Standard Diesel Research Articles

Upgrading MSW pyrolysis oil through distillation and hydrotreatment for automobile engine applications: A short review

The demand for fossil fuel in today’s world is increasing at a higher pace with rapid population growth and industrial development. The reserve for petroleum-based fossil fuels is finite which necessitates the search for alternative fuels. Pyrolysis oil obtained from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has drawn the attention of many researchers because of their high heating value and similar fuel properties with commercial automobile fuel and has potential to substitute commercial diesel fuel. Nevertheless, the crude oil obtained from pyrolysis of MSW has some shortcomings such as higher viscosity and density, lower flash point and cetane index, unpleasant odor, and higher sulfur content, preventing its useability as a drop in fuel for automobiles at present. In this short review, distillation and hydrotreatment post treatment procedures, amongst many others, are discussed for improving the properties of pyrolysis crude oil. Focus has been given on waste plastic and waste automobile tire pyrolysis oils as they constitute a significant amount of MSW currently. This review reported that noticeable improvement of the properties (cetane number, flash point, viscosity, and sulphur contents) of crude pyrolysis oil (PPO or TPO) can be achieved through distillation and/or hydrotreatment, which are comparable to the properties of standard diesel.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION STRATEGIES TO AUGMENT THE DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND REDUCTION OF EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS BY THE EFFECT OF WASTE PLASTIC OIL

The need for biomass to waste plastic oil (WPO) in recent years, as the desire to diversify feedstock and reduce industrial emissions has grown. The technologies for converting biomass to conventional WPO are investigated in this paper. Biomass likes as cow dung and kitchen waste was used as a feed for the anaerobe to generate biogas. This biogas can be effectively utilized for heating purpose of synthesis WPO from waste plastic. WPO conversion process fly ash is used as catalyst with 0.1 cat/pol. WPO blend with different percentages with diesel like 25 % to 100 % WPO ((WPO 25), (WPO 50), (WPO 75) and (WPO 100) ) by volume with pure diesel and run the KIRLOSKAR TV -1 engine. At various engine loads, the impact of WPO blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated. The results are validated to those of a standard diesel fuel operation. WPO has a greater fuel concept and brake thermal efficiency than diesel. The engine functioned better with WPO25 mix. It is discovered that the NOx, HC, CO2, and smoke emissions are greater than those of diesel.

Life-Cycle and Applicational Analysis of Hydrogen Production and Powered Inland Marine Vessels

Green energy is at the forefront of current policy, research, and engineering, but some of the potential fuels require either a lot of deeper research, or a lot of infrastructure before they can be implemented. In the case of hydrogen both are true. This report aims to analyse the potential of hydrogen as a future fuel source by performing a life-cycle assessment. Through this the well-to-tank phase of fuel production, and the usage phase of the system have been analysed. Models have also been created for traditional fuel systems to best compare results. The results show that hydrogen has great potential to convert marine transport to operating off green fuels when powered through low-carbon energy sources, which could reduce a huge percentage of the international community’s greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen produced through wind powered alkaline electrolysis produced emission data 5.25 g of CO2 equivalent per MJ, compared to the 210 g per MJ produced by a medium efficiency diesel equivalent system, a result 40 times larger. However, with current infrastructure in most countries not utilising a great amount of green energy production, the effects of hydrogen usage could be more dangerous than current fuel sources, owing to the incredible energy requirements of hydrogen production, with even grid (UK) powered electrolysis producing an emission level of 284 g per MJ, which is an increase against standard diesel systems. From this the research concludes that without global infrastructure change, hydrogen will remain as a potential fuel rather than a common one.

