Stages Of Oxidation Research Articles

Identification of CO Source in Return Airway Corner Based on Oxygen Isotope Method: A Case Study

ABSTRACT The problem of CO exceeding the limit in the return airway corner of low-stage coal seriously affects fire prediction and forecasting as well as the health and safety of operating personnel. Identifying the sources of CO in return airway corner can help in the adoption of targeted measures to reduce the risk of coal spontaneous combustion (CSC). In this paper, a method based on oxygen isotope is proposed to identify the source of CO accumulation in return airway corner. Laboratory experiments (pyrolysis, ambient temperature oxidation [ATO], and crushing) and field tests (CO testing in the goaf and working face) were conducted to study the pattern of CO generation and field distribution and to obtain gas samples. The δ18O relationship between different sources of CO was analyzed by combining the results of18O tests of CO from experiments and in the field. Results show that the coal seam does not contain primary CO. The CO in the return airway corner originates from ATO and crushing of the coal. The coal sample can produce CO quickly during the first stage of oxidation at room temperature and during the crushing process, and it has a good linear relationship with time. The δ18O average of CO in the goaf is 26.41‰, which is close to ATO. The mean value of δ18O of CO in the return airway corner is 24.49‰, which is located between ATO and crushing. The calculated proportions of CO in the return airway corner originating from ATO and crushing were 87% and 13%, respectively. The study’s findings provide fresh perspectives for the prevention and control of CSC.

Study on organic carbon in medium-low mature shale oil reservoirs rich in type II kerogen: Oxidation behavior, thermal effect, and kinetics

In-situ combustion technology (ISC) was a potential technology for efficient development of medium–low maturity shale oil reservoirs. Clarifying the exothermic behavior of organic carbon oxidation will be beneficial for better control of ISC processes. In this work, the organic carbon composition, type II kerogen and residual oil, were separated and extracted from the shale samples of typical medium–low maturity shale oil reservoirs in the Ordos Basin, China. The synchronous thermal analyzer and mass spectrometry (STA-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ROCK-EVAL VI were used to study the products, heat release, and functional group changes of type II kerogen, residual oil, and shale during the oxidation process. The results indicated that the oxidation heat release of shale mainly came from the oxidation reaction between its residual oil and type II kerogen, but the oxidation heat release range of shale was relatively lagging compared to the single residual oil or type II kerogen affected by rock debris. Secondly, under atmospheric pressure, the type II kerogen experiences obviously higher heat release than residual oil and heavy oil, indicating its superior potential of in-situ heat release. In addition, the major productions that CO, H2O, SO2, and CO2 were quantitatively characterized, with CO2 having the highest production of 882.25 mg/g. Furthermore, combined with the molecular weight, an oxidation reaction equation of type II kerogen was constructed. Finally, the oxidation kinetics parameters of type II kerogen, residual oil, and shale were determined using Friedman and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) models. It was found that the activation energy of shale was higher than II kerogen and residual in low temperature oxidation (LTO) and fuel deposition (FD) stages. This may be due to the joint reaction between kerogen and residual oil, thus exacerbating the challenge of shale in-situ ignition. However, due to the catalytic effect of rock debris, the activation energy of shale was lower than LTO in high temperature oxidation (HTO) stage, indicating that once fuel deposition was completed, organic carbon will undergo stable combustion. This study has theoretical guidance for the numerical simulation research of ISC development technology of maturity-low shale oil reservoirs.

Automated process control in electric arc furnaces in the aspect of digital twin technology

An approach to managing the main modes of smelting steel in heavy-duty electric arc furnaces (EAF) using digital twin technology was defined and formulated. It was noted, that the existing power regulators do not have the function of balancing the effective power of phases and, accordingly, electric arcs because they are focused on working with a certain average value of the signal. It is proposed to use the analysis of dynamic characteristics based on instantaneous values of input parameters instead of operating ones, as it’s usually implemented in most devices. This allows us to obtain more accurate data on the arc state and reduce the amount of time and computing power required to obtain a result and form recommendations. Based on the data obtained as a result of long - term observations of the heavy-duty EAF-135 operation, the relationship of the constant component of the arc voltage (CCAV) with the metal oxidation is shown. An example of its use as a criterion for controlling the melting oxidative stage is given. This reduces the consumption of electrochemical sensors for each melting in the case of serial metal production. Based on the recorded data, it is possible to timely determine the unevenness of the arc power release between the furnace electrodes and issue recommendations on gas burners operation regulating to equalize the rate of scrap melting at electrodes with less power release. The authors propose the idea of using digital twins based on models of the active power distribution across the melting bath zones and dependence of metal oxidation on oxygen blowing for monitoring and controlling the electric mode and the oxygen blast mode at the oxidative stage of the melting process. Simplified schemes of these twins are given.

