Standard GOST Research Articles

TOʻQUV DASTGOHLARINING ASSORTIMENTLIK IMKONIYATLARI ASOSIDA KOʻNDALANG YOʻL-YOʻL NAQSHLI GAZLAMALARNING YANGI TURLARINI YARATISH MANUFACTURE OF NEW TYPES OF FABRICS

This article provides information on the reforms ongoing in the textile industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan to expand manufacturing from raw materials to finished products. Scientific research based on the broad use of the assortment capacities of existing weaving looms at weaving enterprises and the manufacture of fabrics with geometric patterns is being reviewed, too. Weaves for making striped fabrics were designed on Itema R9500 weaving looms, available at Suntex LLC. Test samples were produced using weft yarns of different linear densities and different fiber compositions based on the technological capacities of the modern weaving loom, shedding unit, multi-color unit, and electronic take-up motion. The operational properties of cross-striped test samples were studied and met the requirements specified in the international standard GOST 29223- 91 for chemical fiber shirts, shirts-suits, and suit cloths.

Творожный продукт из козьего молока для специализированного питания

The research featured milk-protein goat curd fortified with functional ingredients and a vitamin-mineral complex. The study was a joint project by the Pavlodar State University (Pavlodar, Republic of Kazakhstan) and the Department of Food and Food Biotechnology of the Omsk State Agrarian University (Omsk, Russia). It featured Saanen goats from specialized breeding farms. The physical, chemical, and microbiological variables were reviewed for compliance with State Standard GOST 32940-2014: Goat’s milk. Specifications (January 1, 2016). The experimental tests involved standard sensory, chemical, and microbiological methods. They resulted in a new formulation with optimal biotechnological variables for a novel curd product with functional ingredients, a vitamin and mineral complex, and an activated bioenrichment agent. The latter was based on the LAT PB T biopreparation with Bifidobacterium Longum, Bifidobacterium Bifidum, Bifidobacterium Infantis, and Streptococcus Thermophillus. After being tested at a leading dairy plant in Pavlodar, Kazakhstan, the biotechnology was applied for a patent.

Coagulating Ability of N,N-Diallyl-N,N-dimethylammonium Chloride-based Copolymers in the Separation of Rubbers of Various Grades

The study assessed the coagulating ability of copolymers N,N-diallyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride with acrylamide and maleic acid when separating styrene/butadiene and nitrile/butadiene rubbers from latexes. The effect of the consumption of these cationic polymers, the concentration of the dispersed phase and temperature on the completeness of rubber separation was studied. It was established that the completeness of styrene/butadiene rubber separation from latex is achieved at a 0.5 kg t–1 consumption of cationic copolymer with acrylamide, and that of butadiene/nitrile rubber is achieved at 22 kg t–1. The introduction of maleic acid units into the cationic copolymer ensures the complete separation of styrene/butadiene and nitrile/butadiene rubber from latex at a consumption of 0.3 and 8 kg t–1, respectively. Vulcanizates obtained from rubbers isolated using copolymers meet the requirements of State Standard GOST 15627–2019.

Биотехнологические параметры полутвердого сыра с высокой температурой второго нагревания

The State Strategy for Improving Food Quality through 2030 promotes the principles of healthy diet. Cheese is a high-value dairy product with a wide variety of beneficial biological activities. Its unique diversity makes it inherent part of many healthy eating patterns. Expanding the range of cheeses is an urgent task that the domestic food industry has to tackle in order to meet the goals set by the State Strategy, i. e., improving food quality and safety. The research involved raw milk (State Standard GOST 52054-2003), milk-and-protein mix developed by Milkmix Universal (St. Peterburg, Russia), and starter-culture mix purchased from LACTOFERM (Italy), which served as the main biotechnological component to improve cheese quality, safety, and shelf-life. The work was carried out on the premises of the Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies (Barnaul, Russia). The experimental data underwent mathematical and statistical processing to reveal the optimal technological production parameters for a new sort of semi-hard cheese with a high curd scalding temperature. The article introduces the new formulation, chemical composition, nutritional profile, and energy value of the new dairy product. The technology was patented (RF No. 2800825).