Production of waste tyre pyrolysis oil as the replacement for fossil fuel for diesel engines with constant hydrogen injection via air intake manifold

The increasing global demand for alternative fuels as a replacement for fossil fuels has sparked a surge in the use of non-fossil fuel sources. While many alternative fuels already offer improved performance characteristics, ongoing research seeks to further enhance their quality. This particular study focuses on elevating fuel quality by introducing hydrogen into waste tire pyrolysis oil. To conduct the investigation, experimental tests were performed using three different fuel combinations: standard diesel, 15% (W15) waste tire pyrolysis oil blends, and 30% (W30) biodiesel blends. Additionally, each of these blends was enriched with 5 L/min of hydrogen gas. The experiments were conducted in a naturally aspirated, direct injection, four-cylinder, inline, four-stroke diesel engine, operating at various speeds of 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, and 2500 rpm. The study assessed the parameters such as torque, power, specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions. Furthermore, this research explored the viability of utilizing waste tire pyrolysis oil blends with hydrogen as fuel in compression ignition engines without any modifications, as their fuel qualities were observed to be comparable to standard diesel fuel. Encouragingly, the results indicated that the addition of hydrogen to waste tire pyrolysis biodiesel improved the combustion process and led to a reduction in harmful gas emissions. Despite waste tyre pyrolysis oil possessing a lower heating value in comparison to diesel, the findings revealed that this heating value could be effectively enhanced by introducing hydrogen through the engine's inlet manifold. Among the blends tested, W15 emerged as a particularly promising alternative fuel for diesel engines due to its favorable performance and reduced environmental impact, as evidenced by lower carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide emissions.

A Study on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Operated with Ternary Higher Alcohol Biofuel Blends

This study focused experimentally on the evaluation of a higher alcohol biofuel utilization with diesel fuel in a compression ignition engine. To this effect, two different ternary higher alcohol biofuel blends with different percentages by volume were used, i.e., DA5 (85% diesel + 5% butanol +5% pentanol + 5% hexanol) and DA10 (70% diesel + 10% butanol + 10% pentanol + 10% hexanol). The performance and emission results were compared against reference standard diesel fuel. Experiments revealed the brake power (BP) values of the engine to be reduced due to the lower calorific value of the alcohols. In addition, this phenomenon led to increased levels of brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), which resulted in a higher fuel consumption to obtain unit power. Regarding emissions, carbon monoxide (CO) was reduced as a result of the additional oxygen content of alcohols, which triggered the more oxidized CO with oxygen. The results regarding unwanted nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were also attractive according to the alcohol utilized. Considerable reductions were obtained with alcohol mixtures when compared to diesel fuel, which can be explained by the reduced combustion temperatures in the cylinder, given the higher latent heat in the evaporation of alcohols.

EXTRACTION, PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERIZATION OF DIESEL ENGINE USING WASTE LIPOLYTIC MICROORGANISM BIODIESEL

<p>In this study, milk waste water will be extracted, transformed into Lipolytic microorganism’s biodiesel (LMD) using transesterification, and tested for appropriateness as an alternative, sustainable, renewable source for IC engines. The properties of the created blends of biodiesel were investigated and compared to those of conventional diesel. The outcomes demonstrated that the fuel's fundamental characteristics are discussed with neat diesel. Investigated are the operation, combustion, and exhaust gas analysis of a test engine running on LMD. The studies involve running different biodiesel-diesel blends (B10, B20, B30, B40, B50, and B80) at varying loads (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) in a single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine at a constant speed and comparing the results to the benchmark diesel. The values of break thermal efficiency(BTE) was decreased by 0.59, 0.68, 1.30 and 2.98% respectively for the blends of 10, 20, 30 and 50% of biodiesel mixing. The brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) is decreased by 0.1, 0.3, 0.44, and 0.77%. Any biodiesel-diesel combination reduces exhaust gas pollutants. At maximum load, the values of emissions like CO, HC, and smoke opacities of B30 decreased by 12.1%,3.94%, and 11% when compared to standard diesel. However, as per the analysis biodiesel of LMD is a potential alternative fuel that doesn't require significant alterations to be used in I.C engines.</p>

Assessing the bioavailability of black carbon-derived dissolved organic matter for marine heterotrophic prokaryotes