Investigating how oxygen levels and particle size impact the thermodynamics of low temperature coal oxidation: A case study using weakly caking coal

Oxygen concentration and particle size play critical roles in the combustion of coal. Notably, the low temperature oxidation stage is considered pivotal for coal spontaneous combustion (CSC). In this study, we examined the exothermic oxidation of low-temperature weakly caking coal. We used a C80 microcalorimeter to assess the impact of different oxygen concentrations and particle sizes. For weakly caking coal during low-temperature oxidation, the heat flow (HF) curve decreases as oxygen concentration drops. The characteristic temperature increases, and the HF curve shows a noticeable lag. Under identical external conditions, decreasing the particle size of coal results in a reduced minimum floating coal thickness, lowers the oxygen concentration needed for CSC, increases the upper-limit of air leakage intensity, and makes the coal more susceptible to CSC. Reducing the particle size significantly increases the exothermic heat release during low-temperature oxidation, leading to a higher risk of CSC. These research results not only deepen the understanding of the law of coal spontaneous combustion, but also provide a scientific basis for improving the technical level of coal spontaneous combustion fire prevention and control.

Enhancing the safety and thermal stability of polyurethane filling materials in the mining industry through expanded graphite-based hydrated salts

The utilization of Polyurethane foaming materials (PUF) to seal coal fissures presents a significant challenge due to the substantial heat generated during the reaction process, potentially accelerating fires. In order to study this issue, we propose a novel low-heat polymerization mechanism by incorporating a hydrated salt phase change composite that efficiently absorbs polymerization heat while encapsulating liquid water using expanded graphite (EG). Our findings demonstrate that integrating 10 % EG-6 leak-free phase change material effectively reduces the reaction temperature to a safer 91.4 °C, ensuring minimal impact on the inherent properties of the material. Thorough analyses via TGA and in-situ IR experiments reveal a noteworthy 17 °C elevation in the modified PUF's thermodynamic characteristic temperature point. Additionally, we developed a mixed combustion model of PUF and coal to investigate the gas generation pattern of polyurethane in the mine-filled state where fire occurs. Specifically, the introduction of PUF reduced O2 consumption and CO production while increasing CO2 and C2H4 production, which is consistent with the reality of increased carbon hydrocarbon gases being monitored downhole. These findings suggest a synergistic, mutually beneficial relationship between the two during the low-temperature oxidation stage. This research offers perspectives for the development of polymer materials for coal mines and the safe application of actual filling.

Combined dual-exposure test and DFT investigations into effects of interstitial hydrogen on oxide film of Alloy 600 in high temperature water

The influence of interstitial hydrogen (Hi) in the oxide film of Alloy 600 was investigated using in-situ H charging via dual-exposure test and DFT calculations. H charging modified the oxide film by reducing the oxide particles in the outer oxide layer and transforming the inner oxide film from an uneven thickness and element distribution to a thicker oxide film with a homogenous element distribution. DFT calculations revealed that Hi enhanced the Cr-O interaction while facilitating electron loss in Ni. Additionally, Hi obviously enhanced O diffusion along the Ni-Cr surface, promoting the initial oxidation stage of the Ni-Cr surface.

Electrochemical Recovery of Cd and Te from CdTe Solar Panels

CdTe photovoltaic (PV) solar panel occupies approximately 5% of the PV solar panel market worldwide, as the second deployed PV technology following crystalline silicon. To ensure a circular economy of critical materials, it is important to recover Cd and Te from end-of-life CdTe solar cells. Current industrial recycling processes of CdTe solar panels involve multiple stages of chemical oxidation, separation, and precipitation, which require high energy and chemical consumption. Different electrochemical processes are compared and evaluated to recover Cd and Te from shredded CdTe solar cells as possible alternatives. Cd and Te are selectively leached and precipitated with mediated electrochemical oxidation processes. In this ongoing work, electrochemical systems show potential to decarbonize the CdTe recycling industry.