Optimal truncated sequential test for exponential distribution

In order to save on test costs, the optimal truncated sequential test (OTST) for the parameter of the exponential distribution is studied. According to Bayes decision theory, dynamic programming methods and procedures are established to solve the OTST. Through comparison with the test plans provided by international standard IEC 61124 and Russian national standard GOST R 27.402, the results show that the OTSTs solved by our new method can control the error probabilities strictly and save more synthetical expected test time (SETT). The OTSTs are also compared with the near-optimal ones solved by the sample space sorting method (SSSM). The results show that the test plans solved by these two methods are almost consistent. However, our new method is much faster in computation, especially when the maximum sample size (MSS) of a truncated sequential test increases. It can save 74.23% of the computational time compared with SSSM when the MSS equals 15. At last, the MSS of OTST is optimized. By optimizing the MSS, the corresponding OTST can save about 5% of the SETT compared to the one with the minimum MSS.

Production of biodiesel from fat of secondary crab materials

Production of biodiesel from the fat-containing entrails of king crab is investigated. These secondary raw materials are massively disposed (released into the sea) after separation of limbs. Routine technologies of the biodiesel production from vegetable and fish oils are used. The fatty acid composition of the fat is analyzed and the acid and peroxide numbers are determined. A high content of PUFAs (42.5 %) is detected, including the omega-3 (30.6 %) and omega-6 (12.3 %) fatty acids. High acid number (5.5 mg KOH per g fat) and peroxide number (85.6 mmol of active oxygen per g fat) of the crab fat do not meet the requirements for edible fish oils. The biodiesel in the form of fatty acid ethyl esters was produced from the crab fat with three indicators (NaOH, KOH, and H2SO4). Reactions with alkali did not give positive results due to formation of large amounts of soap. The best yield of esters was obtained in the experiment with sulfuric acid: 52.2 g of biodiesel was produced from 50.0 g of fat. Mechanisms of the reaction are explained and mass balances of the process are presented. Kinematic viscosity, total contamination, and acid number of biodiesel (4.96 mm2/s, 8 mg/kg, 0.35 mg KOH/g, respectively) meet the requirements of the national standard GOST R 53605-2009 (EN 14214:2003).

Study of Aspir-35 toxicity

Preclinical research on veterinary pharmaceuticals is crucial and required when creating new dosage forms. Preclinical research aims to ascertain the test substance's therapeutic efficacy, toxicity, future dose form, impact on the body's fundamental systems, and identification of potential side effects. The objective of this study was to assess the potential toxicity of Aspir-35 following short- and longer-term exposure in rats. The acute toxicity of the drug was studied on 30 white mice weighing 18–20.5 g and 15 white rats weighing 180–215 g. The animals were kept in a vivarium in accordance with sanitary rules and on a standard diet taken in the vivarium using compound feed. The drug “Aspir-35” was administered to rats and mice once in the morning on an empty stomach orally through a probe with a cannula in doses of 1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg of body weight. Animal feeding was started two hours after drug administration. The study of the toxicity of the drug “Aspir-35” during long-term subcutaneous administration was studied on rats with an initial body weight of 180–230 g divided according to the principle of analogues into two groups of 6 heads each. The animals were kept in similar conditions as in the study of the acute toxicity of the drug. The drug “Aspir-35” was administered to the rats of the experimental group subcutaneously daily for 18 days at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg of body weight. The drug “Aspir-35” did not cause the death of experimental rats and mice when administered once orally in doses of 1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg of body weight. On this basis, the drug “Aspir-35” can be attributed to the 4th class of danger according to the International Standard GOST 12.1.007-76, or to category 5 according to the International Global Classification of the Global Harmonized System, (GHS), since the LD50 of the drug “Aspir-35” when taken orally will exceed 5000 mg/kg of body weight. The drug “Aspir-35” in a dose of 0.5 ml/kg of body weight when administered subcutaneously for 18 days did not cause negative and harmful effects on the body of experimental rats, did not affect their growth and development, did not cause changes in the relative weight of internal organs and did not led to changes in hematological indicators in experimental animals. The analysis of the results of the conducted research indicates the relative harmlessness of the potential drug for veterinary medicine and allows us to predict that the drug “Aspir-35” can be classified as a low-risk substance, which justifies the feasibility of its further study and implementation in practice.