Here we investigated the bioavailability of black carbon (BC)-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) for a natural mixed community of marine heterotrophic prokaryotes. We ran an in vitro biodegradation experiment that took place over 3 months and exposed a community of organisms collected in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Bay of Marseille, France) to three different soluble fractions of BC prepared in the laboratory from various fossil fuel combustion particulates: standard diesel (DREF), oxidized diesel (DREF-OX), and natural samples of ship soot (DSHIP). Over the course of the three months, we observed significant decreases in the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC; from 9 to 21 %), dissolved BC (DBC; from 22 to 38 %) and dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (d-PAH; from 24 to 64 %) along with variability in the growth dynamics and activity of the heterotrophic prokaryotic community. The heterotrophic prokaryotic community exposed to DREF-OX treatment showed the highest values of respiration and production and the highest cell abundance, associated with the highest decrease in DOC (21 %) and d-PAH (64 %) concentrations. In the DREF and DSHIP treatments, prokaryotic activity was oriented towards anabolism. DREF treatment led to the highest decrease in DBC concentration (38 %). DSHIP treatment, which presented a substantially different d-PAH and dissolved metals content to the other two treatments, showed the lowest decreases in DOC, DBC and d-PAH concentrations, as well as the lowest prokaryotic activity and biomasses. Our results indicate that BC-derived DOM, including the most condensed fraction of this material, is partly bioavailable and therefore likely to be assimilated by marine prokaryotes. The origin of BC/soot deposited at the ocean surface turns out to be a key parameter that dictates the efficiency of biodegradation of its dissolved fraction by heterotrophic prokaryotes.

Properties and Analysis of Liquid Alternative Fuels III: Vegetable Oils and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils

The importance of alternative fuels and biofuels is constantly growing due to energy security, sustainability, and social responsibility. This article is another in a series of review articles designed to recapitulate information on the required properties of individual alternative fuels, their testing methods, and the significance of individual analyses. This article is focused on fuels based on vegetable oils and hydrotreated vegetable oils. Rapeseed oil is a triglyceride-based fuel that can be burned in modified diesel engines. Modification of the engine consists in the inclusion of preheating of the fuel or modification of the injection system, due to the high viscosity of this fuel. Rapeseed oil and vegetable oils in general have a higher oxygen content than conventional diesel fuels, which is associated with a lower energy content than that of diesel fuels. Compared to diesel, vegetable oils have a higher density, a lower cetane number, and a significantly higher flash point and viscosity. Vegetable oils also have low oxidative stability. Physical properties monitored in rapeseed oils include density, viscosity, flash point, and calorific value. From the chemical properties, the iodine number, acidity number, water content, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and phosphorus are monitored. From the other properties, oxidative stability, ignitability, ash content, carbonation residue, content of impurities, and appearance are monitored for rapeseed oils. HVO is a high-quality fuel for standard diesel engines. Due to the hydrocarbon character of HVO, no engine modification is required. HVO has a very high cetane number, very good low-temperature properties, optimal viscosity, high flash point, excellent oxidative stability, and a very low content of undesirable contaminants such as aromatic hydrocarbons, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen-containing compounds. Compared to diesel fuels, HVO has a lower density. The observed qualitative parameters and testing methods are very similar to those of conventional diesel fuel B7. The main difference lies in the modified determination of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Evaluation of the environmental and cost impact of a small diesel engine with ethanol-diesel and isopropanol-diesel fuel at varying engine loads and speeds

Nowadays, alcohol additives such as ethanol and isopropanol are used to minimize emissionsresulting from combustion in diesel engines. While these blends contribute to reducing emission values, itis also important to consider their environmental and cost implications. Therefore, this experimental studyfocuses on the emission characteristics and the environmental and cost impact of alcohol additives in dieselfuel. The experiments were conducted at low and medium engine torques (3 Nm and 6 Nm) and variousengine speeds (1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 rpm). Additionally, three different test fuels were used in theexperiments, including standard diesel fuel, as well as diesel fuel with volumetric additions of 7% ethanol(E7) and 7% isopropanol (IP7) alcohol additives. The emission values of all test fuels were measured, andan analysis of environmental influence and cost was conducted. Upon examining the results, it is evidentthat the addition of alcohol to diesel fuel significantly increased the environmental influence and cost atlow engine speeds, while it led to a decrease at high engine speeds. Furthermore, the increase in engineload contributed to emission reduction due to higher combustion temperatures, thereby contributing to adecrease in both cost and environmental influence.