Study on Spontaneous Combustion Characteristics and Microstructure of Bituminous Coal under Water Immersion.

The stagnant water above the coal seam flows into the goaf, causing the goaf coal to be soaked by water for a long time. Compared with dry raw coal, water-soaked coal has a stronger tendency for spontaneous combustion, which poses a serious threat to mining operators. To unravel the impact of water immersion on coal's self-heating properties, an investigation was conducted employing techniques such as simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), low-temperature nitrogen adsorption based on the BET theory, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The variations in the characteristic temperature, microphysical structure, and active functional groups of bituminous coal with water immersion degrees of 10, 30, 50, and 100% were studied, and the experimental results showed that (1) during the initial stage of coal self-ignition oxidation, moisture can cause a delay in the characteristic temperature points of bituminous coal. When the degree of water saturation in bituminous coal reaches 100%, both the critical temperature (T 1) and the cracking temperature (T 2) peak at 48.14 and 205.06 °C, respectively. However, after the water evaporation phase is complete, water soaking promotes the spontaneous combustion of bituminous coal. (2) The number of pores and fractures in bituminous coal is positively correlated with the amount of water soaked, with the average pore diameter increasing from 10.124 nm in raw coal to 15.547 nm in the A4 coal sample. Moreover, when the degree of water immersion reaches 100%, the proportion of mesopores and macropores increases to 38.89 and 19.95%, respectively. (3) Compared to untreated coal, the number of functional groups in water-soaked coal samples increases. With the increase in water immersion, the hydroxyl (-OH) content of raw coal and four kinds of bituminous coal with different degrees of immersion was 40.8, 41.3, 42, 43.9, and 42.9%, respectively, showing a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. When the degree of water immersion of bituminous coal is 50%, the natural tendency is the strongest. These findings contribute to elucidating the underlying mechanism of water immersion's impact on coal self-ignition, thereby holding significant implications for enhancing fire safety measures in mine working areas.

Pore Morphology and Oxidation Behaviour of Deep-Loaded Granular Coal at High Initial Temperatures

ABSTRACT As coal mining proceeds deeper, fragmented coal is subjected to high geostress and elevated thermal environments, causing changes in its micro-physical properties and spontaneous combustion (SC) risks. Deep mining operations entail significant risks of coal fires. In order to investigate the effects of high stress and high thermal environments on the microstructural and physicochemical damage of fragmented coal, and to elucidate the mechanisms influencing oxidation behavior, we conducted experiments including low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, synchronous thermal analysis, and in-situ diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. These experiments aimed to explore the pore morphology and oxidation characteristics of high initial temperature unloading granular coal (HITU-GC) unloading conditions. The results indicate that with increasing initial temperature, characteristic point temperatures initially rise and then decrease, while both the mass loss and heat release during the low-temperature oxidation stage decrease. After pressure-unloading composite treatment, the oxidation process accelerates with more intense reactions, resulting in an overall increase in heat release. The pore shapes of HITU-GC show no significant difference compared to the original coal, mainly comprising non-rigid aggregates of micropores, platy or layered matrix particles, including numerous slit-shaped pores. The coal surface also exhibits ink bottle-shaped pores and cone-shaped pores. Higher pre-oxidation temperatures correlate with higher specific surface areas. Higher stress levels from pressurized unloading correlate with lower specific surface areas. The specific surface area of sample O60-P16 is reduced by 0.879 m2/g compared to sample O60-P0. Pressurized unloading treatment disrupts mesoporous pores. Following thermal environment and pressure-unloading, the coal’s aromatic hydrocarbon content decreases, while the contents of hydroxyl, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and oxygen-containing functional groups (FG) all increase. Sample O60-P4 shows the highest content of active FG. While thermal environments enhance coal oxidation activity, pressure-unloading treatment increases the extent of coal surface fragmentation. The synergistic effect of both significantly increases the SC risk of coal. This study provides a theoretical basis for controlling thermal hazards associated with high-initial-temperature unloading fragmented coal in deep goaf areas.

