Standar Nasional Indonesia Research Articles

Meta-analysis of Physicochemical Characteristics in Beekeeping, Wild, and Stingless Bee Honey

The two most extensively beekeeping honeybee species were Apis mellifera and A. cerana. Other species that produced honey, albeit with infrequent cultivation, include A. dorsata, A. florea, and some stingless bees, including Trigona and Melipona. Different types of honeybees were known to affect the quality of honey. Hence, this investigation aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to examine the similarities in honey quality between honey sourced from beekeeping and wild honeybees. Data analysis was performed using the OpenMEE software, facilitating the calculation of effect size and standard error. The effect size and common error data were subsequently organized into separate columns within a CSV file. This CSV file was then imported into the JASP 0.16.2 software to conduct heterogeneity and Egger tests to detect potential publication bias. The findings indicated significant disparities in the quality of honey produced by beekeeping, wild, and stingless bee honey, as determined by various parameters, including pH value, moisture, total sugar, acidity, HMF (hydroxymethylfurfural), and diastase enzyme levels (p < 0.05). According to the results of the meta-analysis, honey from beekeeping exhibited superior quality to that of wild and stingless bees. However, the average values of all parameters still adhered to the established honey quality standards set by the Standar Nasional Indonesia and the International Honey Standard (IHS).
 
 Keywords: honey, honeybees, meta-analysis, physicochemical quality

Cold sterilization of coconut water by membrane technology and UV-C

Coconut water contains amino acids, vitamins, antioxidants, and mineral, which are beneficial for human health. However, rapid degradation of coconut water due to the presence of protein, fat, and microbes has led to short shelf life and coconut water’s rancidity. Sterilization of coconut water by heat treatment has been proven to be effective in microorganism elimination, but results in major changes of coconut water’s sensory attributes. In this research, cold sterilization of coconut water was conducted by using ultrafiltration membrane and UV-C to preserve the sensory properties and nutritional components in coconut water. The radiation dose of UV-C and operating pressure of ultrafiltration membrane was varied to obtain the optimum operating condition. The sterilization process by UV-C did not remove fat and protein, which are the rancidity-causing components. In ultrafiltration sterilization, fat and protein can be removed by 74% and 31.37%. Superior microorganism elimination by ultrafiltration was obtained at 99.9999%, compared to that by UV-C at 90%. The ultrafiltration also retained the coconut water’s pH, total soluble solid, and flavor, while improved its clarity. At optimum operating pressure of 0.25 bar, the coconut water’s shelf life of 3 days, according to the Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI), can be achieved.

Analysis of Relevancy of Local Culture Wisdom in Salt Production with Analytical Chemistry Subject in Order to Develop Instruments for Integrated Etnochemistry Lecture

Characteristic of Chemistry learning which is integrated with etnochemistry is the existing of local culture wisdom aspects as a learning media, as a learning source, or as a learning method to comprehend chemistry concepts. This descriptive research aims to analyse the relevance of local culture wisdom with Analytical Chemistry subject which is integrated with etnochemistry in production of salt in order to develop learning instruments based on Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning method. The objects of the research are local culture wisdom in production of table salt (in Pijot village, Sub-district of Keruak, Distric of East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia) and Analytical Chemistry subject. Data is collected from documents and interview and then being analysed descriptively. The results showed that (1) There is a relevancy of local culture wisdom element in production of salt with any topic in Analytical Chemistry subject, (2) Lecture instruments of Analytical Chemistry subject which is integrated with etnochemistry could be developed by including sea water, salt, and bittern water as learning media in class lecture and in practical work in laboratory, and salt crystallization process as learning source, (3) Lecture instruments of Analytical Chemistry subject which is integrated with etnochemistry based on PBL method could be developed by including real problem in society as a way to improve quality of salt so it appropriate with SNI standard. (SNI = Standar Nasional Indonesia: Indonesia National Standard).