Exploring the Potential of Lignocellulosic Biomass-Derived Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ether as a Sustainable Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines

The most effective way to reduce internal combustion engine emissions is to use a sustainable alternative fuel that contains oxygen molecules. Alternative fuels may be used to address a future global energy crisis. Different oxygenated alternative fuels have been investigated in internal combustion engines. Polyoxymethylene di-methylene ether (PODE), which contains 3–5 CH2O groups, is currently superior in the field of oxygenated fuels due to its physical and chemical properties. Furthermore, using PODE as a fuel does not necessitate any significant engine modifications. When compared to standard diesel fuel, the use of PODE results in near stoichiometric combustion with less hazardous exhaust gas. It also significantly reduces NOx emissions due to the lack of C-to-C bonds. Several articles in the literature were found on the manufacturing and application processes for the production of PODE. However, the current review focuses primarily on simplifying the various production technologies, the physical and chemical properties of PODEn and its advantages and disadvantages in ICEs, PODEn application in internal combustion engines and its characteristics, PODE spray analysis, and measurements of the fuel’s physical and chemical characteristics. This review emphasizes the fact that PODE can be used as a sole fuel or in conjunction with fossil fuels and advanced combustion technologies. Because C-C bonds and higher oxygen molecules are not available, the trade-off relationship between nitrogen oxides and soot production is avoided when PODEn is used as a fuel, and combustion efficiency is significantly improved.

The impacts of nano fuels containing Fe-Ni-TiO2/activated carbon nanoparticles on diesel engine performance and emission characteristics

. Biofuels, which are widely used as alternative fuels to reduce fossil fuel consumption and replace them with fossil fuel-like energy sources, are increasingly being supplemented with nanoparticles (NP) to overcome their limitations, including lower energy content and higher emissions. The study aimed to examine the impact of Fe-Ni-TiO2/activated carbon (AC) nanoparticles, produced by the authors, on engine performance and emissions when added to diesel/biodiesel fuel blends. The produced Fe-Ni-TiO2/AC NP was employed as an additive in palm oil (PO)/diesel fuel blends at 50 and 100 ppm concentrations. The results revealed that compared to standard diesel, employing Fe-Ni-TiO2/AC NPs lowered emissions including smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) in all fuel blends while increasing nitrogen oxide (NOx). In the DNP30-100 fuel blend at 2500 W engine load, there was an increase in NOx by 8% and a decrease in CO, HC, and smoke emissions by 70.3%, 86.3%, and 57.5%, respectively, compared to standard diesel. Furthermore, a decrease of 11.38% was observed in brake-specific fuel consumption, while brake thermal efficiency increased by 16.59% compared to diesel. The overall results suggest that using Fe-Ni-TiO2/AC as an additive in a diesel–biodiesel fuel blend can improve engine performance and decrease emissions.

Performance and Emission Characteristics for Karanja Biodiesel Blends Assisted With Green Hydrogen Fuel and Nanoparticles

