, L, and this value is compared to the optical emission from the corresponding Cherenkov image. A linear regression model is then used to assess the proportionality between L and Cherenkov emission intensity. <h3>Results</h3> The Cherenkov imaging system is being deployed in a clinic with a catchment area demographic of 67.4% Non-Hispanic White, an increase in diversity from 89.4% at the home institution. A clear relationship exists between skin color information and Cherenkov intensity, which cannot be determined like the bulk tissue properties from the CT scan alone. We found that L, derived from a wide range of melanin concentrations, is linearly proportional to Cherenkov intensity (R² = 0.98). Each Cherenkov image can be corrected based on skin luminance to improve the Cherenkov-dose relationship across various skin types. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The effect of both inter- and intra-patient skin color variations on the Cherenkov intensity can be corrected by using a linear regression model to increase the linearity between Cherenkov and deposited dose. This work will be used to improve our current CT-correction algorithm for all skin types and presents a major step towards expanding the inclusivity of Cherenkov imaging as a dosimetric tool for every patient.

An integrated method of automated layout design and optimization for modular construction

PurposeThis paper aims to propose a generative design method combined with meta-heuristic algorithm for automating and optimizing the floor layout of modular buildings using typical standardized module units, which are the room module, the corridor module and the stair module.Design/methodology/approachThe integrated framework involves the generative design method and optimization for modular construction. The generative rules are provided by geometric relationships and functionalities of the module units. An evaluation function of the generated floor plans is also presented by the combination of project cost and cost penalties for the geometric features. The multi-population genetic algorithm (MPGA) method is provided for the optimization of the combination of costs.FindingsThe proposed MPGA method is demonstrated fast and efficient at discovering the globally optimal solution. The results indicate that when the unit price of modules is high, the transportation distance is long, or the land cost is high, the layout cost, which related to the symmetry, the compactness and the energy is tend to be lower, making the optimal layout economical.Originality/valueThis paper presented an integrated framework of generative floor layout and optimization for modular construction by using typical module units. It fulfills the need for automated layout generation with repetitive units and corresponding assessment during the early design stage.

Hypertension Education to Address and Reduce Disparities (HEARD).

Purpose: Hypertension impacts more than half of the United States population, with a disproportionate impact on underrepresented minorities. 1,2 Poorly controlled blood pressure (BP) causes significant morbidity and mortality. 3 Accurate BP measurement in the health care setting is an essential step in improving BP control. 4 While measuring BP is a common procedure, student training in BP measurement is often inadequate and varies widely between schools. To address this, a standardized longitudinal program combining e-learning and hands-on training was integrated into the Patient Centered Care (PCC) Course within the University of North Carolina School of Medicine (UNC SOM) curriculum. The project aims to: (1) implement the American Medical Association (AMA) BP Measurement Essentials Modules 5 for trainees in medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, and nursing; (2) facilitate advanced communication skills through standardized patient encounters to promote accurate at-home self-measured BP; (3) increase awareness of disparities in health care related to hypertension; and (4) pair BP training with training in clinical reasoning and management of chronic diseases through patient cases related to hypertension. Approach: As part of the 3-semester PCC Course during the UNC SOM’s 18-month preclinical phase, first- and second-year medical students completed an online e-learning module followed by an in-person skills session centered around the basics of measuring BP. Two different modules were used, with first-year students completing the AMA BP Essentials Module and second-year students completing the AMA Self-Measured BP Module. A survey was administered after completion of the module and after completion of the in-person session to assess student satisfaction as well as confidence in various skills. To facilitate advanced patient communication and partnering for at-home self-measured BP, students participated in educational sessions focused on self-measured BP, “teach back,” and motivational interviewing. For evaluation, students will complete skills and knowledge postassessments with standardized patient encounters. Outcomes: Seventy-five percent (n = 136) of first-year students and 69.8% (n = 116) of second-year students rated their overall satisfaction with the online module as either extremely satisfied or somewhat satisfied. Overall, student-rated confidence level increased in all measured areas: ability to prepare and position the patient before measuring BP, choose the correct BP cuff, and accurately measure manual and automated BP. 63.1% of first- and second-year students rated the accuracy of the BP measurements they typically take as an 8 to 10 out of 10 after completing the in-person skills session, compared with 32.4% and 37.3% before the session, respectively. Significance: Implementation of a standardized BP measurement module and hands-on skills session was well received by students and clearly improved student-rated accuracy of BP measurements and confidence in various skills required to obtain an accurate BP reading. Future assessment of students’ knowledge and skills will include a hands-on OSCE during which accuracy of student-measured BP will be assessed. Furthermore, to improve interprofessional clinical care, the program will be expanded to the schools of pharmacy, dentistry, and nursing. Additionally, in the upcoming semesters, implementation of a longitudinal lecture series will educate and encourage discussion for solutions to reduce hypertension disparities. Standardized BP education among medical and health professionals is limited and important for obtaining accurate BP measurements and subsequently managing hypertension. Equipping medical students with this skill set as a standardized part of their curriculum will help address the large burden of disease and health care disparities in the United States. Through education in communication and “teach back,” students become better advocates and contribute to improved health outcomes.