Natural antimicrobial properties of liquid smoke derived from cocoa pod shells in meatball preservation

The liquid smoke, which is produced by pyrolyzing wood materials containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, can be used to preserve food. Phenolic, acetic, and carbonyl compounds found in liquid smoke can serve as a natural preservative. This study aimed to determine meatball preservation ability of liquid smoke from cocoa pod shells. Specifically, cocoa pod shells were converted to liquid smoke using slow pyrolysis at three different temperatures, 300 °C, 340 °C and 380 °C. Prior to its use, liquid smoke was purified using distillation at 190 °C. Liquid smoke at concentrations of 0.5%–3.0% was then used to preserve meatballs using an immersion method. Total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N), total plate count (TPC), and most probable number (MPN) analyses were used to evaluate preservation performance of liquid smoke. The statistical methods for MPN using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's tests. The SNI (Standar Nasional Indonesia) threshold to test whether meatballs remained fresh (TVB-N <20 mg N/g). TPC test results indicated that beef meatballs stay fresh at room temperature for 42 h or 48 h of storage using 0.5% or 1%–3% liquid smoke concentrations, respectively. Based on MPN tests showed meatballs could last for 48 h for all samples. Liquid smoke produced from cocoa pod shells can be used as a natural preservative for beef meatballs; however, liquid smoke concentrations influence the maximum preservation period for meatballs.

Analysis of cleanliness, health, safety, and environmental sustainability in Merapi disaster-prone tourist villages

Background: Covid-19 pandemic has brought enormous effect on tourism sector. Covid-19 transmission can be prevented by the implementation of cleanliness, health, safety, and environmental sustainability (CHSE) aspects. This study aims to analysis the implementation of CHSE based on the Indonesian National Standard No. 9042 of 2021 (Standar Nasional Indonesia No.9042 Tahun 2021). Method: This was a quantitative study with survey design executed using CHSE guidelines of the Indonesian National Standard No. 9042 of 2021. The research sample consisted of 68 tourist cottages which were selected using total sampling technique. The research instrument was CHSE checklist to measure the implementation of CHSE in the tourist cottages. Results: Results of the study showed that the implementation of CHSE in tourist cottages in three tourist villages of Nganggring, Tunggul Arum, and Penting Sari were categorized as low with the scores of 22.90% for management, 37.02% for human resources, and 27.46% for guest participation. Conclusion: CHSE implementation in three tourist villages of Nganggring, Tunggul Arum, and Penting Sari has not be done in maximum manner so that the scores for each of the indicators of management, human resources, and guest participation were categorized as low.

DESIGNING OF OPEN CHANNELS AND CLOSED CHANNELS FOR DRAINAGE FACILITIES IN AIRSIDE

Drainage facilities are one part of the airside facilities that are important to ensure the safety of the airside area when weather changes occur. This study aims to make drainage that can be carried out to ensure the safety of the airside area from stagnant water. The calculation of airside drainage refers to the planned drainage calculation rules so that the drainage channels can design accordingly so as not to interfere with the operation of other facilities. In the design of drainage work, the material requirements for making open and closed channels at Dewadaru Karimun Jawa Airport must be precisely designed so that the work takes place by the specified planning and quality standards. The research uses a mixed methodology that the exploratory study by conducting a literature study that compares observation. The analysis starts by finding the volume for each work item based on Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 2052-2017, a national iron and concrete standard. The result shows the excavation of soil for making channels, the total volume required is 880.24 m3, the importance of sand is 40.76 m3, the book of substantial rebates of a mixture ratio of 1: 2: 3 is 23.82 m3, and the book of K300 Concrete works for U-Ditch type C channels (100 x 100) is 116.29 m3. For the needs of the required iron volume of 16,415.09 kg, formwork of 1,408.45 m2, stone river masonry size 100 x 100 by 139 m3, stone river masonry size 50x50 amounted to 42.05 m3, and the volume of plastering work of the channel amounted to 192.46 m2. The conclusion of this study is the accuracy of design required to calculate each work item's volume.