Justification for requirements applicable to updating the standard for canned fish liver, caviar and milt «Po-Murmanski» in order to enhance products’ competitiveness

This aims to justify the requirements for updating the current national standard GOST R56418–2015 «Cannedfish liver, caviar and milt «Po-Murmanski». Specifications», taking into consideration the results from qualitymeasurements of canned fresh minced cod liver. Research methods: Sensory analysis of food and the titrimetric method with visible indication was applied. This paper summarizes the results from measurements of the fat acidity value in canned food that was made in compliance with GOST R56418–2015 in marine environments from 2016 to 2021. We made an assessment to justify the expiry dates and storage requirements for canned food under the two temperature conditions. The paper defines the main provisions of the standard that require updating. Results: This paper proves the practicability of updating the standard GOST R56418–2015 by such ways as follows: changing the expiry dates of canned cod (haddock) liver «Po-Murmanski» under different storage conditions, applying the standard instrumental procedure to estimate the fat acidity value, using a geographical indication in labeling as a modern way of product differentiation. The paper shows dynamics in the fat acidity value during the storage of canned food made of fresh minced cod liver under the two temperature conditions. The paper demonstrates correlations between the fat acidity value and the organoleptic properties of canned food that was made of fresh and frozen fish in compliance with the existing various reference documents on standardization. Practical relevance: The results from this study will be used to update GOST R56418–2015. After public discussions and approval under the established procedure, the updated national standard will be demanded by factories and companies.

Using Shewhart charts to monitor quality characteristics of preventive vaccines for tuberculosis

Scientific relevance. The quality of medicinal products, particularly vaccines, is contingent on the stability of the manufacturing process at all stages, which can be evaluated using Shewhart charts for data obtained by monitoring the quality attributes of interest.Aim. This study evaluated the stability of the quality and manufacturing processes of the BCG and BCG-M tuberculosis vaccines using Shewhart charts.Materials and methods. This study focused on samples of the BCG tuberculosis vaccine and the BCG-M tuberculosis vaccine, a less reactogenic alternative for primary immunisation. Both vaccines were released to the market in 2019–2022. The quality of samples was assessed for stability based on their potency and total bacterial count, which are the key parameters for immunogenicity evaluation. These quality parameters were compared using test results submitted by the manufacturer and obtained at the testing centre. The authors plotted individuals charts (X-charts) and moving range charts (R-charts) in accordance with national standards GOST R 50779.42-99 and GOST R ISO 7870-2-2015.Results. The quality of the BCG and BCG-M vaccines remained stable during the entire follow-up period (2019–2022). For some periods, the retrospective analysis of R- and X-charts revealed characteristic trends meeting special cause criteria. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the data submitted by the manufacturer and the data obtained at the testing centre ranged from 0.2 to 0.8.Conclusions. The Shewhart charts demonstrated that the quality parameters of the BCG and BCG-M tuberculosis vaccines tested in 2019–2022 were stable. These vaccines had stable manufacturing processes, as shown by the R- and X-charts. However, the warning signs indicated that additional measures should be taken to standardise the manufacturing processes. The findings suggest that Shewhart charts may be recommended for monitoring the production and quality of tuberculosis vaccines.

Мокрій Т. Ф., Малишева І. Ю. , Лапіна Л. Г., Пасічник С. С. Взаємодія з рейками коліс пасажирського вагона з новим профілем ободу ІТМ-73EP в криволі-нійних ділянках колії

Speeding up the integration of Ukraine into the European railway transportation is an important task in the current development of the Ukrainian railway transport. Currently, the most effective way to travel across borders between countries with different track gauges is the use of gauge-changeable wheelsets. Continuous traffic on the Ukrainian (1520 mm gauge) and European (1435 mm gauge) railways calls not only for gauge changing facilities, but also for the compatibility of the wheel-rail contact pair on both railways: R65 rails and a cant of 1/20 in Ukraine and UIC60 rails and a cant of 1/40 in Europe. At the Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine, a new wear-resistant wheel profile, ITM-73ER, was proposed. As predicted, its use in passenger cars will offer dynamic stability and a high dynamic performance throughout the range of operating speeds on the Ukrainian and European railways and acceptable indices of wheel – unworn rail interaction on both railways. In service, the shapes of the wheel and rail contact surfaces change due to wear, especially in curves. Because the Ukrainian and European railways mostly use wheel and rail profiles of their own, the use of the new wheel profile may impair the wheel–rail interaction process, enhance wheel flange wear, and shorten the wheel life. The goal of this work is to study the effect of the in-service rail head shape change in curves of the Ukrainian and European railways on the wheel–rail interaction indices of a passenger car with ITM-73ER profile wheels. The head shapes of outer rails of the Ukrainian and European railways’ circular curves were predicted for a side flange wear changing from 0 to 8 mm in 2 mm increments. The calculations were made for two circular curves of radius 300 m with UIC60 rails and a cant of 1/40 (Europe) and R65 rails and a cant of 1/20 (Ukraine). To speed up the prediction, it was assumed that the curves were traveled by four-axle fully loaded freight cars, which maximizes the rail wear. The freight car wheels were assumed to be unworn and machined to the S1002 profile (for the European railways) and to the standard profile specified by the Ukrainian State Standard GOST 10791:2016 (for the Ukrainian railways). Using the computed head shapes of R65 and UIC60 rails differing in wear degree, a study was conducted into their effect on the wheel–rail pair strain and stress field and the dynamic indices of car–track interaction for passenger cars with ITM73-ER profile wheels negotiating a circular curve of radius 300 m. It was shown that the use of the ITM-73ER wheel profile in passenger cars will offer improved indices of car–track interaction, for worn rails too, both on the Ukrainian railways and in the combined operation on the Ukrainian and European railways.