Oxidation of Eugenol Derivatives with KMnO4 and CrO3

AbstractThis study aims to delineate the synthesis of eugenol derivatives, starting with hydroxyl group protection and then the subsequent oxidation stages. Initially, eugenol underwent conversion into acetyleugenol and benzyleugenol during the protection phase. Subsequently, a kinetic oxidation of acetyleugenol with KMnO4 via GC-MS analysis resulted in the identification of four compounds. The kinetic investigation indicated the primary formation of diolacetyleugenol, succeeded by aldehyde eugenol, which further gets converted into its respective carboxylic acid. Additionally, acetyleugenol and benzyleugenol underwent oxidation with CrO3, yielding the corresponding carboxylic acids.

Oxidation Evolution and Activity Origin of N-Doped Carbon in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

N-doped carbon materials, with their applications as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), have been extensively studied. However, a negletcted fact is that the operating potential of the ORR is higher than the theoretical oxidation potential of carbon, possibly leading to the oxidation of carbon materials. Consequently, the influence of the structural oxidation evolution on ORR performance and the real active sites are not clear. In this study, we discover a two-step oxidation process of N-doped carbon during the ORR. The first oxidation process is caused by the applied potential and bubbling oxygen during the ORR, leading to the oxidative dissolution of N and the formation of abundant oxygen-containing functional groups. This oxidation process also converts the reaction path from the four-electron (4e) ORR to the two-electron (2e) ORR. Subsequently, the enhanced 2e ORR generates oxidative H2O2, which initiates the second stage of oxidation to some newly formed oxygen-containing functional groups, such as quinones to dicarboxyls, further diversifying the oxygen-containing functional groups and making carboxyl groups as the dominant species. We also reveal the synergistic effect of multiple oxygen-containing functional groups by providing additional opportunities to access active sites with optimized adsorption of OOH*, thus leading to high efficiency and durability in electrocatalytic H2O2 production.

Manganese Complexes with Consecutive Mn(IV) → Mn(III) Excitation for Versatile Photoredox Catalysis.

Manganese complexes stand out as promising candidates for photocatalyst design, attributed to their eco- and biocompatibility, versatile valence states, and capability for facilitating multiple electronic excitations. However, several intrinsic constraints, such as inadequate visible light response and short excited-state lifetimes, hinder effective photoinduced electron transfer and impede photoredox activation of substrates. To overcome this obstacle, we have developed a class of manganese complexes featuring boron-incorporated N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. These complexes enable prolonged excited-state durations encapsulating both Mn(IV) and Mn(III) oxidation stages, with lifetimes reaching microseconds for Mn(IV) and nanoseconds for Mn(III), concurrently exhibiting robust redox capabilities. They efficiently catalyze direct, site-selective cross-couplings between diverse arenes and aryl bromides, at a low catalyst loading of 0.5 mol %. Their proficiency spans an extensive array of substrates including both highly electron-rich and electron-deficient molecules, which underscore the superior performance of these manganese complexes in tackling intricate transformations. Furthermore, the versatility of these complexes is further highlighted by their successful applications in various photochemical transformations, encompassing reductive cross-couplings for the formation of C-P, C-B, C-S and C-Se bonds, alongside oxidative couplings for creating C-N bonds. This study sheds light on the distinctive photoredox properties and the remarkable catalytic flexibility of manganese complexes, highlighting their immense potential to drive progress in photochemical synthesis and green chemistry applications.

Coverage Dependence upon Early Oxidation Stages of Hafnium-Adsorbed Si(111)-7 × 7

Coverage Dependence upon Early Oxidation Stages of Hafnium-Adsorbed Si(111)-7 × 7

Research on the Low-Temperature Oxygen Consumption and Low-Oxygen Gas Emission Law in Goaf of Ultrathick Coal Seams.

Low-oxygen (oxygen concentration below 18.5%) phenomena often occur in the top coal caving working face of ultrathick coal seams, posing a serious threat to the safety of workers. The characteristics of oxygen consumption and gas production at low-constant temperature and the corresponding functional group evolution of residual coal in goaf were studied by temperature-programmed and infrared spectrum experiments. The influence of different factors on the emission of low-oxygen gases was studied through numerical calculation. The results show that low-temperature oxygen consumption and gas production occurred when the coal was about 40 °C. When the temperature was constant, the oxygen consumption and gas production rate increased with the extension of time. In the early stage of coal oxidation, the aliphatic C-H components were attacked by oxygen molecules and reacted with them. The asymmetric methyl and methylene groups were more likely to oxidize and produce carbonyl compounds. With the increase of nitrogen injection, the overall width of the oxidation zone (oxygen concentration was defined as 10-18%) narrowed, and the range of the oxidation zone moved forward from the depth of the goaf. The oxygen concentration in the air return corner decreased gradually, and the low-oxygen area in the air return corner expanded gradually. The distance between the low-oxygen area of the working face and the air intake corner was gradually shortened. With the increase of air intake, the width of the oxidation zone increased and moved to the depth of goaf, and the degree of low oxygen in the air return corner increased. The research results are of great significance for the understanding and prevention of the low-oxygen phenomenon in ultrathick coal seams.