Pengujian Kualitas Biodiesel dari Minyak Kelapa Sawit Dengan Katalis Heterogen Abu Daun Kucai (Allium schoenoprasum): Parameter Berat Katalis, Rasio Mol Minyak Terhadap Metanol dan Waktu Reaksi

The Chives’s Plant (Allium schoenoprasum) came from the wild ancestors that is the native of European and Asian. The ash of chive leaves contain considerable amount of metal, enabling its usage as catalyst in the making of biodiesel. Based on the Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) characterization, chive leaf ash calcined at 600 ˚C contained 26.14% potassium oxide, 17.55 calcium oxide, 21.94% carbon, and 22.05% phosphorus pentoxide. The ash of chive leaves later on, used as the catalyst on the biodiesel making from the palm oil. The highest biodiesel yield of 94.42% was achieved at reaction temperature of 60 ˚C, 3% catalyst amount, ratio of oil and methanol 1:12, and reaction time 120 minutes. Based on its density, viscosity, moisture, and total glycerol biodiesel has met the Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 7182:2015. However, the purity of biodiesel still haven’t met the standards, in which methyl ester content was 69.13% and the triglyceride was 18.83%.

Optimization of Bentonite Bar Soap Formula with Combination of Coconut Oil and Soybean Oil Using Simplex Lattice Design Method

Muslim population in Indonesia reaches 87% and is one of the countries with the largest muslim population according to the 2010 population census. Thaharah is one of the things that Muslims pay much attention to, especially in worship. One of thaharah is washing up from najis mughallazah. Soap is skin cleansing preparations that has become a public basic needs so that the innovation of soap formulation containing bentonite as a component that can washed the najis mughallazah to make it easier for Muslims to thaharah. This study optimizes the formula for bentonite bar soap with combination of coconut oil and soybean oil using the Simplex Lattice Design method. The optimum formula obtained was then verified using the one sample T-test method. To determine the optimum formula, it is necessary to test the physical and chemical properties such as foaming power and foam stability and follows the parameters of the Standar Nasional Indonesia such as foaming water content, pH, total fat, insoluble substance in ethanol, free alkali/ free fatty acid and unsaponifiable fat. Bentonite soap with the optimum formula was then tested for consumer acceptance. The optimum formula from the prediction consisted of 76.58% coconut oil and 23.42% soybean oil. The test results of the formula produced soap with hard properties and good foaming and met several requirements of SNI 3532:2021.

Quality Of Lighting In Regular And Fullday Class Tsanawiyah Miftahul Huda Tayu Pati

An analysis of the quality of the lighting level in the classroom needs to be carried out to determine the existing lighting level. If the level of lighting is below the specified standard, it can cause eye damage. Meanwhile, if the level of lighting is above the standard, the classroom will be too bright. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of lighting in the Regular and Full Day classroom of MTs. Miftahul Huda Tayu. The tools and materials used in this experiment are lux meter, roller meter and thermohygro. The experiment was carried out in the Regular class school building and the Full Day classroom building with a sample of three rooms per building with each room representing each floor. The experiment was carried out during the day for three consecutive days. There are two types of the intensity measured in this experiment, namely natural intensity (lights off) and natural artificial intensity (lights on). In each room, 9 points were taken. The floor area and window area were measured using a roller meter. From the experiments that have been carried out, it can be concluded that the lighting in the Regular class (17-73 lux) and Full Day class (97-181 lux) buildings do not meet Indonesian National standards (Standar Nasional Indonesia, SNI).

