Stainless Wire Research Articles

Long-term investigation of uniaxial compressive and self-sensing performances of ultra-high performance seawater sea-sand concrete incorporating superfine stainless wires: Insights into underlying mechanisms and theoretical models

Developing intrinsic self-sensing concrete is expected to provide a digital intelligence solution to address the infrastructure’s challenges in terms of safety, lifespan, resilience, and carbon emission reduction. Using seawater and sea-sand as well as corrosion-resistant conductive fillers to fabricate self-sensing ultra-high seawater sea-sand performance concrete (UHPSSC) with outstanding mechanical and durability performances is the prerequisite for realizing localized resource utilization and in-situ monitoring of marine infrastructure. However, the potential effect of ions from seawater and sea-sand on the long-term stability of mechanical and electrical performances cannot be ignored. This paper presents a long-term investigation of uniaxial compressive, electrical, and self-sensing performances of superfine stainless wires (SWs) reinforced UHPSSC under natural curing. The results show that incorporating 1.5% SWs improves the compressive strength, elastic modulus, peak strain, and toughness of UHPSSC by 25.0%, 11.7%, 33.8%, and 119.2%, respectively. The established statistical damage constitutive models based on Weibull strength theory highlight the roles of SWs in delaying crack initiation. The dense microstructure of SWs-reinforced UHPSSC inhibits the growth of expansive hydration products formed by corrosive ions, thus guaranteeing its long-term strength development. Additionally, due to incorporating 1.5% SWs, the electrical resistivity of UHPSSC is reduced by seven orders of magnitude, with a strain sensitivity of 119.1 under monotonic compressive loading and a monitoring stress range of 0-148.4 MPa, indicating that SWs-reinforced UHPSSC can sense its stress and strain while providing early warning of crack initiation and propagation. Benefiting from the rust-free property, micron diameter, and high aspect ratio of SWs, the primary conductive path of composites comprises the overlapping networks formed by low-content SWs, which are not influenced by the ion conduction of conductive ions. Hence, SWs-reinforced UHPSSC exhibits stable electrical resistivity and sensitivity during long-term curing, suggesting its considerable potential for long-term in-situ monitoring of marine infrastructure.

Modifying effects and mechanisms of superfine stainless wires on microstructures and mechanical properties of ultra-high performance seawater sea-sand concrete

Modifying effects and mechanisms of superfine stainless wires on microstructures and mechanical properties of ultra-high performance seawater sea-sand concrete

Stress Analysis of Periodontal Tissue in en Masse Retraction With Integration of Maxillary Anterior Teeth: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Method Study.

To simulate the en masse traction technique with the integration (EMTI) of six maxillary anterior teeth using a finite element model (FEM) and explore various protocols for maxillary protrusion. The study aimed to investigate root displacement and stress distribution in the periodontal ligament (PDL) by varying the retraction position and direction of EMTI applied to the maxillary anterior teeth. No actual participants were involved. The FEM model included six teeth (central and lateral incisors and canines) with a PDL thickness of 0.3 mm. The model encompassing the alveolar bone (ALB) and EMTI had 180,528 elements and 47,836 nodes. The EMTI integrated six anterior teeth via a 0.9-mm-diameter stainless steel lingual wire, equipped with three moment arms extending toward the root apex: one midline (central arm) and two distal to the canines (lateral arms). The position and direction of the traction force applied to the three moment arms of the EMTI were varied to assess crown and apex displacement, as well as PDL stress. Lingual tipping was consistent across all protocols, emphasizing controlled incisor tipping. The application of horizontal traction at 10 mm and traction at 7 mm from the central and lateral arms of the EMTI, respectively, demonstrated the most uniform stress distribution across the PDL of all six anterior teeth. The FEM analysis results suggest that the new EMTI method, which retracts the maxillary anterior teeth as a unit, is effective for tooth movement and PDL stress distribution. The EMTI technique, with its specific traction protocols and emphasis on controlled tipping, appears to be a promising approach for addressing maxillary protrusions.