Effect of electrolyte pH value on microstructure and corrosion resistance of black MAO coating on 6063 aluminum alloy

Black micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings were obtained on the surface of 6063 aluminum alloy by using the MAO technique in silicate electrolyte with colorant NH4VO3. The work aimed to study the effect of adjusting the electrolyte pH (pH10, pH11, pH12, and pH13) on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of black MAO coatings on 6063 aluminum alloy. The experimental results showed that the electrolyte pH had an important effect on the macroscopic morphology of the MAO coatings. As the electrolyte pH value increased, the process voltage of the sample decreased, the duration of the anodic oxidation stage and the spark discharge stage were shortened, while the duration of the micro arc oxidation stage was prolonged. Reasonable adjustment of the electrolyte pH could reduce the poriness and defects of the coatings, decrease the surface roughness of the coatings, and improve the quality and wear resistance of the coatings. The corrosion resistance of the black MAO coating obtained in the electrolyte with pH12 was superior and the corrosion current density was only 3.207×10−7 A/cm2. The immersion corrosion test further demonstrated the same results of corrosion resistance.

High‐temperature oxidation and TGO growth behavior of Sr.9(Zr.9Yb.05Y.05)O2.85 thermal barrier coatings

AbstractHigh‐temperature oxidation (1050°C) of Sr.9(Zr.9Yb.05Y.05)O2.85 (SZYY) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) by suspension plasma spraying (SPS) and growth behavior of thermally grown oxide (TGO) were investigated. When the TBCs were exposed to high temperature for a period of time (∼5 h), the BC oxidized and TGO inevitably formed between the bond coating (BC) and the ceramic top coating (TC). The high‐temperature oxidation behavior of the BC is generally manifested as the growth of TGO, which has four specific stages as follows: (1) formative oxidation stage (0‒10 h), (2) rapid oxidation stage (10‒50 h), (3) stable oxidation stage (50‒100 h), and (4) complex oxidation stage (100‒200 h). The main component of early TGO is α‐Al2O3. It has a very low oxygen ion diffusivity and provides an excellent diffusion barrier, which has a positive effect on preventing further BC oxidation. However, as the heat treatment time increased, the Al consumption and the formation of a CNS layer (NiO, Co3O4, and spinel) in the BC eventually led to coating failure. The working life of TBCs can be improved by improving the ceramic TC structure and the Al content of BC. SZYY‐TBCs have certain potential application value.

Prediction Model of Spontaneous Combustion of Lignite in Zhalainuoer Mining Area.

A programmed temperature-increase experiment was conducted on coal samples from four coal mines in the Zhalainuoer mining area to improve the accuracy of predicting and forecasting lignite spontaneous combustion. The gases produced during the coal tests were analyzed, and logistic, exponential, Boltzmann, and fourth-degree polynomial functions were selected to develop predictive models for the gas data. Additionally, the Boltzmann function was used to predict the occurrence of fire. The results revealed that the initial appearance temperature of CO was approximately 50 °C, and it exhibited an exponential growth trend with increasing temperature. The initial appearance temperature of C2H4 was approximately 140 °C, which could serve as an indicator of coal entering the accelerated oxidation stage. Applying the selection principle to gas indicators, CO and C2H4 were identified as single gas indicators for lignite spontaneous combustion in the Zhalainuoer mining area, whereas CO/CO2 and C2H4/C2H6 were identified as composite gas indicators. Among the four functions, the Boltzmann function model exhibited the best fitting effect for CO and CO/CO2 within the temperature range of 0-200 °C. The values of the four parameters (A 1, A 2, dx, and x 0) were determined based on their statistical characteristics, and a functional equation describing the relationship between gas concentration and coal temperature was derived. This indicates that the Boltzmann function model can be effectively used to predict the spontaneous combustion of lignite in the Zhalainuoer mining area.