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN KOMBINASI MINERAL SELENIUM, ZINC, DAN VITAMIN E TERHADAP KUALITAS FISIK, KIMIA, DAN MIKROBIOLOGI DAGING BROILER

Broiler meat could be a medium for the growth and development of microorganisms that could be the cause of meat spoilage. This study aimed to examine the effect of supplementation of the combination of the minerals Selenium, Zinc, and Vitamin E through drinking water on the physical, chemical, and microbiological quality of broiler meat. The study was conducted in May-October 2021. The treatment was given for 30 days in the broiler cage unit in Adimulyo Village, Gading Rejo District, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province. This research was using Completely Randomized Design with five treatments and three replications (five tails per replication) so that a total of 75 male broilers. The treatments were P0: drinking water without Vitamin E, Selenium and Zinc (control); P1: drinking water with 0,017 gram/kg body weight; P2: 0,033 gram/kg body weight; P3: 0,050 gram/kg body weight; P4: 0,067 gram/kg body weight. Based on the results of testing at the Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Lampung Disease Investigation Center, it was found that the carcasses of this study were of very good quality. This is evidenced from the results of all sample testing that meet the minimum requirements for quality, safe, healthy, intact and halal carcasses according to the standards set by the government in Standar Nasional Indonesia 7388:2009, including no changes in taste, smell, and consistency; no indication of decay by Durante and H2S tests; the total amount of microbial contamination is below the maximum limit (1x106 colonies/gram); and the amount of Eschericia coli contamination below the maximum limit of Standard Nasional Indonesia (1x102 colonies/gram). The conclusion indicates that the administration of the minerals Selenium, Zinc, and Vitamin E in drinking water can increase the stamina and endurance of broilers against infection and unfavorable environmental conditions during rearing, which can have an effect on the health of the broilers and the quality of the carcass produced.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Broiler carcass, Carcass quality, Selenium, Vitamin E, Zinc

Production and characterization of gelatin from rabbit bone as bioplastics material by acid pre-treatment

This study aims to find out the effect of hydrochloric acid curing concentration on the characteristics of rabbit bone gelatin and determine the level of hydrochloric acid concentration for the soaking process to produce the best characteristics of rabbit bone gelatin. The material used was 50 kg of Rex rabbit bones obtained from rabbit farms, HCl 4, 5 and 6% and distilled water. The rabbit skin was soaked in hydrochloricacid (4, 5 and 6%) for 4 d as treatment and replicated three times. Gelatin extraction was performed three times at temperatures of 65, 75 and 85°C for 4 h each time and the results obtained were filtered through filter paper. The filtrate was concentrated at 50°C for 5 h. The concentrated filtrate was then poured into a tray before drying in an oven at 50°C until dry. Milling was carried out until it became gelatin powder. This study used a completely randomised design with a unidirectional pattern, and if there was a significant difference, continued with Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that the rabbit bone gelatin yield was between 6.18-8.52%, moisture 8.08-8.45%, ash content 8.15-10.93%, pH 3.85-4, protein content 57.09-62.84%, fat content 0.04-0.27%, gel strength 74.47-129.09 bloom, viscosity 3.06-4.26 cP, thick point 10-12°C, melting point 33-35°C and the molecular weights were 85, 120, and 212.5 kDa. The characteristics of rabbit bone gelatin still meet the Standar Nasional Indonesia gelatin range. Curing treatment with 6% HCl gave the best gelatin characteristics.

Aflatoxin contamination in broiler feed from small-scale farms in Sidenreng Rappang Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

This study aims to determine the aflatoxin contamination in broiler feed obtained from several small-scale farms (range 1,000-10,000) in Sidenreng Rappang Regency, Indonesia. The study was conducted by measuring the sample using the ELISA method to determine the Aflatoxin level and observe potential the aflatoxin contamination in broiler farms. The results showed 30.6% of broiler feed samples contain aflatoxin more than 50 ppb, it was above of Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 01-6366-2000. The potential for aflatoxin contamination in broiler farms includes the temperature of the feed warehouse, the humidity of the feed warehouse, storage time, feed ingredient content, and feed warehouse model.