Regular Functions on the 𝐾-nilpotent cone

Let G G be a complex reductive algebraic group with Lie algebra g \mathfrak {g} and let G R G_{\mathbb {R}} be a real form of G G with maximal compact subgroup K R K_{\mathbb {R}} . Associated to G R G_{\mathbb {R}} is a K × C × K \times \mathbb {C}^{\times } -invariant subvariety N θ \mathcal {N}_{\theta } of the (usual) nilpotent cone N ⊂ g ∗ \mathcal {N} \subset \mathfrak {g}^* . In this article, we will derive a formula for the ring of regular functions C [ N θ ] \mathbb {C}[\mathcal {N}_{\theta }] as a representation of K × C × K \times \mathbb {C}^{\times } . Some motivation comes from Hodge theory. In [Hodge theory and unitary representations of reductive Lie groups, Frontiers of Mathematical Sciences, Int. Press, Somerville, MA, 2011, pp. 397–420], Schmid and Vilonen use ideas from Saito’s theory of mixed Hodge modules to define canonical good filtrations on many Harish-Chandra modules (including all standard and irreducible Harish-Chandra modules). Using these filtrations, they formulate a conjectural description of the unitary dual. If G R G_{\mathbb {R}} is split, and X X is the spherical principal series representation of infinitesimal character 0 0 , then conjecturally g r ( X ) ≃ C [ N θ ] gr(X) \simeq \mathbb {C}[\mathcal {N}_{\theta }] as representations of K × C × K \times \mathbb {C}^{\times } . So a formula for C [ N θ ] \mathbb {C}[\mathcal {N}_{\theta }] is an essential ingredient for computing Hodge filtrations.

Interior Soft Decoration Product Design Based on 3D Modeling and Image Processing Technology

In order to solve the problems of the traditional 3D simulation system of indoor soft decoration, such as the lack of effective enrichment, rendering means, and poor authenticity when selecting the geometric modeling method to simulate the effect of indoor soft decoration, this paper proposes a 3D simulation system of indoor soft decoration based on OpenGL and Direct3D. The system uses 3DMAX software to establish the indoor model, imports the model into the OpenGL 3D graphics standard library module, draws the indoor soft decoration scene elements using the basic geometric elements, and constrains the scene elements through the wall, overlap, and size constraint functions, so as to ensure the reasonable layout of the indoor soft decoration agent area and enrich the indoor model. After enrichment, the indoor model is transmitted to the Direct3D rendering engine module transformation unit to implement the soft decoration layout, and the lighting unit and rasterization unit are used to render the indoor after layout so as to obtain the optimal indoor soft decoration effect and output the 3D simulation image of indoor soft decoration. The experimental results show that the favorability, operation sensitivity, design portability, design satisfaction, and soft fitting effect score of the system are higher than those of the Untiy3D system and Smart3D system. The average score of this system is about 95, while the average score of the Untiy3D system is lower than 89, and the average score of the Smart3D system is lower than 85. Conclusion. The three-dimensional simulation effect of indoor soft decoration of this system is good, the design is convenient, the operation is sensitive, and the user satisfaction is high, which provides a reliable analysis basis for indoor design.