Study on Microstructure and Properties of LZ50 Axle Steel Repaired by Laser Additive Remanufacturing

ER308L stainless steel welding wire was used for laser repair of LZ50 train axle steel sample. A large number of defects, such as microcracks, pore shrinkage and porosity, can be found in the re-manufacturing sample. A wave-like structure was formed at the boundary of the fusion zone between the augmented repair material and the base material, and the structure in this zone was consist of about 83% martensite and about 17% austenite, In the ER308L stainless steel welding wire repair zone, columnar equiaxed crystals with different lengths and morphology were formed, all of which pointed to the center of the molten pool. After repair, the tensile strength of the specimens decreased from 601.34MPa to 427.81MPa, and the elongation decreased from 16% to 5%, The fracture mode was a combination of ductile fracture and brittle fracture.

Использование криогенного охлаждения при волочении нержавеющей проволоки

In the manufacture of wire with high operational and mechanical properties, the use of high total degrees of compression is irrational, since cold plastic deformation reduces the diameter of the wire, and with hot deformation the initial diameter of the wire has its limitations. Therefore, wire processing by thermomechanical method has a huge potential to reduce costs and improve product quality. The article develops a technology of thermomechanical processing of stainless wire, which consists in preliminary heat treatment to obtain an austenitic structure and traditional drawing followed by cryogenic cooling. As a result of such processing, an ultrafine-grained structure consisting of a mixture of austenite and α – martensite and high strength and plastic properties were obtained. When drawing using cryogenic cooling, a structure with an average grain size of 1 microns was obtained, and a microstructure of 2 microns was obtained at ambient temperature.

EFFECTIVENESS OF OOLONG TEA LEAVES EXTRACT AS A CORROSION INHIBITOR FOR ORTHODONTICS STAINLESS STEEL WIRE

Stainless steel orthodontic wire is the type most often used in the oral environment for long periods, which can potentially generate corrosion. The occurrence of corrosion will cause a hypersensitivity reaction caused by the wire components interacting with the oral environment. One of the efforts that can be used to reduce the corrosion rate is to use organic inhibitors containing antioxidants found in oolong tea leaves. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of oolong tea leaves as a corrosion inhibitor on stainless steel orthodontic wires. This study is a laboratory experimental study with a post-test-only control group design using stainless steel orthodontic wire with a length of 4 cm and a diameter of 0.41 mm in as many as 24 samples. The samples were divided into four groups; one treatment group was artificial saliva, and the other three groups were a mixture of artificial saliva given oolong tea leaf extract with concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, and 25%, respectively. The measurement of the corrosion rate was carried out using the weight loss method. Then, the orthodontic wire was characterized after immersion using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results of the data were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis test. The results showed that the highest corrosion rate was found in the artificial saliva group that was not treated at all, and the corrosion rate with treatment decreased. The group with oolong tea leaf extract with a concentration of 25% showed the best results in inhibiting the corrosion rate of wire. In conclusion, oolong tea leaf extract has proved to be an effective corrosion inhibitor for stainless steel orthodontic wire.

Modeling of Grain Size Change and Phase Transformation of Stainless Wire during Drawing with Cryogenic Cooling

Modeling of Grain Size Change and Phase Transformation of Stainless Wire during Drawing with Cryogenic Cooling

An investigation of the corrosion behavior of zinc-coated stainless steel orthodontic wires: the effect of physical vapor deposition method

BackgroundReleasing of metal ions might implicate in allergic reaction as a negative subsequent of the corrosion of Stainless Steel (SS304) orthodontic wires. The aim of this study was to evaluate the corrosion resistance of zinc-coated (Zn-coated) SS orthodontic wires.MethodsZinc coating was applied on SS wires by PVD method. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Potentiodynamic polarization tests and Tafel analysis methods were used to predict the corrosion behavior of Zn-coated and uncoated SS wires in both neutral and acidic environments.ResultsThe values of Ecorr ,icorr and Rct ,which were the electrochemical corrosion characteristics, reported better corrosion behavior of Zn-coated SS wires against uncoated ones in both artificial saliva and fluoride-containing environments. Experimental results of the Tafel plot analyses were consistent with that of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses for both biological solutions.ConclusionApplying Zn coating on bare SS orthodontic wire by PVD method might increase the corrosion resistance of the underlying stainless-steel substrate.