The effect of natural rubber on physical and mechanical properties of rubber seal for LPG tube valve

The price of natural rubber (NR) continues to decline. In early January 2020 the price of Standard Indonesian Rubber (SIR) 20 was around 1.83 US$/kg and in May 2020 dropped to 1.09 US$/kg. Under this condition, NR downstream program becomes a necessity to increase domestic consumption of NR so that the sustainable rubber industry can be achieved. One prospective product and can be substituted using NR is the rubber seal for Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) tube valve. Based on the rubber seal quality requirements in Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 7655: 2010, the rubber raw material should use rubber which is resistant to n-pentane. Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) synthetic rubber is suitable, meanwhile NR is not resistant to n-pentane so it is not suitable to produce rubber seal for LPG tube valve. Hence, this research studied the effect of NR on physical and mechanical properties of rubber seal compared to NBR compound. The results showed that NR improved elastic properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break and compression set, but decreased the resistance to n-pentane. Mixing NBR and NR with appropriate compositions can produce a better rubber seal for LPG tube valve.

Pengaruh Lokasi Geografis dan Vegetasi terhadap Sifat Fisikokimia Madu dari Ciwidey dan Bogor

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Physicochemical properties are one of the parameters of honey quality that impacts the sales of honey as well as the economy condition of the society in Ciwidey and Bogor. The physicochemical properties of honey are significantly influenced by the origin of the honey, including its geographical location and vegetation. This study aims to determine the physicochemical properties between multiflora honey from Ciwidey and Bogor with different source of nectar where Ciwidey honey is dominated by calliandra nectar while Bogor honey is dominated by kapok nectar. Data were analyzed with descriptive and quantitative method using independent t test for data with normal distribution (water content and reducing sugar content). Data that were not normally distributed (color analysis and acidity value) were tested non-parametrically with the Mann Whitney-U. The results showed that Bogor honey has the better physicochemical properties and meets Indonesian National Standard (Standar Nasional Indonesia, SNI) 8664:2018, with a water content of 15.15% w/w, L* values of 35.26, a* value of 28.66, b* value of 59.46, c* value of 66.01, h* value of 64.27°, reducing sugar content of 78.78% and acidity value of 35.56 mL NaOH kg-1. Phytochemical screening showed positive results on alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol and tannin, and the results of GC-MS analysis showed three significant compounds which are hydroxymethylfurfural of 48.26%, levoglucosan of 13.58% and ammonium carbamate of 9.18%.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Characteristics of Compost from Balinese Cattle Dung (CD) and Rice Straw (RS) using White Rot Fungus (Wrf) (Ganoderma sp) As Bioactivators

To maximize the performance of the fermentation process, there is a need for a biactivator. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of compost-based waste from cattle dung (CD) combined with rice straw (RS) by applying white rot fungus (Wrf) (Ganoderma sp) as a bioactivator. In this study, 6 types of treatments have been applied, namely T1(CD:RS)(25%:75%)+5% of Wrf; T2(CD:RS)(50%:50%)+5% of Wrf; T3(CD:RS)(75%:25%)+5% of Wrf; T4 (CD:RS)(25%:25%)+0% of Wrf; T5(CD:RS)(50%:50%)+0% of Wrf; T6 (CD:RS)(75%:25%)+0% of Wrf. The study was designed experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD), 6 treatments with 3 replications. Based on the research results, the difference in the ratio of CD to RS and the use of Wrf bioactivator has a significant effect (p&lt;0.05) in increasing the pH, temperature, C-organic and C/N ratio in compost. However, this difference had no significant effect (p&gt;0.05) on the C-organic value. The pH value of compost was obtained with variations of 5.50±0.43-6.73±0.06. Temperature of compost is in the range of values 24.00±0.00-25.67 ±0.58 ºC. The C-organic value is in the range of 24.38±0.48-31.32±0.80%, while the N-organic value varies at 1.34±0.11-2.10±0.15%. The C/N ratio is in the range of 15.00± 0.11-19.33±1.15. Based on the interaction, the results showed that there was a significant interaction (p&gt;0.05) between the use of Wrf bioactivator with the ratio of CD to RS on the parameters of pH, N-organic and C/ Nratio, while, C-organic and temperature had no significant effect. The results of the study was concluded that several test parameters produced compost characteristics that were in accordance with Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) and the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia. Compost production using T3 treatment ((CD:RS)(75%:25%) + 5% of Wrf) produces the best characteristics compared to other treatments.