PAPR Analysis of OFDM using Selective Mapping Method

A common standard modulation for several high data rate wireless communication systems is Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It operates by splitting up large streams of data into several parallel streams with minimal data rates. Compared to single carrier modulation systems, OFDM offers various benefits. Some of these benefits are high transmission bit rates, great spectral efficiency, and sensitivity to frequency fading channels. However, there are drawbacks with OFDM. Among the major issues is the high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), due to which the system complexity increases. The Selective Mapping approach is used in this study to lower the OFDM PAPR. In this article, simulation has been done using MATLAB, evaluated PSD, spectral efficiency, BER performance and PAPR analysis of OFDM system.

The Vacuum Cherenkov Detector (VCD) for γ-ray measurements in inertial confinement fusion experiments.

Inertial confinement fusion experiments at both the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and the Laboratory for Laser Energetics OMEGA laser facility currently utilize Cherenkov detectors, with fused silica as the Cherenkov medium. At the NIF, the Quartz Cherenkov Detectors improve the precision of neutron time-of-flight measurements; and at OMEGA, the Diagnostic for Areal Density provides measurements of capsule shell areal densities. An inherent property of fused silica is the radiator's relatively low energy threshold for Cherenkov photon production (Ethreshold < 1MeV), making it advantageous over gas-based Cherenkov detectors for experiments requiring low-energy γ detection. The Vacuum Cherenkov Detector (VCD) has been specifically designed for efficient detection of low energy γ's. Its primary use is in implosion experiments, which will study reactions relevant to stellar and big-bang nucleosynthesis, such as T(4He,γ)7Li, 4He(3He,γ)7Be, and 12C(p,γ)13N. The VCD is compatible with LLE's standard Ten-Inch Manipulator diagnostic insertion module. This work will outline the design and characterization of the VCD as well as provide results from recent experiments conducted at the OMEGA laser facility.

Using Creative Thinking Teaching to Improve Abdominal Drainage Tube Care Integrity Among Two-Year Post Graduate Nurses (PGNs)

The abdominal drainage tube is an important device used in disease treatment and life maintenance. Drainage tube slippage leads to complications that increase both length of stay and costs of care. Four and seven cases of drainage tube slippage were reported, respectively, in 2018 and 2019 in our trauma wards. Among these, 9 cases were under the care of nurses in their post graduate year (PGY) training program. To increase to 94% the abdominal drainage tube care-completeness rate of nurses in the PGY program. Methods used included: establishing a standardized care module for abdominal drainage tube in the trauma wards, using the "drainage tube model" and multimedia teaching material in education to enhance skill proficiency, flexibly adjusting education schedules, using a creative-thinking teaching model in education, employing direct observation to evaluate PGY nurses' abdominal drainage tube skills; and establishing a drainage tube skill proficiency audit mechanism. After the intervention, the rate of care completeness for the abdominal drainage tube rose to 98.1%, participant awareness rose to 100%, and the rate of abdominal drainage tube slippage reduced to 0%. This project achieved good outcomes that may be expanded horizontally to other surgical wards. The use of the creative-thinking teaching model in training activities received good feedback from the nurse participants and will be incorporated into in-service education standards along with the computerized direct observation of procedural skills in the PGY e-learning passport to strengthen the completeness of learning processes.