Mapping the meltdown behavior of frozen dairy desserts

The meltdown test is an efficient tool widely and commonly used to characterize structural changes in frozen desserts resulting from different ingredients and processing conditions. The meltdown is commonly determined by a gravimetric test, and it is used to obtain the onset (Mon), rate (Mrate), and maximum (MMax) meltdown. However, these parameters are calculated ambiguously due to the inconsistency in the methodology. This work aims at modeling the meltdown curves (weight vs time) of different commercial samples (36 commercial samples). Samples of commercial frozen desserts (40-60 g) was placed on a 304 stainless wire cloth (1.50 mm opening size and 52% open area) suspended about 15 cm above of an analytical balance, and the dripped portion of the melted ice cream was continuously recorded throughout the duration of the test. The meltdown test was conducted at room temperature. Each meltdown test generated more between 3000 to 4000 data points and was modeled using 4 equations: The logistic model, the Gompertz model, the Richard model, and the Hill model. All the meltdown curves were sigmoidal in shape, regardless of the type of frozen dessert. The experimental meltdown curves were adequately represented by the Logistic model, judging by several criteria (R2 = 0.999, adjusted RAdj2 = 0.999, Akaike probability = 6582, and F-value = 1.88 × 106). Thus, the Logistic model was shown to be an effective tool for predicting the meltdown curves of frozen desserts, and it can be used to define unambiguously the onset, rate, and maximum meltdown. Moreover, a dimensionless response (meltdown behavior, MBe) that combines Mon, Mrate, and MMax was developed and used for mapping the meltdown of different commercial frozen desserts.

The Potential Of Avocado Seed Extract (Persea Americana) In Inhibiting The Release Of Metal Ions In Cuniti And Stainless Steel Based Orthodont Wire

The release of ions is the initial stage of the corrosion process in an orthodontic wire. Continuous release of ions can reduce the effectiveness and performance of the orthodontic wire. Continuous release of ions in CuNiTi orthodontic wire can change the properties of the wire and trigger hypersensitivity reactions, also in stainless steel orthodontic wire which experiences continuous release of ions can reduce its stiffness. The tannin in avocado seeds is useful as a corrosion inhibitor it can inhibit the release of ions because they are able to bind with metal ions and form a passive layer also able to bind with Fe ions in stainless steel orthodontic wires to form a passive surface layer which is able to inhibit the release of ions when the corrosion process occurs. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of avocado seed extract as a corrosion inhibitor on the release of metal ions from CuNiTi and stainless steel orthodontic wires. Rectangular CuNiTi and stainless steel orthodontic wires measuring 0.017 x 0.025 inches were taken in 3 groups (1 control group soaked in artificial saliva and 2 treatment groups soaked in avocado seed extract). The samples were soaked in avocado seed extract with a concentration of 1.5 g/L and 2 g/L for 7 days. To see the release of ions, an X-Ray Fluorescence test is carried out. In CuNiTi orthodontic wire from the one way ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference between the control group and all treatment groups on Cu, Ni and Ti ions. The Post Hoc LSD test showed that there were significant differences between the control group, treatment group 1 and treatment group 2 in Cu, Ni and Ti ions with a p value. In stainless steel orthodontic wire, the one way ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference between the control group and all treatment groups in Fe and Ni ions but not significant in Cr ions in the ion release test with a p value <0.05. The Post Hoc LSD test showed that there were significant differences between the control group, treatment group 1 and treatment group 2 in Fe and Ni ions with a p value <0.05. Providing avocado seed extract with tannin content at concentrations of 1.5 g/L and 2 g/L can inhibit the rate of ion release in CuNiTi and stainless steel orthodontic wires due to the corrosion process.