The effectiveness of personal protective equipment made of metallized materials when exposed to extreme levels of infrared radiation

Introduction. The results of the study of the nature of the formation of the thermal state in workers under the influence of extreme levels of the heating microclimate with multifactorial exposure against the background of heavy physical labour, justify the need to develop and experimentally evaluate a set of preventive measures. Such measures need to prevent chronic overheating, with the mandatory use by workers of modern effective personal protective equipment from infrared radiation. 
 The purpose of the study – the study of the effectiveness of personal protective equipment made of metallized materials in real production conditions, for the prevention of chronic overheating from exposure to extreme levels of infrared radiation with multifactorial exposure against the background of heavy physical labour. 
 Materials and methods. To assess the possibility of using personal protective equipment in the conditions of modern forging and pressing production, there were taken protective clothing sets made of the material OXA-440, consisting of a cotton-asbestos lining and a metallized material with an aluminum surface. In the manufacture of prototypes of workwear, the topography and the estimated area of the irradiated area of the body surface, and the moisture and air tightness of metallized materials, were taken into account. The effectiveness of personal protective equipment was evaluated with taking into account the indicators of the thermal state of the workers of the main occupations who used two sets of the specified protective clothing alternately. The thermal state of the body was studied in accordance with the guidelines of the MUK 4.3.1895-04 and the provisions of the standard GOST R ISO 9886-2008. Studies on the hygienic assessment of workwear were carried out in the cold and warm periods of the year. A questionnaire survey was conducted to subjectively assess the usability, design and protective properties of workwear made of metallized material.
 Results. The main sources of thermal radiation in the studied production are incandescent to a temperature of over 1200°C with metal forgings of various lengths and various profile configurations, which largely determine the variability in the degree of radiation intensity of the radiant energy flow at the workplaces of blacksmiths and heaters. The formed thermal state of the workers of the specified occupational groups, dressed in standard cotton workwear, during the performance of the main work operations during the first half of the working shift in the cold and warm periods of the year, is estimated as the maximum permissible, requiring a limit of working time – no more than one hour per working shift. The use of workwear made of metallized materials in the cold period of the year led to a slight improvement in the thermal condition, which allowed to prolong the time spent at the workplace to 2 hours. When using the original design of a protective suit made of a metallized material characterized by moisture – and air-tight properties and covering a large area of the body surface during the warm period of the year, no improvement in the thermal condition of the workers was observed. According to the questionnaire survey, good reflective and mechanical properties of the test material were revealed. The expressed wishes and suggestions of the workers in the areas of improving the design of workwear suggest the development of new design samples of special protective clothing made of this metallized material, taking into account these comments.
 Limitations. The chosen research method determines the limitation on the possibility of its use in relation to a specific production, characterized by the multifactorial nature of the production environment against the background of heavy physical labour and extreme levels of infrared radiation determined by the specifics of the technological process. 
 The obtained research results objectify the subject of further research – the development and evaluation of the effectiveness of new design samples of special protective clothing made of metallized materials.
 Conclusion. The results of the conducted studies have shown good reflective and mechanical properties of the new metallized materials. During the questionnaire survey, the workers expressed their wishes and suggestions for improving the design of workwear sets, which must be taken into account when creating new design samples of special protective clothing, for their subsequent use as the main means of protection when working under conditions of exposure to extreme levels of industrial infrared radiation.