Abstract Extensive efforts are being made to produce and use a variety of alternative energies in order to meet the rising global energy demand. The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the mass fuel burnt, emissions, and performance properties of biodiesel made from non-edible karanja oil along with hydrogen and nanoparticles in a standard diesel engine. Upon experimental evaluation, it was determined that the transesterified karanja oil retained all of its vital physicochemical properties within the specified tolerances. The emission and performance characteristics of karanja biodiesel blended with nanoparticles and hydrogen fuel were assessed at different engine loads ranging from 0% to 100%. The uniform amount of nanoparticles and hydrogen was incorporated into test fuels. Al2O3 nanoparticles of 50 ppm were used in this study and hydrogen of 5 L/min was supplied to the engine. K20NH test fuel had the maximum brake thermal efficiency and less brake-specific fuel consumption compared to the other fuel blend. The emissions were considerably reduced on karanja oil, nanoparticles, and hydrogen-blended biodiesel except for nitrogen emission compared with conventional diesel fuel. In this study, the utilization of karanja, nanoparticles, and hydrogen-blended biodiesel showed a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to reduced emission and enhanced performance characteristics.

Uncovering the differences: A comparison of properties of crude plastic pyrolytic oil and distilled and hydrotreated plastic diesel produced from waste and virgin plastics as automobile fuels

Thermal pyrolysis of mixed waste plastics (MWP) and mixed virgin plastics (MVP) containing high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) at 1:1:1 ratio were performed in a 20L pyrolytic pilot-scale batch reactor. The pyrolysis was conducted at 540 °C temperature and atmospheric pressure for 6 h. The properties of the produced crude plastic pyrolytic oil (CPPO or crude PPO), such as higher heating value (HHV), cetane index, lubricity, flash point, etc, obtained by pyrolysis of MWP, and MVP samples, confirmed that the oil was not suitable for direct use as an automobile fuel. Therefore, CPPO was further refined by vacuum distillation to match the properties of standard diesel more closely, herein referred as distilled plastic diesel (DPD). Some of the properties of DPD did not meet the standard diesel criteria, which is why DPD was further refined through a hydrotreatment process to ensure it was directly comparable to standard diesel, herein referred as hydrotreated plastic diesel (HPD). The fuel properties of all crude PPO, DPD and HPD were analysed and compared to standard (consumer) diesel according to Australian, ASTM and EN standards to assess their suitability as automobile fuel. With the aid of a 20L pyrolizer and a pilot-scale distillation and hydrotreatment plant, this comprehensive study demonstrated the importance of distillation and hydrotreatment for CPPO and found that DPD and HPD are well suited for use as drop-in diesel fuels. The results signify that with the right choice in refining technologies, waste plastics can be used as a source of automobile fuel.

Experimental investigation of the effects of 7% ethanol and 7% isopropanol added to standard diesel fuel on engine vibration and noise

Reducing noise and vibration emissions, which are the most important factors affecting drivingcomfort in diesel engine vehicles, is an important issue. It seems possible to reduce these emissions byadding renewable fuels to diesel fuel. The main purpose of this study is to reduce engine vibration and noiseemissions by mixing ethanol and isopropanol fuels with diesel fuel. In the experimental study, 7% ethanol(D93E7) and 7% isopropanol (D93IP7) were added to the pure diesel fuel to reduce vibration and noiseemissions caused by the use of standard diesel (D100) fuel. The experiments were carried out at twodifferent loads (3-6 Nm) and at four different speeds (1000-1500-2000-2500 rpm). When the test resultsare evaluated in general; In the tests performed with D93E7 fuel at 6 Nm load and 2000 rpm, it wasdetermined that vibration emissions decreased by 26% compared to D100 fuel and noise emissionsdecreased by 2%. On the other hand, in tests performed at low load (3 Nm) with D93I

Green synthesized nano-additive dosed biodiesel-diesel-water emulsion blends for CI engine application: Performance, combustion, emission, and exergy analysis