DIFFERENCE IN FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE BETWEEN LIGATURE WIRE AND ELASTIC MODULE” (AN IN VITRO STUDY)

Introduction: The purpose of this in-vitro study was to compare the frictional resistance forces generated by slid low friction elastomeric ligatures and stainless steel ligatures wire during leveling and alignment phase. Methods: The testing metal plates consisted of three stainless steel 0.022-in slot size preadjusted brackets of lateral incisor, canine and first premolar. First comparison were the bracket position vertically adhered to the plates. The second one were the canine bracket was adhered as a high canine in 2 mm. The forces generated by wires (0.014-in superelastic nickel-titanium) with the 2 types of ligatures at different bracket position were recorded. Results and Conclusions: The results of the present study revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in the frictional force between group A and group B with a p-value of 0.047 which is less than 0.05 level of significance, while there was no statistically significant difference in the frictional force between group C and group D with a p-value of 0.56 which is greater than 0.05 level of significance.

Evaluation of Bond Strength and Adhesive Remnant Index of Different Lingual Retainers in Human Incisor Teeth

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the bond strengths of four different lingual retainers and assess the adhesive remnant index (ARI) to determine their effectiveness in orthodontic retention. Methodology: Eighty human incisor teeth were divided into four groups, with each group bonded using a different retainer: Group 1 (E-Glass retainer), Group 2 (0.017” Co-axial stainless steel wire), Group 3 (Splint C.T. fiber mesh), and Group 4 (0.010” stainless steel ligature wire). Bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine, and ARI scores were recorded to assess bond failure types. Results: Group 1 (E-Glass retainer) demonstrated the highest bond strength, followed by Group 3 (Splint C.T. fiber mesh), Group 2 (Co-axial stainless steel wire), and Group 4 (stainless steel ligature wire). Cohesive bond failures were observed in most groups, except for the co-axial stainless steel wire group, which exhibited adhesive failures. Conclusion: E-Glass fiber-reinforced retainers showed the highest bond strength, making them a promising alternative to conventional stainless steel wires for orthodontic retention, especially in patients with esthetic concerns or nickel hypersensitivity. Stainless steel retainer groups exhibited lower bond strengths, and cohesive bond failures were prevalent. Further research is needed to validate these findings in clinical settings and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of different lingual retainers.

Single Bone Intramedullary Fixation of the Radius in Pediatric Both Bone Forearm Fractures Using Straight Stainless Steel Kirschner Wire: A Cross-sectional Study on Radiological and Clinical Feature.

We aimed to report radiological and clinical features of single bone intramedullary fixation of the radius in pediatric both bone forearm fractures using straight stainless steel Kirschner (K) wire. Fifty-eight children (42 boys and 16 girls) referred to our hospital with both bone diaphyseal forearm fractures were operated on by using the single bone rigid K-wire intramedullary fixation and mini-open technique. The mean follow-up time was 8.9 months (6-12). The mean age of the patients was 7.4 years (4-12). More than 2/3 of the fractures were in the right hand. Around 63% of the fractures were in the middle third, 28% in the distal third, and 9% in the proximal third. Moreover, 12% were open type I Gustilo-Anderson fractures. The mean time from injury to surgery was two days (1-4), and the mean length of hospital stay was 2.8 days (2-5). The mean duration of surgery was 24.7 minutes (18-38), and the mean follow-up time was 8.9 months (6-12). All fractures united within 4-16 weeks (mean: 7.62). The cast and implant were removed simultaneously as the radiographic fracture union. There was no serious complication. Superficial infection of the pin track and loosening of the pin occurred in three cases (5%), all controlled by antibiotics and timely removal of the pins. Mild restriction of elbow extension (less than 20 degrees) was observed in three cases, which returned to normal at the last follow-up. Limitation of dorsiflexion of the wrist by more than 20° occurred in two patients (35° and 45°), which reverted to 25° and 25°, respectively, at the last follow-up. In both bone forearm fractures in children, open reduction and internal fixation of only the radius with a stainless steel straight Kirschner wire could be a promising method with good results. This retrograde technique of intramedullary fixation is a simple and cost-effective method with minimal complications and acceptable outcomes in children aged 4-12 years.