Initial oxidation of low index Mg surfaces investigated by SCLS and DFT

Magnesium (Mg) is a metal having a high structural efficiency and a very high chemical reactivity at the same time. Its potential areas of applications include the automotive industry, biomedicine, and energy storage and generation. Further developments in these very diverse application areas require a more detailed investigation of the behavior of Mg surfaces under oxidative conditions. The basic mechanisms of magnesium reactivity are not yet fully understood and therefore need to be further investigated by a combination of theoretical and experimental studies on representative surfaces with different crystallographic orientations.For this, we measured in situ high-resolution Mg 2p core level spectra at critical low-index Mg(0001), Mg(101¯0), and Mg(112¯0) surfaces to obtain surface core level shifts (SCLSs) at the early stages of Mg oxidation. We also used density functional theory (DFT) to obtain theoretical estimates of the SCLSs for respective surfaces and associated possible reconstructions to guide the analysis of the experimental spectra and to rule out un-reconstructed Mg(112¯0). DFT simulations were also used to reveal the energies of O atom adsorption, and the formation of evolving oxide structures in the Mg surfaces.

Oxidation behavior of Ti55 alloy and TiBw/Ti55 composites and antioxidation mechanism of TiBw in composites at 960–1000 °C

The oxidation behavior of Ti55 alloy and TiBw/Ti55 composites at temperatures ranging from 960 to 1000 °C was investigated by characterizing the surface and cross-section microstructure of specimens. Results showed that TiBw reinforcement accelerated the occurrence of Ti6O/Ti3O by dissolving oxygen in titanium in the starting oxidation stage, and the Ti6O/Ti3O transformed into TiO2 with the progression of oxidation. Meanwhile, TiBw reinforcement promoted the formation of (101) crystal planes to be beneficial to the growth of TiO2 twins. The cross-sectional characterization showed that the oxide layer of Ti55 alloy and TiBw/Ti55 composites from outside to inside was TiO2+Al2O3, TiO2, Ti-Sn compounds, Ti6O/Ti3O in sequence, which was confirmed by calculating the standard Gibbs free energy of the oxide nucleation. The TiBw reinforcement accelerated the occurrence of suboxides Ti6O/Ti3O by dissolving oxygen in titanium, and promoted the formation of (101) crystal planes which were beneficial to the growth of TiO2 twins. The optimal addition of TiBw induced the TiO2 twins, promoted the random orientation of oxides and refined the oxide size of the TiBw/Ti55 composites with 3.5 % volume fractions of TiBw, resulting in the best resistance against oxidation.

Disodium terephthalate as a multifunctional additive for simultaneous enhancing the energy release performance and weakening the water reactivity of aluminum

In this study, disodium terephthalate (Na2TP) has been successfully introduced as a novel multifunctional additive for simultaneous enhancing the energy release performance and weakening the water reactivity of micro-aluminum (μ-Al). Seven μ-Al/Na2TP composites with different contents of Na2TP (R-100 to R-700) and four comparison samples have been prepared to investigate the thermochemical behaviors, combustion performances and water reactivity. Importantly, structure characterizations as well as kinetic parameters (e.g., Ea, ΔS‡) have been performed to reveal the impacts of Na2TP on μ-Al oxidation. Moreover, incorporating Na2TP into μ-Al shows the enhancement of energy release, with R-400 exhibiting the highest heat release (4970 J/g) in the main oxidation stage, compared to μ-Al (1696 J/g). Interestingly, μ-Al shows an increased Ea while R-400 exhibits a decreased Ea as the oxidation proceeds. The decomposition of Na2TP generates both heat and CO2 gases, which are beneficial for destroying alumina shell and increasing oxidation kinetics, in consistent with higher positive ΔS‡ value, rougher surface, and higher surface O content for oxidation of R-400 compared to μ-Al. As a result, the enhanced combustion performances of higher peak pressure, pressurization rate and characteristic shock velocity as well as brighter/larger flame images have been achieved by μ-Al/Na2TP composites. On the other hand, water reactivity of μ-Al has been significantly suppressed by introducing Na2TP in terms of the 85.4 % decrease in heat release, elevated Ea, and alteration of reaction mechanism. Consequently, taking organic Na2TP as a multifunctional additive, two birds of enhancing the energy release and weakening the water reactivity is harvested, showing great potentials in improving the performances of metal-based energy systems.