Numerous research studies have demonstrated that biodiesel is an ideal substitute for standard diesel fuel. However, biodiesel produced more nitric oxide emissions. The novel green synthesized cerium oxide (CeO2) nano-additive is used and produced from cerium nitrate hexahydrate using Azadirachta indica leaf extract to reduce NO. Subsequently, the presence of CeO2 is analyzed through different morphological studies. The CeO2 nano-additive is mixed with the 20% Trichosanthes cucumerina oil biodiesel emulsion in different proportions of 10, 20, and 30 ppm are used for this experimental study. From the experimental outcomes, TCB20 Emulsion+30 ppm CeO2 blend shows a significant reduction in hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, smoke opacity, and NO emissions by 16.78, 38.30, 20.73 and 6.06%, respectively, when compared with standard diesel. Also, it was found that the TCB20 Emulsion+30 ppm CeO2 blend showed better engine performance with enhanced combustion characteristics. As a result, the comparison of TCB20 Emulsion and TCB20 Emulsion+30 ppm CeO2 blends shows a substantial difference in the decrease of NO by 4.92% and smoke opacity by 11.82%, respectively. It shows improved engine combustion characteristics with an excellent smoke-NO emission trade-off. According to the exergy analysis, the TCB20 Emulsion+30 ppm CeO2 blend had a higher energy share (53.73%) and lower exergy destroyed (46.27%) than other TCB blends. Hence, the TCB20 Emulsion+30 ppm CeO2 blend can be used as an alternative for standard diesel fuel without any engine modifications.

Execution and emission characteristics of automotive compression ignition engine powered by cerium oxide nanoparticles doped water diesel emulsion fuel

The rising consumption of oil and air pollution in developing countries compelled us to seek suitable alternative fuels for the existing compression ignition engines used in power generation, transportation, and industrial sectors, all of which play a strong role in the development of the nation's economy. Moreover, rising demand and consumption also causes a huge impact on our economy as we are dependent on other nations to cater to our needs as domestic production fails to fulfill the present requirement and leads to huge import bills that affect the ordinary man. A water/diesel (W/D) emulsified formulation helps to diminish the engine exhaust discharge without compromising the engine’s performance. The current task experimentally evaluates the execution and discharge characteristics of cerium oxide nano-particles doped water diesel emulsion fuel viz E15, E15CeO2(40), E15CeO2(60), and E15CeO2(80) on multi-cylinder automotive compression ignition engine at steady 1650 rpm, under variable test load situation. Mechanical stirring was used to make E15 water diesel emulsion fuel, whereas ultrasonicator and mechanical stirrer were used to make E15CeO2(40), E15CeO2(60), and E15CeO2(80) blends. Surfactants span 80 and tween 80 were used. The concentrations of cerium oxide nanoparticles in emulsion fuel samples were 40, 60, and 80 ppm, respectively. The characteristics like thickness, flash point, and heating value of test fuels were evaluated and reported within the range as specified by governing standards. The execution and discharge characteristics of various emulsion fuel samples were compared to standard diesel. At maximum load, cerium oxide doped fuels greatly improve engine performance while lowering environmentally harmful engine pollutants such smoke opacity, NOx, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon emissions by 40.27%, 33.60%, 30%, and 18.75%, respectively.

Enhancing diesel engine performance and reducing emissions characteristics using ternary blends of diesel-biodiesel- CH3NO2

ABSTRACT Researchers are exploring for new alternatives to fossil fuels to improve the performance and reduce the pollution of internal combustion engines. This is because fossil fuels are becoming more expensive and pollution levels are going up. The purpose of this research was to find a way to replace standard diesel with blended fuels. This was done by putting mixtures of diesel, biodiesel, methanol, and nitromethane (CH3NO2) into an engine and looking at how they burned, how well they worked, and how much pollution they made. The fuels that were tested were diesel, B10 (90% D and 10% biodiesel), B10NM1 (diesel 87%, biodiesel 10%, methanol 2%, CH3NO2 1%), B10NM2 (diesel 86%, biodiesel 10%, methanol 2%, CH3NO2 2%), and B10NM3 (diesel 85%, biodiesel 10%, methanol 2%, CH3NO2 3%). Experiments were done on a single-cylinder, four-stroke DI diesel engine using blends of diesel, biodiesel, and nitro methane to find the ideal blending ratio and engine operating conditions for enhancing performance and minimizing emissions. Under normal engine conditions, the B10NM3 blend (made up of 85% diesel, 10% biodiesel, 2% methanol, and 3% nitro methane) gave the highest performance and the least amount of pollution. Compared to pure B10, the B10NM1 mix decreased emissions (HC by 8.1% and CO by 13.6%) while raising BTE by 15.6%, NOx by 7.2%, and cylinder pressure by 2.2%. On the other hand, NOx emissions went up by 7.2%.