Hole boring technology improvement of the freight car wheel hub

The technological process of machining the wheel hub hole of a freight car is considered. Unreliable wheel and axle fit is one of the main reasons of rolling stock derailment. The reliability of the fit depends on several factors: interference, quality of the mating surfaces, the mechanical properties of the material. The roughness of the hole surface plays a very important role. In many ways, it determines the compressing force and fatigue strength, the roughness value should be within certain limits, which are strictly regulated by Russian National Standard GOST 4835-2013. The article describes in detail the requirements imposed in Russia and abroad to the amount of roughness of the mating surfaces provided by machining. The analysis of the chemical composition and mechanical properties of wheel steels of grades 1, 2, T and L. The article also discusses the technological process and equipment for boring holes in the wheel hub. The foreign experience of using boring technologies is analyzed. The arrangement of the cutting plates in the design of the boring head applied for boring the hub hole is considered. The application of round and prismatic carbide plates used in tools is also considered. The types of metal-cutting machines used are indicated. The main emphasis in the article is on ensuring the required roughness of Russian National Standard GOST 4835-2013 due to cutting modes that are optimal from the point of view of ensuring surface quality. Based on the production data and recommended in the reference literature on feed, speed and depth of cutting values, a full factorial experiment was carried out to determine the effect of each cutting mode on the roughness parameter. As a result of the analysis, diagrams of roughness changes were plotted and intervals of feed values, speed and cutting depth were established, ensuring minimal roughness of the machined surface. It was also found that the feed rate has the strongest effect on the surface roughness. The results obtained can be used when performing the operation of boring the hub hole at the enterprises of the railway industry.

Thermal state of the body of workers exposed to extreme levels of infrared radiation and prevention overheating

Introduction. In an industrial environment, the thermal effect of a heating microclimate on a person through extreme levels of infrared radiation is a stressful factor that has a pronounced negative effect on the formation of the thermal state of the body, which requires the development of effective measures to prevent overheating. 
 The purpose of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of the formation of the thermal state of the body in the conditions of a production experiment under exposure to extreme levels of infrared radiation against the background of long-term heavy factory work and the justification of a set of effective measures to prevent overheating. 
 Materials and methods. The study of the thermal state of the body is conducted in the conditions of real blacksmithing production in accordance with the methodological instructions of MUK 4.3.1895–04 and the provisions of the standard GOST R ISO 9886–2008.
 Results. In modern forging and pressing production, one of the most unfavourable factors of the production environment is the intense thermal radiation from the metal heated to technological temperatures, which affects the total for 5–6 hours per shift against the background of high temperature from the heating furnaces themselves, which leads to the development of chronic overheating in workers. The main sources of thermal radiation include incandescent to a temperature of over 1200 °C with metal forgings of various lengths and various profile configurations, which largely determines the variability in the degree of radiation intensity of the radiant energy flow at the workplaces of blacksmiths and heaters. The formed thermal state of the workers of the studied occupational groups, dressed in standard cotton workwear, during the performance of the main work operations during the first half of the working shift in the cold and warm periods of the year, is estimated as the maximum permissible, requiring a limit of working time – no more than one hour per working shift. It is necessary to develop requirements for the working regime for prolonged heavy physical work in conditions of extreme exposure to a heating microclimate and the mandatory use of modern effective personal protective equipment (PPE) from infrared radiation.
 Limitations. The limitation of the study is the possibility of using the results obtained directly to a specific production, characterized by multifactorial effects against the background of extreme levels of the heating microclimate, rigidly determined by the technological process. The obtained indicators of the thermal condition of workers dressed in standard cotton workwear are estimated as the maximum permissible for a period of no more than one hour per work shift, which justifies the need to search for new effective personal protective equipment for the body of workers.
 Conclusion. It is necessary to develop requirements for the working regime during prolonged hard physical work in conditions of extreme exposure to a heating microclimate and the mandatory use of modern effective PPE from infrared radiation of extreme levels.