Thermo-hydraulic Analysis of Fluid Flowing Through Circular Pipe with Wire Mesh Inserts having Varying Mesh Porosity

The experimental investigation was made to analysis the rate of heat transfer of fluid flowing through a heat exchanger with varying wire-mesh porosity inserts. The Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f), and overall heat transfer rate (Q) were evaluated using experiments. Three different wire mesh inserts of square, hexagonal and diamond porosity were examined. The SS 316 stainless wire mesh with a porosity of 9 pores per inch (PPI) were inserted normal to the flow field with a pitch distance of 5 cm for each shape of wire mesh. The experiments were conducted on test rig with air as a working fluid for turbulent flow regime having Reynolds number ranging from 6,000 to 16,000. Experiments were performed on computerized test rig with heated air flowed in one direction through inner pipe and counter flow cold water flowing through the outer concentric pipe. The circular inner pipe of 40 cm long having 4 cm inner diameter (Di), and 3 mm thick was used for experimentation. The experimental results showed that Nusselt number (Nu) increases with decrease in friction factor (f) with increase in Reynolds number (Re). Also, it is observed that the hexagonal porosity shape of wire mesh insert provides higher material contact and gain more energy absorption from hot air resulted in improvement in heat transfer coefficient as compared to diagonal and square porosity shapes of wire mesh inserts, under similar operating conditions. The friction factor and pressure drop for square porosity shape of wire mesh insert is higher as compared to hexagonal and diagonal porosity shapes of wire mesh inserts respectively. This is due to the fact that square porosity wire mesh provides more obstruction in the flow field compared with hexagonal and diagonal porosity shapes of wire mesh inserts. The hexagonal porosity shape of wire mesh insert provides better option for heat exchange applications.

Comparative Evaluation of Durability and Hygiene Between Multistrand Round Dead Soft and 8-Braid Flat Dead Soft Stainless Steel Retainer Wire

Aim and Objectives The present study aims at evaluation and comparison of durability and hygiene between 2 different lingual retainer wires bonded between premolar to premolar, that is, maxillary or mandibular arch in the same patient. Materials and Methods Eighty retainer wires were placed in 40 patients. They were assigned to 2 groups and subjected to 2 different types of retainer wires (multistrand round and 8-braid flat). Results The mean durability of multistrand round retainer wire (235.7 ± 67.28 days) was more than 8-braid flat retainer wire (153.5 ± 43.85 days) irrespective of arches to which they were bonded, which was statistically significant. Scores for plaque index, calculus index, and gingival index were found more with 8-braid flat retainers and in lower arch than multistrand round retainer and in upper arch but these are statistically not significant. Conclusion The mean durability of multistrand round retainer wire was more than 8-braid flat retainer wire. The analysis did not find any statistical significant association for deposition of plaque, calculus, and gingival inflammation between different retainer wires and between arches.

Guide Flange Prosthesis: A Case Report

This article introduces the concept of guide flange prosthesis as a rehabilitative solution for patients undergoing hemi-mandibulectomy due to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). OSCC is a prevalent malignancy, particularly in India, necessitating surgical resection that often leads to functional impairments and aesthetic challenges. Mandibular continuity loss results in issues like mandibular deviation, occlusal plane rotation, and cosmetic disfigurement. The guide flange prosthesis, discussed through a case report of a 45-year-old male post-hemi-mandibulectomy, aims to stabilize the remaining mandibular segment, reduce deviation, and enhance chewing function. The article emphasizes the importance of comprehensive rehabilitation, especially when dental implants may be contra-indicated due to radiotherapy. The case involves the fabrication process of the prosthesis using perforated partial impression trays, irreversible hydrocolloid, and a stainless steel orthodontic wire substructure. The patient's successful adaptation to the guide flange prosthesis, providing stability and improved mastication, highlights its significance in the post-resection phase. The article also discusses the prevalence of oral cancers in India, surgical interventions, and the role of innovative approaches like guide flange prostheses in addressing the challenges of oral cancer reconstruction. Overall, the integration of surgical techniques and prosthetic interventions offers hope for enhanced outcomes in the complex landscape of oral cancer rehabilitation.