Performance evaluation and conservation of waste solid plastics into alternative fuel for a pollution‐free environment

AbstractThe handling of waste plastics is a big challenge and various recycling routes are imposed to prevent the environmental ecosystem. Waste plastics are one of the major pollutants in the living environment and have characteristics such as non‐dehydration and toxicity. The wastages are occupying natural lands and water source areas, decreasing the soil behavior, reducing the minerals, and affecting the environmental ecosystem. In this situation, waste plastics are effectively handled with a suitable recycling process that helps to minimize toxicity. According to the present research, waste plastics are handled by separate arrangements and treated with the pyrolysis technique to obtain useful alternative fuel oil for automotive fuel applications. The synthesized pyrolysis (waste plastic oil fuel) oil fuel is tested by single stage four‐stroke diesel engines and its performance is compared with standard diesel fuel. The test results show that the brake thermal efficiency is improved by 28.85%. A higher 37% yield was obtained during this decomposition process above the 550°C temperature of 1 kg of waste plastics, formed as gas and condensed via cooling water, maintaining an ambient temperature. Moreover, the DI gas emission analyzer is used to evaluate the exhaust gas emission result found less than 1% of the CO and HC formation.

Environment impact assessment of agricultural diesel engines utilizing biodiesel derived from phoenix sylvestris oil

Uncontrolled emissions, massive price increases, and other factors encourage searching for a suitable diesel engine fuel alternative. In its processed form, vegetable oil biodiesel is an appealing green alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. Vegetable oil esters have qualities comparable to those of standard diesel fuel. As a result, biodiesel may be utilized to run a diesel engine without any further alterations. This article analyses the potential of Phoenix sylvestris oil, which may be found in forest belts across the globe, as a viable feedstock for biodiesel extraction. Phoenix sylvestris oil is found to be abundant in different forest belts worldwide. The free fatty acid must first be transformed into esters using catalytic acid esterification before proceeding to alkaline catalytic esterification. The molar ratio (6:1), catalyst concentration (1 wt%), reaction temperature (60 °C), and reaction time (2 h) have all been optimized for biodiesel extraction. Biodiesel produced had characteristics that were similar to standard biodiesel specifications. The biodiesel yield from Phoenix sylvestris oil was 92.3% under optimum conditions. The experimental results revealed that the Phoenix sylvestris oil biodiesel performed better than neat Phoenix sylvestris oil and its blends. Phoenix sylvestris oil blend produced better brake thermal efficiency with lower smoke, hydrocarbon, and CO emissions. The biodiesel produced from non-edible Phoenix sylvestris oil has the potential to be employed as a viable alternative to diesel fuel.

Soxhlet Extraction of Spirogyra sp. as an Energy Source and Physicochemical Characterization of Produced Biodiesel

Due to industrialization demand of energy is increasing and hence to meet the demand without any compromise in growth and development, alternative source of energy needs to be found. The best alternative source is biofuels which are extracted from organic compounds. Algae are aquatic organisms almost available in every type of water bodies and considered as potential candidates for biodiesel productions at large scale. In present study, an experimental set –up was designed to produce algal oil through transesterification process. The Soxhlet extraction method is employed as an oil extraction method. The solvent utilized for oil extraction method is n-hexane, petroleum ether and mixture of both solvents to extract the algal oil. Also the oil extracted from the algae is characterized to identify the suitability of algal biodiesel as a potential biofuel for internal combustion (IC) engine. The characterization revealed that physicochemical properties of obtained biodiesel were in permissible range in comparison with standard diesel fuel.