Analysis of errors and inaccuracies in the current edition of the GOST R ISO 7730-2009 standard

The paper analyzes the inaccuracies and inconsistencies of the national standard GOST R ISO 7730-2009 "Ergonomics of the thermal environment. Analytical determination and interpretation of the comfort of the thermal regime using the calculation of PMV and PPD indicators and criteria of local thermal comfort" and similar international standard ISO 7730:2005. These standards are designed to assess the quality of the internal environment in order to comply with international practices both in the field of environmental sustainability and in the field of energy efficiency of construction. The authors have investigated and described inaccuracies and inconsistencies, have proposed their corrections in Sections 4 and 5, which establish the method of calculating the predicted mean estimate (PMV – Predicted Mean Vote) and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied with the temperature environment (PPD – Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied), as well as in Appendix D, which contains a listing of the PMV calculation program in the BASIC language. The paper has been written in accordance with the recommendations developed during the implementation of the international project KO1089 "Green Arctic Building" of the Cross-Border Cooperation Program.

Optimization of the sample preparation procedure in the determination of y-hexachlorocyclohexane in water by gas chromatography

A high toxicity of organochlorine compounds, even present in trace amounts in food products, leads to increased requirements for the accuracy of chemical analysis in food safety control. The interstate standard GOST 31858-2012 was taken as a basis for this study. We have improved the method of sample preparation of drinking water for the determination of residual amounts of y-hexachlorocyclohexane (y-HCCH) by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. Strictly following the instructions of the standard, we failed to obtain the value of the recovery factor of 94% prescribed by GOST for y-HCCH. In this regard, we proposed to use higher-boiling re-heptane instead of re-hexane as an extractant to reduce losses at the stage of sample preparation, and to use sodium chloride instead of ethyl alcohol prescribed by GOST to break the emulsion formed during the extraction of water with hexane. The volume of the analyzed sample, the mass of sodium chloride, the volume of the extragent, and the extraction time were optimized. The use of sodium chloride is shown to provide total emulsion breakage in 100% of experiments and to increase the recovery of pesticides with a concentration of 22 pg/liter from 77 to 96% with a relative standard deviation of 2%. Replacing the extragent with re-heptane led to an increase in the recovery of Y-HCCH to 98% with a relative standard deviation of 1%. It is shown that at a lower concentration of the pesticide, the recovery rate is 98 - 100 %. An increase in the concentration of y-HCCH to 45 pg/liter leads to a sharp decrease in the recovery degree. The proposed method can be considered as an improved method of liquid-liquid extraction with excellent extraction of the pesticide from the aqueous matrix.

Pharmaceutical Risks of Injection Therapy: The Role of a Nurse

Nurse-administered injections come with a special set of risks, including such pharmaceutical factors as preparation of medicinal products in a vial prior to administration, conditions of their further storage, labelling of packages, and the need for personalised dosing of solutions for injection.The aim of the study was to analyse Russian state standard GOST R 52623.4-2015 and identify factors contributing to the risk of nursing staff’s errors in preparing, storing, and labelling of medicinal products for injection.Materials and methods. The authors analysed GOST R 52623.4-2015 Technologies for Performing Simple Medical Services of Invasive Interventions and assessed the identified risks by the FMEA method (failure modes and effects analysis).Results. The authors identified pharmaceutical risks, causes, and sources of hazardous events that occur during administration of parenteral medicinal products. The standard does not instruct readers on the order of mixing medicines in a vial and on choosing solvents for lyophilised powders. There is no labelling procedure for opened vials in the document. It does not stress the inadmissibility of pre-administration storage of a syringe/dropper with a medicinal product. The document lacks information on the need to warm the aqueous solutions that are stored in a refrigerator and/or administered at a temperature of 36–38 °С as per the package leaflet. The standard does not include a procedure for visual estimation of the volume of a solution drawn into a syringe for individual dosing of medicinal products to children. According to the FMEA risk assessment, the highest risks are posed by the order of mixing medicines in a vial and by the storage of syringes/droppers prior to administration to patients.Conclusions. To improve the safety of injection therapy, it is necessary to supplement the state standard with the identified causes of hazardous events. Nursing staff in medical organisations would benefit from in-house training on prevention of pharmaceutical risks carried out with the help of specialists in pharmaceutics and from wider involvement in discussing pharmacotherapy errors.