Eliptik Dişli Tasarımı, İmalatı, Analizi ve Eliptik Dişlilerin Endüstriyel Uygulamaları

Eliptik dişliler üzerine yapılan çalışmaların diş profillerinin tasarımı üzerine yoğunlaştığı ve prototip imalatlarına yönelik araştırmaların arttığı görülmektedir. Eliptik dişlilerin diş profillerinin silindirik dişliler gibi özdeş olmayacağından hareketle geliştirilen eliptik dişlinin diş profili; kramayer veya silindirik düz dişli formlu kesicinin bölüm elipsi üzerinde yuvarlanma yöntemine uygun olarak evolvent eğriye sahip diş yanaklarının şekillendirilmesiyle elde edilmektedir. Eliptik dişlilerin imalatında CNC tel erozyon tezgahlarından faydalanmanın yaygınlaştığı, bununla birlikte azdırma tezgâhları için elektronik dişli kutuları geliştirilerek eliptik dişlilerin standart modülde imalatının da mümkün olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Eliptik dişli çiftleri farklı makine ve teçhizatta kullanılmakta, özellikle eliptik dişli çiftine sahip debimetre ve pompaların yaygınlaştığı görülmektedir. Enerji verimliliğinin son derece önem kazandığı günümüzde, yüksek akışkan miktarlarının doğru ve hassas ölçülmesi ve işletmelerin akışkan transferindeki kayıplarının giderilmesi de gerekmektedir. Bu genel değerlendirme çalışmasında eliptik dişlilerin tasarımı, geleneksel ve geleneksel olmayan imal usulleri ile imalatı, dayanım ve titreşim analizleri ve literatürde yer alan muhtelif endüstriyel uygulamaları gözen geçirilmiş ve çalışmanın ortak bulguları elde edilmiştir. Eliptik dişlilerin yakın gelecekte bünyesinde mekanik kısım barındıran birçok akıllı ürünün vazgeçilmez bir organı olacağı öngörülmektedir.

Condition monitoring of power module using S-parameters, TDR, and TDT

Condition monitoring of power electronics is gaining interest as power electronics expends to mission-critical applications. This paper offers a preliminary experimental study of the viability of using S-parameters and time-domain reflectometry measurements to monitor the degradation of a power module. To this end, measurements were performed on a standard high current power module which was artificially aged by cutting wire bonds one by one. The study demonstrates a clear trend in the evolution of measured parameters, and thereby the possibility to monitor the power module degradation under the specific test conditions. This opens a new condition monitoring technology for power electronics systems.

Comprehensive review on uses of silicon dioxide in solar cell

Silicon Dioxide is a pleasant material with a wide range of application in semiconductor devices. Ago days silicon solar panels utilized to exist readily precious as veritably high-quality, silicon was needed for creating them. The evolution of technology directly permitted the application of inexpensive and lesser quality silicon. Thin domestic silicon dioxide (SiO2) inter-facial sub caste upon those photovoltaic character traits of the p-type knowing boron slender films aggregation, solar modules made of silicon dioxide and n-type semiconductor alloy solar were delved. SiO2/n-Si solar cells are fixed by a responsive sandblasting complex. It is a fundamental origin of renewable energy and its technologies are substantially described as unresistant solar or operative solar hanging on how they carry and categorize solar energy proselyte it into solar power. Working solar ways contain the application of photovoltaic system condensed solar power. The silicon is else comprehensive as quartzite clay or mashed quartz is fixed into an electric bow furnace. This operation of silicon with one percent contamination silicon proceeds is applicable in numerous diligences but not the solar cell assiduity. Numerous nations contribute that the photovoltaic transformation of solar energy starts with further than 90% of the across-the-board photovoltaic request on solar cells demonstrate on crystalline silicon. Silicon is generally grounded on solar cells which have existed produce for mono sub caste of silicon dioxide and dual-layer of silicon dioxide also the antireflective coating is utilized in radio frequencies sputtering fashion. The photovoltaic impact in the formation of voltage and electrical flow in a semiconductor material when presented to light. There are a variety of solar technologies available today that utilize novel materials in addition to standard module based on silicon wafer. These comprise thin film device of the second generation and nanostructured devices of the third generation, both of which have high efficiencies and cost. The cost of solar electricity could be reduced further, easing the transition to a sustainable global economy.