Sunscreen Activities of Bark Artocarpus heterophyllus against Ultraviolet Ray (Sun Protection Factor) in Lotion Formula

Sunscreen lotion is used to prevent the skin from ultraviolet radiation, which can cause various diseases, such as acne, burning, redness, swelling, wrinkling, and skin cancer. Natural sunscreen lotions contain chemical compounds that have relatively long conjugated double bonds or the presence of hydroxyl groups. The result of the maceration of Artocarpus heterophyllus bark produced ethanol and methanol extracts, based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry characterization, both extracts contained straight and cyclic chain compounds which had conjugated double bonds. The number of double-bonded compounds in ethanol extract is more than in methanol extract. Sun protection factor (SPF) value of ethanol extract lotion formula is greater than SPF value of methanol extract lotion formula, the SPF value ethanol extract lotion formula at concentration 2; 2.5; 5; 7.5; and 12% were consecutive: 29.801 ± 0.224; 32.797 ± 0.161; 33.808 ± 0.165; 34.580 ± 0.295; and 35.015 ± 0.169, (SPF value of negative control: 0.435 ± 0.2839 and positive control, 31 ± 0.0284). SPF value of methanol extract lotion formula for concentration 2; 2.5; 5; 7.5; and 12% was 14.407 ± 0.010; 26.549 ± 0.476; 30.274 ± 0.208; 32.031 ± 0.302; and 31.942 ± 0.324. Each extract SPF value is higher than the SPF value of the lotion formula. The result of testing the physical properties of the lotion formula shows that the lotion type is o/w, the lotion viscosity ranges from 2450 cP to 4780.0 cP meet Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) standards. The pH test results ranged from 6.020 to 7.845 meets SNI. The spreading power of the lotion ranges from 4.70 to 6.75 cm. The adhesive strength of the lotion ranges from 16 to 41 s.

PENGARUH INFUSA DAUN KELOR (Moringa oleifera) SEBAGAI PRESERVATIF ALAMI TERHADAP KUALITAS DAGING BABI

Pork is one of the most consumption types of meat in the East Nusa Tenggara region.. Moringa leaf are one part of the plant which is known to have antimicrobial compounds.The aimof this research was to determine the influence of Moringa leaf infusion as a natural preservative to the quality of pork.This research is an experimental laboratory research and used a total of 48 samples of thigh pork (Biceps femoris). This research used a completely randomized design with factorial pattern. The first factor was concentration of infusion Moringa leaf consist of 0% (K0), 5% (K1), 10% (K2), and 15% (K3) and the second factor was time of storage consist of 0,6, 12, and 18 hours with 3 replications. The parameters of porkquality that have been examined: color, texture, odor, value in the Eber test, pH value, and total plate count (TPC) value.The results showed that the addition of Moringa leaf infusion change the color and odor. The Eber test shows the K3 group can last up to 18 hours. There was no significant effect of infusion concentration (P&gt; 0.05) on the pH value and there was a very significant effect on the time of storage (P&lt;0.01) on the pH value. There was a significant effect of infusion concentration (P&lt;0.05) and very significant effect on the time of storage (P &lt;0.01) on the TPC value. The value of TPC in the K3 group was below of the Standar Nasional Indonesia contamination limit for laying less than 12 hours at room temperature.

Optimalisasi Penggunaan Gipsum dan Batu Kapur pada Pembuatan Semen Putih

White Portland cement is a fine, gray or white powder, which consists of a mixture of hydraulic cement materials consisting mainly of calcium silicate, aluminate, and aluminoferrite. The manufacture of white portland cement requires special raw material requirements and manufacturing processes, such as raw materials containing very low iron oxides and manganese oxides. Various tests were carried out to obtain white cement of good quality and meet Indonesian National Standards or Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI). The tests included raw material testing (Lost on Ignition test, LOI) on various compositions and LOI test, % SO 3 test, and color test on white Portland cement. The results showed that the greater the % SO 3 , the strength of white Portland cement will decrease and the greater the LOI, the white Portland cement will be easily damaged. So from the results of the study obtained a good raw material composition for white Portland cement is 89% white slag, 4% limestone, and 7% gypsum. All test results meet Indonesian National Standards or SNI.