Трещинообразование ролика натяжной станции петленакопителя стана тандема холодной прокатки 2000

In the event of self-oscillation of the roller of the tension station of the loop accumulator of the cold rolling mill, cracks appear on the outer surfaces of the roller during operation. Determining the causes of cracking and assessing the residual life of the roller of the tension station is an urgent task. A digital double of the tension station of the loop accumulator of the cold rolling mill has been developed in accordance with the classification of Michael Reeves and in accordance with the standard GOST R 57700.37-2021 “Computer models and modeling. Digital doubles of products”. The technological parameters and diagnostic data used, reflected and stored in an environment external to the industrial facility, represent a “digital shadow”. Databases of technological and vibration parameters of the mill and the roller of the tension station are combined by a graphical shell. A numerical 3-dimensional model of a tensioning station roller is constructed. The eigenforms and eigenfrequencies of the oscillations are determined. The lower eigenforms obtained by calculation are consistent with the vibration frequencies of the bearing supports of the tensioning roller stored in the digital footprint of the mill. At high frequencies, a mixed form of oscillations is observed (shell oscillations, and bending of the semi-axes) which also has an approximate match on the vibrograms of the digital footprint. Vibration acceleration and loading cycles of the bearing supports of the tension station are associated with the use of a virtual industrial experiment. The numerical 3- dimensional model of the tensioning station roller determines the real loads acting on the end surfaces of the roller when self-oscillations of the tensioning station occur. Information about the frequency and amplitude of vibrations allows you to calculate the number of loading cycles and estimate the residual resource before cracks occur on the end surfaces of the roller of the tension station.

СИСТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ВЛИЯНИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ НА ЭКСПРЕССИЮ ГЕНА ТЕПЛОВОГО ШОКА ПРИМЕНИТЕЛЬНО К ЗАДАЧАМ КОСМИЧЕСКОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ

Scientific publications were used to undertake systematic analysis of the effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on heat shock gene expression in various bio-objects. International normative documents assume that high intensity EMR (100 µWatt/cm2) causes expression of the heat shock gene and ensuing biological consequences. In Russia, the flux energy data level is taken to be 10 µWatt/cm2. Term "data level" means that the EMR bio-effect is not thermal by nature. However, Russian national standard GOST R 50804-95 containing the general medical-engineering requirements to cosmonaut's environment in a piloted spacecraft sets the maximum admissible level at 1000 µWatt/cm2 within the EMR band of 0.3–300 GHz. Systematic analysis of the EMR effects within this band did not reveal expression of the heat shock gene. The investigation should be proceeded with the focus on the EMR non-heat bio-effects.

ОЦЕНКА АКТУАЛЬНОСТИ НОВОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО СТАНДАРТА ЭЛЕКТРОННЫХ СРЕДСТВ ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНОЙ МОБИЛЬНОСТИ С ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ДОРОЖНОГО ДВИЖЕНИЯ

The situation in the market of means of individual mobility and the provision of kicksharing and bicycle sharing services is considered. Regularities in the growth of the number of trips using the means of individual mobility are revealed. The main prerequisites for the adoption of a new state standard GOST R 70514-2022 are established, its main provisions that affect road safety are considered, taking into account the use and use of electronic means of individual mobility as a vehicle alternative to personal motor transport for micro trips. Improvements to the state standard are proposed to improve the efficiency of its impact on im-proving road safety.

Procena niskotemperaturnih svojstava smeše bitumena i SBS polimera različitih topologija metodom ABCD

Introduction: Due to climate change, scientists around the world, including specialists in the road construction industry, are forced to take into account the need for regular monitoring of the low-temperature properties of both individual building materials and the properties of multicomponent road composites based on them. Therefore, the possibility of developing new approaches and methods for evaluating these properties is being studied. Methods: For these purposes, Dr. Kim Sang-Soo proposed a new method for evaluating the low-temperature properties of road binders, which was called the ABCD (Asphalt Binder Cracking Device) method. The use of the device does not require special skills and knowledge and auxiliary equipment is widely available in laboratories of road construction organizations. The duration of the test does not exceed 4-5 hours. Results: The possibility and effectiveness of regulating the cracking temperature of bitumen-containing binders by introducing styrene-butadiene thermoplastics of various topologies into the composition is shown using the example of industrially produced batches of petroleum road viscous oxidized bitumen and applying the ABCD methodology. Conclusions: In Russia, where winter temperatures in the vast majority of the country fall below minus 30 degrees Celsius, it is extremely important to control the behavior of bitumen binders and multicomponent mixtures of different compositions (asphalt concrete mixtures). The national standard GOST R 58400.11-2019 has been put into effect and the production of appropriate measuring equipment has been established. At the same time, the ABCD method can be used both to study the properties of mixtures of binders with polymers of various topologies and to select a commercial binder that meets the requirements of a specific region of highway operation.