Evaluation of Salivary Nickel and Chromium Level of Iraqi Sample Treated with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

As orthodontic appliances consider one of the esthetic treatment in dentistry, which contain variable amount of Nickel and Chromium in different part of the orthodontic appliance that may release in saliva and affect patient's health, the aim of the study was conducted to evaluate the nickel and chrome concentration level in saliva for orthodontic patients who are treated with nitinol and stainless steel arch wire and compare this concentration with that of control group. Three groups have been studied 1st group and 2nd experimental includes 17 patients with nitinol arch wire and other 17 patients with stainless steel arch wire. The 3rd group was control group includes 17 patients without orthodontic appliance, stimulated saliva collected in sterile screw capped bottle, and kept at (-20 C˚) then allowed to defrost at room temperature, then the concentration of salivary ions of nickel and chromium was measured by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Descriptive and Inferential statistical analysis has been used. Revealed significant difference in Cr and Ni concentration among three groups. This study proved that with nitinol arch wire the level of Cr and Ni increase in saliva more than that of control and stainless steel group.

Comparison of mixed-mode forced-convection solar dryer with and without stainless wire mesh in solar collector

Abstract A mixed-mode forced-convection solar dryer (MMFCSD) is a device that utilizes both direct and indirect solar energy. The solar collector, which stores thermal energy for indirect solar uses, is an essential component of the dryer. Unfortunately, the thermal efficiency of this device is generally low. In this study, a technique was employed to improve the heat transfer of the solar collector in a MMFCSD. The technique involved adjusting the air flow pattern into a swirling flow to disturb the thermal boundary layer on the absorber plate under forced convection by using stainless wire mesh. The experiment was conducted under actual conditions and bananas were used as the drying sample. The experimental results of the thermal efficiency of the solar collector (ƞsolar) and the drying efficiency (ƞdrying) are presented. The results indicated that the air outlet temperature and ƞsolar of the solar collector with stainless wire mesh were higher than the case without stainless wire mesh, reaching a maximum temperature of 46.22°C and 37.97°C, and average ƞsolar of 0.26 ± 0.02 and 0.14 ± 0.01, respectively. The MMFCSD with stainless wire mesh had a higher ƞdrying than the case without stainless wire mesh, with values of 0.048 ± 0.004 and 0.039 ± 0.003, respectively, resulting in an ~23.07% increase. This was attributed to the air swirling flow through the stainless wire mesh and the heat accumulation in the drying chamber, which led to an increase in the drying chamber temperature from 54.03°C to 63.60°C, an increase in the effective moisture diffusivity from 7.28 × 10–7 to 1.19 × 10–6 m2/s and a decrease in the drying time of 5 h 30 min. However, further research is needed to investigate the quality of the dried samples and their economic value.

Effects of Welding Parameters on Droplet Transfer and Bead Geometry in Laser Welding with Aluminum and Stainless Steel Filler Wires

Laser welding is increasingly used in industries because it allows high production cycle time and single-sided welding, but is characterized by a high sensitivity to joint preparation. By inserting filler wires, the sensitivity to joint preparation can be suppressed. In this study, the effect of welding variables on the bead geometry and melted droplet transfer were investigated. Two wires with different thermal diffusivities and densities were selected: stainless steel (STS) and aluminum (Al) wires. According to the wire feeding angle, the melting area tended to differ between the STS and Al wires. This implied that the wire feeding angle had to consider the absorption rate of the material for the laser wavelength. With an increase in the distance between the wire tip and the substrate, the dominant force acting on the droplet was changed from surface tension to gravity. Therefore, the distance was considered as a major factor in determining the droplet transfer mode. In all cases, the droplet transfer period exhibited relatively small deviation when the wire feeding direction was leading. Furthermore, the focal length effects on droplet transfer were irrelevant.

Mechanical performance of 22SiMn2TiB steel welded with low-transformation-temperature filler wire and stainless steel filler wire

Mechanical performance of 22SiMn2TiB steel welded with low-transformation-temperature filler wire and stainless steel filler wire