Comparing Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps with ShakeMap Footprints for Indonesia

AbstractA number of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) maps have been released for Indonesia over the past few decades. This study proposes a method for testing PSHA maps using U.S. Geological Survey ShakeMap catalog considered as historical seismicity for Indonesia. It consists in counting the number of sites on rock soil for which the independent maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the ShakeMap footprints between May 1968 and May 2018 exceeds the thresholds from the PSHA map studied and in comparing this number with the probability of exceedance given in the PSHA map. Although ShakeMap footprints are not as accurate and complete as continuous recorded ground motion, the spatially distributed ShakeMap covers 7,642,261 grid points, with a resolution of 1 km2, compensating the lack of instrumental data over this period. This data set is large enough for the statistical analysis of independent PGA values on rock sites only. To obtain the subdata set, we develop a new selection process and a new comparison method, considering the uncertainty of ShakeMap estimates. The method is applied to three PSHA maps (Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program [GSHAP], Global Assessment Report [GAR], and Standar Nasional Indonesia [SNI2017]) for a selection of sites first located in Indonesia and next only in the western part of the country. The results show that SNI2017 provides the best fit with seismicity over the past 50 yr for both sets of rock sites (whole country and western part only). At the opposite, the GAR and GSHAP seismic hazard maps only fit the seismicity observed for the set of rock sites in western Indonesia. This result indicates that this method can only conclude on the spatial scale of the analysis and cannot be extrapolated to any other spatial resolution.

Keberadaan bakteri patogen pada sampel pangan jajanan anak sekolah dasar di Pulau Sapeken, Sumenep, Jawa Timur

School children snacks are food that is found and routinely consumed by children in the school environment.Good and healthy food must be free from hazardous and toxic materials, such as microbial contamination,chemicals and other materials. The consumed food must meet the microbial contamination requirementsbased on SNI (Standar Nasional Indonesia) safety testing. Pathogenic bacteria still a serious problem invarious countries including Indonesia, since they are capable of causing foodborne diseases. Sapeken Islandis located in Sapeken Village, Sapeken District, Sumenep Regency, East Java Province. The purpose of thestudy was to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria in samples of snacks for school children onSapeken Island. The method used was the Most Probable Number (MPN) for Escherichia coli, Test Numberof Bacillus sp., Test Number of Staphyllococcus sp., Identification of Salmonella, and Total Plate Count(TPC). The test results obtained in the MPN of Escherichia coli included SD M (9.9 ± 3.8) MPN / g, SD 5(8.68 ± 2.73) MPN / g, SD IT (5.08 ± 0.66) MPN / g, and SD 4 (4.26 ± 2.44) MPN / g exceed the SNI limit.JURNAL BIOLOGI UDAYANA 23(2): 60-71 P ISSN: 1410-5292 E ISSN: 2599-285661The results of JPT E. coli in snack empek-empek at SD I and SD 2, and JPT E. coli ojek in all elementaryschools is &lt;3 MPN / g. The results of the empek-empek and ojek samples in all elementary schools for alltests with the parameter number Bacillus sp. is &lt;1 x 103, the number of Staphylococcus sp. is &lt;1 x 102,Salmonella identification is negative, TPC is &lt;1 x 105 CFU / g. The conclusion of the study is snack forschool children (empek-empek) and ojek on Sapeken Island does not contain contamination of pathogenicbacteria Escherichia coli, Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Salmonella identification, and TPC, except forthe JPT E. coli test on empek empek in SD M, SD 5, SD IT and SD 4 that exceed SNI limits.